Test Bank Answers Sensation And Perception Chapter.7 - Test Bank | Psychology by Davey 1e by Graham C. Davey. DOCX document preview.
Chapter 07: Sensation and Perception
Multiple choice
1. JND stands for __________.
a) Juxtaposed Natural Difference
b) Just Noticeable Difference
c) Just Noticeable Detection
d) Juxtaposed Natural Detection
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the various scientific approaches to studying sensation and perception.
Difficulty: Medium
True/False
2. Neuroscience studies the relationship between stimuli and neural responses.
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the various scientific approaches to studying sensation and perception.
Difficulty: Easy
Fill-in-the-blank
3. __________ studies the relationship between psychological events and physical stimuli.
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the various scientific approaches to studying sensation and perception.
Difficulty: Easy
Short Answer
4. Which approach to research in sensation and perception focuses on the measurement of a just-noticeable difference?
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the various scientific approaches to studying sensation and perception.
Difficulty: Medium
Essay
5. Describe the Weber’s law.
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the various scientific approaches to studying sensation and perception.
Difficulty: Medium
Multiple Choice
6. If the JND for a standard weight of 1,000 g was found to be 50 g, then the JND for a standard weight of 4,000 g would be __________.
a) 250 g
b) 200 g
c) 100 g
d) 150 g
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the various scientific approaches to studying sensation and perception.
Difficulty: Medium
True/False
7. The Fechner’s law defines how our perception of the magnitude of a sensory stimulus depends on its physical intensity.
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the various scientific approaches to studying sensation and perception.
Difficulty: Medium
Fill-in-the-blank
8. The __________ represents the threshold between two sensory experiences (e.g. judging two weights as ‘same’ or ‘different’).
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the various scientific approaches to studying sensation and perception.
Difficulty: Medium
Short Answer
9. What methodological framework allows to measure how observer decisions are influenced both by sensory factors and by decision factors?
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the various scientific approaches to studying sensation and perception.
Difficulty: Hard
Essay
10. Describe the two processing stages taking place during a cognitive task defined by the signal detection theory.
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the various scientific approaches to studying sensation and perception.
Difficulty: Hard
Multiple Choice
11. What technique allows to detect changes in neural activity in the brain by measuring changes in blood oxygenation?
a) Computer tomography
b) Transcranial direct current stimulation
c) Electroencephalogram
d) Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the various scientific approaches to studying sensation and perception.
Difficulty: Hard
12. The field of computational neuroscience has started to rapidly grow since __________.
a) the 1980s
b) the 1970s
c) the 1990s
d) the 1960s
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the various scientific approaches to studying sensation and perception.
Difficulty: Medium
13. Which book by David Marr is thought to have contributed to the emergence of the field of computational neuroscience?
a) Numeracy
b) Vision
c) Asperger’s
d) Psychophysics
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the various scientific approaches to studying sensation and perception.
Difficulty: Medium
14. _________ is a brain-scanning technique based on X-rays.
a) Computer tomography
b) Transcranial direct current stimulation
c) Functional magnetic resonance imaging
d) Electroencephalogram
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the various scientific approaches to studying sensation and perception.
Difficulty: Medium
15. Which receptors respond to vibration and heavy pressure?
a) Photoreceptors
b) Chemoreceptors
c) Mechanoreceptors
d) Auditory receptors
Section Ref: The Neuroscience of Sensation and Perception
Learning Objective: Describe the major neural structures involved in human sensation and perception.
Difficulty: Easy
16. What receptors are characterized by a ‘free nerve ending’?
a) Mechanoreceptors
b) Photoreceptors
c) Chemoreceptors
d) Nociceptors
Section Ref: The Neuroscience of Sensation and Perception
Learning Objective: Describe the major neural structures involved in human sensation and perception.
Difficulty: Medium
17. Which of the following receptors are responsible for the perception of hearing?
a) Mechanoreceptors.
b) Nociceptors.
c) Chemoreceptors.
d) Photoreceptors.
Section Ref: The Neuroscience of Sensation and Perception
Learning Objective: Describe the major neural structures involved in human sensation and perception.
Difficulty: Easy
Short Answer
18. What sense is most closely tied to taste?
Section Ref: The Neuroscience of Sensation and Perception
Learning Objective: Describe the major neural structures involved in human sensation and perception.
Difficulty: Easy
Essay
19. Why are taste and smell referred to as chemical senses?
Section Ref: The Neuroscience of Sensation and Perception
Learning Objective: Describe the major neural structures involved in human sensation and perception.
Difficulty: Easy
Fill-in-the-blank
20. All the sensory pathways, except for the olfactory pathway, travel to the brain passing through the __________, a structure sited in the middle of the brain above the brainstem which regulates the flow of information around the brain.
