Chapter 9: The Ethics of Criminal Justice Policy Making

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following is not one of Reamer’s (1986) three grounds for policy

making?

a. ideological

b. contingent

c. ethical

d. empirical

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Justifying Policy Choices

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Which of Reamer’s (1986) grounds relate to science and research and to what is

known from that research about the likely outcome of a particular policy?

a. ideological

b. contingent

c. ethical

d. empirical

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Justifying Policy Choices

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Which of Reamer’s (1986) grounds relies on conclusions drawn from an analysis of

what is “right and wrong” or “good and bad” in a moral sense?

a. ideological

b. contingent

c. ethical

d. empirical

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Justifying Policy Choices

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Policy making on ethical grounds requires a calculated, philosophical analysis of the

morality upon which the policy is based. This is not true for public policy making on

______ grounds.

a. due process

b. cost-benefit

c. political

d. ideological

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Justifying Policy Choices

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Tong (1986) explains that cost-benefit analysis comprises all of the following stages

except ______.

a. social movements

b. defining goals

c. philosophical analysis

d. none of these

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethical Policy Making

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Cohen (1972) described ______ in terms of the emergence of a condition, event, or

group of persons that becomes defined as a threat to the values and interests of

society.

a. defining goals

b. social movements

c. moral panics

d. ideological grounds

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Moral Panics and Morality Policy Making

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Unethical legislation and policies can sometimes be the result of a moral panic. A

“moral panic” is ______.

a. an irrational and exaggerated response by the public to a perceived problem

b. a public over-reaction caused by outdated public morals

c. when a small group of legislators panic and force through unethical legislation

d. when an individual legislator or policy maker over-reacts to a problem

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Moral Panics and Morality Policy Making

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Goode and Ben-Yehuda (1994) stressed the level of popular participation in moral

panics and believed they are founded on genuine public concern, which is picked up

and promoted by the media. This is known as the ______ model.

a. policy implication

b. justice

c. elite-engineered

d. grassroots

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Moral Panics and Morality Policy Making

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. The association between crime, minorities, and criminal justice policy making is

underpinned by a substantial body of research that reveals that ______.

a. negative racial stereotypes and collective racial resentment are positively correlated

with polices favoring punitiveness

b. negative racial stereotypes and collective racial resentment are negatively correlated

with policies favoring punitiveness

c. racial and ethnic minorities are responsible for a substantial amount of violent crime

therefore creating policies favoring punitiveness

d. racial and ethnic minorities are responsible for a substantial amount of property and

drug crime therefore creating policies favoring punitiveness

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension | Application

Answer Location: Moral Panics and Morality Policy Making

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. What did Tonry (2011) identify as a major precipitator of the severity of modern

criminal justice policies and the unfair burdens they place on Black Americans?

a. Jim Crow Laws

b. Southern Policy Laws

c. Southern Strategy

d. Black Laws

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Race and Crime Control Policies

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. In formulating criminal justice policy on issues of morality policy making, policy

makers should ______,

a. act ethically

b. undertake formal policy analysis

c. avoid promoting ad hoc, arbitrary and irrational policy solutions

d. all of these

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Morality Policy

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Morality policies share which of the following common features?

a. They are driven by public opinion.

b. They are driven by political concerns of prosecutors.

c. They are sometimes driven by inmates.

d. none of these

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Morality Policy

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Examples of moral panics include ______.

a. condemnation of pedophiles

b. enactment of mandatory minimum legislation

c. research on coercion of inmates

d. both condemnation of pedophiles and enactment of mandatory minimum legislation

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Rationale for Morality Policy Making

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. The rush to incarcerate has increase the rate of imprisonment from ______ per

100,000 in 1979 to ______ per 100,000 for U.S. residents of all ages in 2016.

a. 220; 612

b. 230; 612

c. 230; 450

d. 220; 478

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Penal Policies

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Researchers have identified the ideology of ______ as fostering punitive

punishment policies.

a. punishment

b. neoliberalism

c. neolithical

d. fear

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Penal Policies

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Nearly 2.5% of all black males living in the U.S were incarcerated on December 31,

