Test Bank Answers Test Bank Questions Chapter 1

Chapter 1 Test Bank Questions

Define the following terms:

1. Alexander Maconochie
2. assize of arms
3. Assize of Clarendon
4. Auburn System
5. back-door options
6. benefit of clergy
7. blood feuds
8. Bridewell House
9. congregate system
10. convict leasing
11. corrections
12. Corrections Corporation of America
13. Elmira Reformatory
14. feudalism
15. front-door options
16. Great Law
17. hue and cry
18. John Augustus
19. John Howard
20. Magna Carta
21. mark system
22. monastic prisons
23. Newgate Prison
24. parole
25. penitentiary era
26. Pennsylvania System
27. penology
28. prison matron
29. probation
30. reentry
31. rehabilitation
32. Sir Walter Crofton
33. Statutes of Winchester
34. transportation
35. watch and ward
36. Wickersham Commission
37. Throughout most of history, there was no need for formal laws or the agencies needed to enforce communal living rules and regulations.
    1. True
    2. False
38. How does the term “corrections” reflect broader responses to crime than simple punishment?
    1. It includes punishment.
    2. Treatment and rehabilitation are included.
    3. It also covers virtually any interventions/actions addressing the behavior and needs of offenders.
    4. Responses can take place in a prison/institution or in the community.
    5. All of the above.
39. Under the Code of Hammurabi, what would be the most likely punishment for murder?
    1. Nothing
    2. Vengeance taken by the family members of the lost loved one
    3. Imprisonment in the dungeon
    4. Community service
40. Under the Code of Hammurabi, what would be the most likely punishment exacted against a thief?
    1. Nothing
    2. Vengeance taken by the victim or the victim’s family
    3. Imprisonment in the dungeon
    4. Community service
41. If you committed even the most minor crime, such as stealing herbs or fruit, under Draconian law, you would most likely be put to death.
    1. True
    2. False
42. During feudal times, in which of the scenarios would punishment typically not be enforced?
    1. Peasant offender and peasant victim
    2. Landlord offender and peasant victim
    3. Lord offender and peasant victim
    4. Lord offender and landlord victim
43. Prior to monastic prisons, incarceration of offenders was a common occurrence.
    1. True
    2. False
44. What major document that formed the basis of law in England and in other countries, including the United States, provided for the development of the trial and furthered the movement for state run correctional institutions?
    1. The Code of Hammurabi
    2. Assize of Clarendon
    3. Justinian Code
    4. Statutes of Winchester
    5. Magna Carta
45. In what type of society would informal forms of social control, such as shunning and other forms of social disapproval, be most common?
    1. Gesellschaft
    2. Gemeinschaft
    3. Feudal
    4. Industrial
46. In what type of society would formalized policing, courts, and corrections be most needed?
    1. Gesellschaft
    2. Gemeinschaft
    3. Feudal
    4. Rural
47. In the 18^th century, nearly 200 crimes were death penalty eligible.
    1. True
    2. False
48. Which of the following is false regarding The Great Law?
    1. It reduced the number of crimes punishable by death to the crime of murder.
    2. Advocated for hard labor in a house of corrections as punishment for other offenses.
    3. It was in response to the overuse of the death penalty in the American colonies.
    4. All of the above are true.
49. Which term describes the practice of sending convicted offenders to the colonies of the mother country?
    1. Indentured servitude
    2. Transportation
    3. Relocation
    4. Gaoling
50. Which institution was established as the first to house offenders for the purpose of long term punishment rather than for pretrial detention?
    1. London Prison
    2. Auburn Prison
    3. Stanford Prison
    4. Newgate Prison
    5. Eastern Prison
51. ____________ coined the term “penitentiary” and hence became the “Father of the Penitentiary.”
    1. Alexander Maconochie
    2. Sir Walter Crofton
    3. John Augustus
    4. John Howard
52. This style of penitentiary is characterized by silence and separation of inmates.
    1. Auburn
    2. Pennsylvania
    3. Simsbury
    4. Norfolk
53. The Auburn penitentiary style allowed inmates to congregate for both times of work and meals.
    1. True
    2. False
54. Which of the following do not describe accurately what life would be like as an inmate in the Pennsylvania System?
    1. Sleeping in one’s own cell at night but worked with other inmates in silence during the day
    2. The Bible was the only reading material available
    3. No visits from friends or family
    4. Every activity from eating to sleeping to working were done in one’s own cell
55. Who is considered the “Father of Probation?”
    1. Alexander Maconochie
    2. Sir Walter Crofton
    3. John Augustus
    4. John Howard
56. One advantage of probation for the growing U.S. correctional system in the 1840s was the fact that it helped to alleviate the need to house and care for those individuals in already overcrowded institutions.
    1. True
    2. False
57. Which series below best represents Maconochie’s early parole system?
    1. total imprisonment 🡪full release
    2. total imprisonment 🡪 work on chain gang 🡪 work outside without chain gang 🡪 monitored release 🡪 full release
    3. total imprisonment 🡪 monitored release 🡪 full release
    4. total imprisonment 🡪 held employment 🡪 refrained from offending 🡪 full release
58. The principles of the National Prison Congress held in Cincinnati in 1870 held that which of the following should be abolished?
59. fixed sentence
60. isolation and silence
61. rewards for good conduct
62. I
63. I and II
64. II and III
65. III
66. II
67. Which was the prototype institution whose mission was to carry out the principles of the National Prison Congress held in Cincinnati in 1870?
    1. Bridewell House
    2. Newgate Prison
    3. House of Refuge
    4. Elmira Reformatory
    5. Philadelphia Reformatory
68. The Era of Industry for prisons was most characterized by?
    1. Silence
    2. Reform
    3. Labor
    4. Rehabilitation
69. Sing Sing Prison was created by inmates of which prison?
    1. Philadelphia
    2. Auburn
    3. Pittsburgh
    4. Allegheny
70. Convict leasing was a method of prisoner labor used by northern prisons.
    1. True
    2. False
71. Which philosophy was called upon to guide the prison system by the Wickersham Commission in the early 1930s?
    1. Retribution
    2. Deterrence
    3. Incapacitation
    4. Rehabilitation