Section Ref: The Neuroscience of Sensation and Perception
Learning Objective: Describe the major neural structures involved in human sensation and perception.
Difficulty: Medium
Multiple Choice
21. Sensory neurons cannot simultaneously separate out information about different stimulus properties. This principle of neural coding is known as __________.
a) Tuning
b) Firing
c) Population coding
d) Univariance
Section Ref: The Neuroscience of Sensation and Perception
Learning Objective: Describe the major neural structures involved in human sensation and perception.
Difficulty: Hard
True/False
22. Individual cortical neurons show a high degree of specialization in all sensory modality, apart from audition.
Section Ref: The Neuroscience of Sensation and Perception
Learning Objective: Describe the major neural structures involved in human sensation and perception.
Difficulty: Medium
Fill-in-the-blank
23. The tuning properties of individual neurons are organized in cortical __________, that summarize how tuning properties are spatially distributed across the surface of the brain.
Section Ref: The Neuroscience of Sensation and Perception
Learning Objective: Describe the major neural structures involved in human sensation and perception.
Difficulty: Medium
Short Answer
24. In which part of the brain you can find a topographical map of the body?
Section Ref: The Neuroscience of Sensation and Perception
Learning Objective: Describe the major neural structures involved in human sensation and perception.
Difficulty: Medium
Essay
25. Describe the topographical map distributed in the somatosensory cortex.
Section Ref: The Neuroscience of Sensation and Perception
Learning Objective: Describe the major neural structures involved in human sensation and perception.
Difficulty: Medium
Multiple Choice
26. How many types of receptors do we have?
a) 5
b) 4
c) 7
d) 6
Section Ref: The Neuroscience of Sensation and Perception
Learning Objective: Describe the major neural structures involved in human sensation and perception.
Difficulty: Easy
True/False
27. Mechanoreceptors are responsible for the sense of balance.
Section Ref: The Neuroscience of Sensation and Perception
Learning Objective: Describe the major neural structures involved in human sensation and perception.
Difficulty: Medium
Fill-in-the-blank
28. The lemniscal tract carries the receptor signals towards the __________, a primary specialized cortical area.
Section Ref: The Neuroscience of Sensation and Perception
Learning Objective: Describe the major neural structures involved in human sensation and perception.
Difficulty: Hard
Short Answer
29. What is the name of the fibres carrying receptors signals to the brain?
Section Ref: The Neuroscience of Sensation and Perception
Learning Objective: Describe the major neural structures involved in human sensation and perception.
Difficulty: Hard
30. Which receptors respond to excessive heat?
Section Ref: The Neuroscience of Sensation and Perception
Learning Objective: Describe the major neural structures involved in human sensation and perception.
Difficulty: Medium
Multiple Choice
31. Which structure serves as a relay station for incoming sensory information to the cerebral cortex?
a) Hippocampus
b) Amygdala
c) Insula
d) Thalamus
Section Ref: The Neuroscience of Sensation and Perception
Learning Objective: Describe the major neural structures involved in human sensation and perception.
Difficulty: Medium
True/False
32. All sensory systems send information through the thalamus.
Section Ref: The Neuroscience of Sensation and Perception
Learning Objective: Describe the major neural structures involved in human sensation and perception.
Difficulty: Medium
Fill-in-the-blank
33. Where are auditory receptors located?
Section Ref: The Neuroscience of Sensation and Perception
Learning Objective: Describe the major neural structures involved in human sensation and perception.
Difficulty: Medium
Short Answer
34. What is the name of the tiny hair filaments that can be observed on the surface of auditory receptors?
Section Ref: The Neuroscience of Sensation and Perception
Learning Objective: Describe the major neural structures involved in human sensation and perception.
Difficulty: Hard
Essay
35. Describe the sixth sensory modality, also known as ‘the body sense’.
Section Ref: Sensory Qualia and Modality
Learning Objective: Describe how sensory qualia are believed to affect conscious mental state, specifically in the areas of olfaction, gustation, somatosensation, and vestibular sense.
Difficulty: Medium
Multiple Choice
36. Which of the following is NOT a qualia?
a) Electromagnetic radiation
b) Loudness
c) Heat
d) Pressure
Section Ref: Sensory Qualia and Modality
Learning Objective: Describe how sensory qualia are believed to affect conscious mental state, specifically in the areas of olfaction, gustation, somatosensation, and vestibular sense.
Difficulty: Easy
37. Which are the three criteria to group qualia into different sensory modalities?
a) Physical, abstract, computational
b) Physical, biological, abstract
c) Physical, biological, computational
d) Chemical, biological, computational
Section Ref: Sensory Qualia and Modality
Learning Objective: Describe how sensory qualia are believed to affect conscious mental state, specifically in the areas of olfaction, gustation, somatosensation, and vestibular sense.