2016, and black males from 18 to 19 were ______ times more likely to be imprisoned

than white males of the same age.

a. two

b. three

c. seven

d. 11

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Penal Policies

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. Federally funded “justice reinvestment” initiatives were enacted to improve state

crime policies to reduce mass incarceration. Why do scholars think that U.S.

incarceration rates have been largely unaffected?

a. Some states failed to adopt any policies or put money saved towards reinvestment

b. It was easier for states to focus efforts on nonviolent offenders and parole and

probation violations, ignoring other classes of offenders

c. States have expanded sentences of life without parole while easing up on drug and

non-violent offenders

d. all of these

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Ending Mass Imprisonment?

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. Aviram (2015) traces concern about correctional costs to the financial crisis

of______, when the country went into recession.

a. 2002

b. 2004

c. 2006

d. 2008

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ending Mass Imprisonment?

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. States have tended to follow the U.S. Sentencing Commission guidelines, which are

currently ______ and which, until recently, set very lengthy sentences.

a. mandatory

b. under appeal

c. only advisory

d. none of these

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ending Mass Imprisonment?

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. ______ have unlimited discretion to incarcerate and to act in concert with punitive

local public opinion because they do not have to attend to the ultimate cost of offenders’ stay in prisons. Local counties do not pay for state prisons; they are paid for by individuals’ federal tax dollars.

a. Local Congressmen and Congresswomen

b. State Senators

c. Prosecutors and judges

d. All of these

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension | Application

Answer Location: Ending Mass Imprisonment?

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. At yearend 2016, ______ sentenced to more than one year in state or federal prison

were aged 55 or older (Carson, 2018: 13).

a. 3% or a tenth of prisoners

b. 5% or a tenth of prisoners

c. 7% or a tenth of prisoners

d. 11% or a tenth of prisoners

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Elderly Inmates

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. According to Alexander (2010), mass imprisonment policies have functioned to

create a black undercaste through ______.

a. a network of laws

b. a network of policies

c. a network of customs

d. all of these

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Mass Incarceration as the New “Jim Crow”

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. Since the mid-1970s public opinion and public policy on punishment have reflected

increasing support for ______.

a. rehabilitation

b. treatment

c. punitiveness

d. community-oriented corrections

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Public Opinion About Punishment Policies

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. While a majority of Americans supported “get tough” sentencing policies in the

1990s, support for this policy declined from 85% in 1994 to ______% by 2012.

a. 59

b. 62

c. 65

d. 77

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Public Attitudes Toward Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. When given the choice of the death sentence or life imprisonment without parole

(LWOP), a majority of those polled between 1985 and 1999 preferred the death

sentence, but by 2011, the position had reversed with ______ % supporting the death

penalty and ______% supporting LWOP.

a. 47; 51

b. 48; 50

c. 49; 50

d. 49; 51

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Public Attitudes Toward Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. Which of the following is not one of the alternative positions provided by Roberts

(2014) in summary of the arguments for public involvement in sentencing?

a. Allow the prosecutor to discuss sentencing options with the public.

b. allowing public views to determine sentencing policy and practice

c. permit some public input into sentencing but keep control of policy within a

professional system relying on judges

d. to not permit any public participation in sentencing decisions

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Public Participation in Sentencing Offenders

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. The development what type of policies fixing minimum terms of imprisonment for

certain offenses or types of offenders exemplify the expansion of punitive policies in the

criminal justice system?

a. death penalty

b. drug

c. mandatory minimum

d. domestic violence

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Mandatory Minimum Sentencing

Difficulty Level: Medium

28. Mandatory minimum sentences are arguably unethical because they ______.

a. do not reflect the will of the majority

b. are not applied to all offenders convicted under such statutes

c. have no incapacitate effect

d. result in disproportionately severe sentences

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Mandatory Minimum Sentencing

Difficulty Level: Medium

29. In theory, three-strikes legislation is meant to target ______ and dangerous

offenders for selective incapacitation.

a. drug

b. violent

c. first time

d. immoral

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Three Strikes Law and Penal Ideology

Difficulty Level: Medium

30. A Time/CNN poll conducted in 1994 reported that ______% of adults favored

mandatory life imprisonment for persons convicted of a third serious crime.