1. Rationales for punishment are influenced by the broad philosophical, political, and social themes for their era.
   1. True
   2. False
2. This era of corrections is characterized as being more punitive toward individuals in correctional facilities.
   1. Era of Reform
   2. Era of Retribution
   3. Era of Rehabilitation
   4. Era of Industry
3. “Nothing Works” is a phrase that is most associated with ______________?
   1. John Augustus
   2. Paul Wickersham
   3. Robert Martinson
   4. John Howard
4. The United States has the highest incarceration rate of any country.
   1. True
   2. False
5. ________________ is the transition period of persons who are soon to be released or have recently been released from prison or jail back into the community.
   1. Transformation
   2. Reentry
   3. Rehabilitation
   4. Reformation
6. What do individuals returning to the community post-incarceration need assistance with?
   1. Employment
   2. Community-based treatment
   3. Housing
   4. Support systems
   5. I and II
   6. II and III
   7. II, III, and IV
   8. I, III, IV
   9. I, II, III, and IV
7. It is estimated that less than half of state prisoners have struggled with substance abuse and/or mental health disorders.
   1. True
   2. False
8. Women offenders were incarcerated in institutions alongside men in communal rooms in the late 17^th and early 18^th centuries.
   1. True
   2. False
9. Under this model, prisons for women borrowed heavily from those of men with strict regimens and harsh physical punishments.
   1. Custodial Model
   2. Reformatory Model
   3. Discipline Model
   4. Treatment Model
10. Under this model, feminists campaigned, and won, to encourage male legislators to fund separate institutions for female offenders.
    1. Custodial Model
    2. Reformatory Model
    3. Discipline Model
    4. Treatment Model
11. Starting in the 1930s, women’s facilities continued to mirror those for men and were primarily custodial in orientation.
    1. True
    2. False
12. Which of the following practices would not be permitted by the courts?
    1. Male prisons having access to adequate law facilities but not female prisons.
    2. Prisons providing men and women similar opportunities to participate in work-furlough programs.
    3. In states where there is only one institution for females, it must house all security levels.
    4. The development and implementation of quality treatment and vocational programs in female prisons equal to those delivered in male prisons.

Short-Answer Questions

1. What was the significance of the watch and ward process and the raising of the hue and cry?
2. Differentiate between the Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft types of society.
3. What were two implications of the British fee system for the operation of jails in the America in the early 17^th century?
4. By the mid-eighteenth century, a number of factors led to major changes in punishment in Europe and the United States. Detail one.
5. What did the English Penitentiary Act of 1779 require?
6. Detail three changes to correctional practices that occurred after Martinson’s “nothing works” doctrine went public
7. How did the private industry become involved in corrections in the 1980s?
8. Note the difference between front-door and back-door prison release mechanisms and provide one example for each type.
9. List two of the three major ideas that shaped the position to establish separate facilities for women.
10. How did the architectural style of women’s prisons differ from men’s?