Difficulty: Medium
38. Haptic object segregation and recognition, withdrawal, and orienting are all computations of __________.
a) Proprioception
b) Vestibular sense
c) Somatosensation
d) Vision
Section Ref: Sensory Qualia and Modality
Learning Objective: Describe how sensory qualia are believed to affect conscious mental state, specifically in the areas of olfaction, gustation, somatosensation, and vestibular sense.
Difficulty: Medium
39. Stimulus approach and avoidance, and substance edibility are both computations of __________.
a) Olfaction
b) Vision
c) Gustation
d) Somatosensation
Section Ref: Sensory Qualia and Modality
Learning Objective: Describe how sensory qualia are believed to affect conscious mental state, specifically in the areas of olfaction, gustation, somatosensation, and vestibular sense.
Difficulty: Medium
40. Olfaction is to gustation as _______ is to _______.
a) smell; taste
b) hearing; taste
c) taste; hearing
d) taste; smell
Section Ref: Sensory Qualia and Modality
Learning Objective: Describe how sensory qualia are believed to affect conscious mental state, specifically in the areas of olfaction, gustation, somatosensation, and vestibular sense.
Difficulty: Easy
41. Which of the following statements most accurately describe the two dimensions of odour perception?
a) The first dimension relates to the pleasantness-unpleasantness scale. The second dimension relates to edible-inedible scale.
b) The first dimension relates to the dangerousness-safeness scale. The second dimension relates to edible-inedible scale.
c) The first dimension relates to the sweetness-bitterness scale. The second dimension relates to edible-inedible scale.
d) The first dimension relates to the sweetness-bitterness scale. The second dimension relates to dangerousness-safeness scale.
Section Ref: Sensory Qualia and Modality
Learning Objective: Describe how sensory qualia are believed to affect conscious mental state, specifically in the areas of olfaction, gustation, somatosensation, and vestibular sense.
Difficulty: Medium
42. Which of the following items will most likely evoke a ‘pleasant’ and ‘edible’ percept?
a) Perfume
b) Chocolate
c) Blue cheese
d) Ammonia
Section Ref: Sensory Qualia and Modality
Learning Objective: Describe how sensory qualia are believed to affect conscious mental state, specifically in the areas of olfaction, gustation, somatosensation, and vestibular sense.
Difficulty: Easy
43. “It is phylogenetically ancient and seems to serve the same functions in many other animals; it gives them the minimum amount of information that they need to know about a substance, even if that substance has never been encountered before”. Which sensory modality is your text referring to?
a) Vision
b) Olfaction
c) Gustation
d) Somatosensation
Section Ref: Sensory Qualia and Modality
Learning Objective: Describe how sensory qualia are believed to affect conscious mental state, specifically in the areas of olfaction, gustation, somatosensation, and vestibular sense.
Difficulty: Medium
44. Our discrimination of odour __________ is very good.
a) Type
b) Class
c) Intensity
d) Source
Section Ref: Sensory Qualia and Modality
Learning Objective: Describe how sensory qualia are believed to affect conscious mental state, specifically in the areas of olfaction, gustation, somatosensation, and vestibular sense.
Difficulty: Medium
45. How many basic types of taste are there?
a) 3
b) 4
c) 4, perhaps 5
d) 5, perhaps 6
Section Ref: Sensory Qualia and Modality
Learning Objective: Describe how sensory qualia are believed to affect conscious mental state, specifically in the areas of olfaction, gustation, somatosensation, and vestibular sense.
Difficulty: Easy
46. The physical stimuli used by the gustatory sensory system are called __________.
Section Ref: Sensory Qualia and Modality
Learning Objective: Describe how sensory qualia are believed to affect conscious mental state, specifically in the areas of olfaction, gustation, somatosensation, and vestibular sense.
Difficulty: Easy
47. Which are the main senses involved in the experience of a spicy meal?
a) olfaction and gustation
b) gustation and the tactile sense of pain
c) gustation, olfaction, and the tactile sense of pain
d) gustation and the tactile sense of temperature
Section Ref: Sensory Qualia and Modality
Learning Objective: Describe how sensory qualia are believed to affect conscious mental state, specifically in the areas of olfaction, gustation, somatosensation, and vestibular sense.
Difficulty: Medium
True/False
48. Sweet is the taste associated with monosodium glutamate.
Section Ref: Sensory Qualia and Modality
Learning Objective: Describe how sensory qualia are believed to affect conscious mental state, specifically in the areas of olfaction, gustation, somatosensation, and vestibular sense.