a. 46

b. 66

c. 72

d. 81

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Three Strikes Law and Public Opinion

Difficulty Level: Medium

31. Public opinion on the “new” penal sanctions, like “three-strikes” sentencing laws,

indicates that ______.

a. there is widespread approval of them

b. there is widespread disapproval of them

c. while they approve of it, they don’t believe it should be applied indiscriminately to specific offenders under specific circumstances

d. the public is evenly divided on them

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Three Strikes Law and Public Opinion

Difficulty Level: Medium

32. Who initially declared the War on Drugs/Crime?

a. President Taft

b. President Nixon

c. President Reagan

d. President Bush

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The War on Drugs

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. Of the 89,000 women serving sentences in state prisons in 2015, ______% were

serving sentences imposed for drug offenses.

a. 24.9

b. 29.5

c. 34.7

d. 42.1

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Drugs and Incarceration

Difficulty Level: Medium

34. As well as increasing the size of the inmate population generally, the war against

drugs has had the effect of disproportionately incarcerating ______ men and women.

a. White

b. African American

c. Asian

d. Hispanic

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Drugs and Incarceration

Difficulty Level: Medium

35. Ironically, in a departure from an era of policies of rehabilitation, the get-tough,

sanctions of both the Nixon and Reagan Wars on Drugs resulted in such an increase in

the national prison population (where there was a disproportionately high number of

Blacks, Hispanics, and Women), that some states turned to ______.

a. three-strikes laws

b. sentencing guidelines

c. treatment programs to reduce jail and prison populations

d. work release programs to reduce jail and prison populations

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Drugs and Incarceration

Difficulty Level: Medium

36. The War on Drugs is an example of morality policy making based on a moral panic

which has led to ______.

a. unethical and discriminatory results and mass imprisonment

b. a decrease in the illegal consumption of drugs

c. growth of powerful drug lords in the U.S.

d. a drop in the supply of illegal drugs in the U.S.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Drugs and Incarceration

Difficulty Level: Medium

37. To be eligible for federal funding, states under truth-in-sentencing laws must require

those convicted of violent crimes to serve at least ______% of their court-imposed

sentence.

a. 55

b. 65

c. 75

d. 85

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Truth in Sentencing

Difficulty Level: Medium

38. Truth in sentencing laws have ______.

a. resulted in fairer sentences

b. decreased sentencing disparity

c. resulted in shorter sentences

d. resulted in longer sentences

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Truth in Sentencing

Difficulty Level: Medium

39. The ebb and flow of the social response to this category of crime continued until the

1980s, when the feminism movement brought increased attention to it, and greater legal

restrictions resulted upon those found to have committed this type of crime.

a. kidnappings

b. homicides

c. drug crimes

d. sex offenses

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexual Predators

Difficulty Level: Medium

40. The PROTECT Bill passed in 2003 by Congress is known as ______.

a. The Adam Walsh Protection Act

b. Amber Alert

c. Megan’s Law

d. none of these

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Laws, Prosecutions, and Punishments

Difficulty Level: Medium

41. Between 1993 and 2000, convictions for sex offenses increased by ______%.

a. 50

b. 150

c. 300

d. 400

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Laws, Prosecutions, and Punishments

Difficulty Level: Medium

42. Which court case held that the imposition of the death penalty for cases of child

rape was unconstitutional?

a. Kennedy v. Louisiana

b. Furman v. Georgia

c. United States v. Quinones

d. Kansas v. Hendricks

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Laws, Prosecutions, and Punishments

Difficulty Level: Medium

43. In the latest federal iteration of sex registration laws, ______ classifies sex offenders

into three Tiers – Tier 1 and II offenders must keep their registration up to date for 15

and 30 years respectively, and Tier III offenders must register for their lifetime.

a. The Amber Alert

b. The Adam Walsh Child Protection Act

c. Megan’s Law

d. Jesse’s Law

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Registration, Surveillance, and Monitoring of Sex Offenders

Difficulty Level: Medium

44. The Adam Walsh Act requires that juvenile sex offenders aged 14 and up be

automatically ______.

a. excluded from registering as sex offenders because they lack adults’ moral capacity

b. registered as sex offenders for life

c. registered as sex offenders for a short period

d. protected from the public knowing about their conviction

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Registration, Surveillance, and Monitoring of Sex Offenders

Difficulty Level: Medium

45. Research reveals that community attitudes toward ______ are more negative than

attitudes towards offenders in general.

a. drug offenders

b. murderers

c. sex offenders

d. prostitutes

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Registration, Surveillance, and Monitoring of Sex Offenders

Difficulty Level: Medium

46. In the case of Kansas v. Hendricks (1997), the United States Supreme Court upheld

the use of ______ laws that were nonpunitive.

a. death penalty

b. drug

c. vice

d. civil commitment

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Civil Commitment

Difficulty Level: Medium

47. The characterization that “strangers” were of more concern was made despite the

fact that only about ______% of sexual abuse offenses against children and about

______% of child murders are committed by strangers.

a. 3; 6

b. 5; 10

c. 7; 14

d. 9; 18

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexual Predators: A Moral Panic

Difficulty Level: Medium

48. The “superpredator” form of moral panic erroneously predicted the emergence of a

dangerous class of ______.

a. juvenile offenders

b. sex offenders

c. violent psychotics

d. armed robbers

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Juvenile Superpredators

Difficulty Level: Medium

49. What rhetoric was based on an increase in violence committed by and against youth

during the late 1980s and early 1990s?

a. juvenile sex offenders

b. juvenile superpredators

c. juvenile property offenders

d. none of these

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Juvenile Superpredators

Difficulty Level: Medium

50. Why is there an absence of empirical data on the incidence of internet sexual

solicitation?

a. Methodological problems involved in conceptualizing activities that do/do not amount

to solicitation.

b. The anonymity of the internet.

c. Wide range (from 6.5% tp 21%) of self-reported youth victims.

d. all of these

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Internet Sexual Solicitation

Difficulty Level: Medium

51. What form of punishment is clearly the preeminent morality issue within the category

of punishment?

a. truth-in-sentencing

b. mandatory minimums

c. death penalty

d. fixed sentences

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Capital Punishment

Difficulty Level: Medium

52. Research suggests that religious fundamentalism and biblical literalism are

positively related to ______.

a. opposition to the death penalty

b. support for life without parole over the death penalty

c. light sentences for offenders who show remorse

d. punitiveness in sentencing

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Impact Does Religion Have On Support For The Death Penalty?

Difficulty Level: Medium

53. Which of the following is not a moral or ethical argument in opposition to the death

penalty?

a. Innocent people are executed.

b. The death penalty is imposed in a racially discriminatory manner.

c. retribution

d. Capital punishment is degrading to human dignity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Are The Moral Arguments Usually Advanced Against Capital Punishment In Policy Debates?

Difficulty Level: Medium

54. There has been concern about miscarriages of justice in capital cases since at least

______.

a. the 1820s

b. the 1860s

c. the 1920s

d. the 1960s

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Are The Moral Arguments Usually Advanced Against Capital

Punishment In Policy Debates?

Difficulty Level: Medium

55. Those who oppose the death penalty respond to the supporters’ argument that it is

justified by retribution by stating that ______ is sufficiently retributive.

a. the prosecution process

b. a life sentence

c. a criminal conviction

d. the court

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: 5. It is morally wrong to authorize the killing of some criminals when

there is an adequate alternative punishment of imprisonment.

Difficulty Level: Medium

56. In 2005, ______ resulted in increased immigrant prosecutions as border patrol

officers referred undocumented people to the DIJ for prosecution.

a. the Crime Bill

b. Operation Streamline

c. Effective Death Penalty Act

d. the Anti-Drug Abuse Act

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Illegal Immigration: Background and Consequences

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. Policy making based on ethical grounds focuses on what is right or wrong, or good or

bad in a moral sense.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Justifying Policy Choices

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. The primary method of policy analysis in the U.S. is cost-benefit analysis which often

overlooks ethical issues.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethical Policy Making

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Moral panics usually result in rational and empirically based policy making.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension

Answer Location: Moral Panics and Morality Policy Making

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. At the end of October 2015, the United States had the second highest prison

population rate worldwide, comprised of 698 per 100,000 persons.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension

Answer Location: Penal Policies

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Research suggests that punitive attitudes are associated with religious

fundamentalism and biblical literalism.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Impact Does Religion Have On Support For The Death Penalty?

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. The U.S. Supreme Court has stated that retribution is not a proper motive for criminal

punishment.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension

Answer Location: 3. The death penalty expresses a desire for vengeance—a motive too

volatile and indifferent to the concept of justice to be maintained in a civilized society.

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. The corrections industry has become a major state employer. One in 8 state

employees work in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ending Mass Imprisonment?

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Elderly inmates do not pose a concern for corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Elderly Inmates

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Habitual felony laws are also known as three-strikes legislation.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Mandatory Minimum Sentencing

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Between 1993 and 2000, convictions for sex offenses increased by 400%.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexual Predators

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. The issue of capital punishment is not a big moral issue within the category of

punishment.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Capital Punishment

Difficulty Level: Medium

Short Answer

1. Policy analysis that focuses on the plusses and minuses of the proposed policy (with

little or no concern about ethical issues) is called ______ analysis.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethical Policy Making

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. The consequences of truth in ______ laws are often criticized on ethical grounds.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Truth in Sentencing

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. An irrational, public hysteria over a problem which frequently results in unethical

polices is called a ______.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Moral Panics and Morality Policy Making

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Brutally remorseless, radically impulsive and extremely dangerous youngsters who

continually commit violent crimes are referred to as ______.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Juvenile Superpredators

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Briefly define “three-strikes” laws.

types of offenders that mandate punishment of life imprisonment without parole for

those convicted for a third time of specified violent or serious felonies

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Mandatory Minimum Sentencing

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. During the 1990s, which group emerged as a distinct and dangerous criminal class?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexual Predators

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. What is the outcome of the US Supreme Court decision in Roper v. Simmons (2005)?

cannot be sentenced to death.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Capital Punishment

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. What common features do morality policies share?

the political concerns of elected officials, and sometimes ideology.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Morality Policy

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Scholars have identified the ideology of ______ as fostering punitive punishment

policies.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Penal Policies

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Surveys demonstrated ______ among the public for locking up offenders from the

1970s to the mid-1990s, as crime rates were rising. “Get tough” sentencing policies

enjoyed 85% approval rates in the 1990s but by 2012, approval ratings for “get tough”

policies had dropped to ______.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Public Attitudes Toward Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. Discuss, define, compare and contrast ideological, empirical and ethical grounds for

policies. Give an example of each.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Justifying Policy Choices | Ethical Policy Making | Moral Panics and Morality Policy Making

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Discuss and define “cost-benefit analysis.” Provide an example and discuss possible

ethical problems with this type of analysis.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Ethical Policy Making

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Discuss and define “moral panic.” Provide an example and discuss why these may

lead to unethical policies.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Moral Panics and Morality Policy Making

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Describe what you believe our criminal justice and correctional systems would look

like today if truth-in-sentencing laws had not been implemented. What would prison

populations be? What would probation and parole caseloads be? How much more/less

crime do you think there would be?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension | Application | Analysis

Answer Location: Truth in Sentencing | Penal Policies | Public Participation in

Sentencing Offenders | Summary

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Present, discuss and evaluate four moral arguments against capital punishment.

Explain your personal position on capital punishment.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Public Opinion on Capital Punishment

Difficulty Level: Hard

6. Give an example of each of the following: laws, policies, programs, internal orders

and operational manuals that have created harsher immigration laws and practices,

resulting in increased prosecutions, incarceration and detention pending deportation.

Explain the term “crimmigration.”

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The “Criminalization” of Immigration | Illegal Immigration: Background

and Consequences | The Nature of Crimmigration | The Effect of Crimmigration |

Justifications for Crimmigration | The Morality of Crimmigration | “Criminal Aliens” |

Detention Centers | The Effectiveness of Crimmigration | Summary

Difficulty Level: Hard