Difficulty: Medium
49. Umami relates to the presence of amino acids in food.
Section Ref: Sensory Qualia and Modality
Learning Objective: Describe how sensory qualia are believed to affect conscious mental state, specifically in the areas of olfaction, gustation, somatosensation, and vestibular sense.
Difficulty: Easy
Multiple choice
50. __________ signals the presence and encourages the consumption of sodium chloride, an essential element for proper neural functioning.
a) Sweetness
b) Saltiness
c) Sourness
d) Umami
Section Ref: Sensory Qualia and Modality
Learning Objective: Describe how sensory qualia are believed to affect conscious mental state, specifically in the areas of olfaction, gustation, somatosensation, and vestibular sense.
Difficulty: Medium
51. __________ is composed by amino acids and is added in processed foods to increase consumption, but it can also be found naturally in tomatoes, mushrooms and parmesan cheese.
a) Sodium chloride
b) Aspartame
c) Monosodium glutamate
d) Glucose
Section Ref: Sensory Qualia and Modality
Learning Objective: Describe how sensory qualia are believed to affect conscious mental state, specifically in the areas of olfaction, gustation, somatosensation, and vestibular sense.
Difficulty: Medium
52. Which of the basic tastes are considered rewarding? Which are considered aversive?
a) Salty and sweet are considered rewarding. Sour and bitter are considered aversive.
b) Sweet is considered rewarding. Salty, sour, and bitter are considered aversive.
c) Sweet and sour are considered rewarding. Salty and bitter are considered aversive.
d) Sweet, sour, and salty are considered rewarding. Bitter is considered aversive.
Section Ref: Sensory Qualia and Modality
Learning Objective: Describe how sensory qualia are believed to affect conscious mental state, specifically in the areas of olfaction, gustation, somatosensation, and vestibular sense.
Difficulty: Medium
53. The gustatory system is strongly associated to __________ and __________.
a) Olfaction; audition
b) Audition; somatosensation
c) Vision; Audition
d) Olfaction; somatosensation
Section Ref: Sensory Qualia and Modality
Learning Objective: Describe how sensory qualia are believed to affect conscious mental state, specifically in the areas of olfaction, gustation, somatosensation, and vestibular sense.
Difficulty: Medium
54. The ability to identify objects by active touch alone is called __________.
a) Contact
b) Haptics
c) Tactile stimulation
d) Adaptation
Section Ref: Sensory Qualia and Modality
Learning Objective: Describe how sensory qualia are believed to affect conscious mental state, specifically in the areas of olfaction, gustation, somatosensation, and vestibular sense.
Difficulty: Medium
55. Haptic object recognition is mediated by neurons in the __________ and in the __________ areas.
a) Somatosensory cortex; motor
b) Somatosensory cortex; visual
c) Visual cortex; motor
d) Thalamus; visual
Section Ref: Sensory Qualia and Modality
Learning Objective: Describe how sensory qualia are believed to affect conscious mental state, specifically in the areas of olfaction, gustation, somatosensation, and vestibular sense.
Difficulty: Hard
56. Which sentence best describes the fibres travelling to the somatosensory cortex, via the lemniscal tract, responsible for the propagation of signals mediating haptic object recognition?
a) Their axons are wrapped in a protective coating (the myelin sheath), which slows down the conduction but ensures that signal is fully processed.
b) Their axons are wrapped in a protective coating (the myelin sheath), which gives them a fast conduction velocity.
c) Their axons are not myelinated, which guaranties a fast conduction velocity.
d) Their axons are not myelinated and the signal propagation is relatively slow.
Section Ref: Sensory Qualia and Modality
Learning Objective: Describe how sensory qualia are believed to affect conscious mental state, specifically in the areas of olfaction, gustation, somatosensation, and vestibular sense.
Difficulty: Hard
57. Which of the following sequences CORRECTLY reflects the order in which different structures are involved during haptic object recognition?
a) Mechanoreceptors; brainstem; lemniscal tract; thalamus; primary somatosensory cortex.
b) Mechanoreceptors; lemniscal tract; brainstem; thalamus; primary somatosensory cortex.
c) Mechanoreceptors; lemniscal tract; thalamus; brainstem; primary somatosensory cortex.
d) Mechanoreceptors; thalamus; brainstem; primary somatosensory cortex.
Section Ref: Sensory Qualia and Modality
Learning Objective: Describe how sensory qualia are believed to affect conscious mental state, specifically in the areas of olfaction, gustation, somatosensation, and vestibular sense.
Difficulty: Hard
58. Rapidly adapting fibres respond during the __________ phase of stimulation.
a) Final
b) Initial
c) Middle
d) Whole
Section Ref: Sensory Qualia and Modality
Learning Objective: Describe how sensory qualia are believed to affect conscious mental state, specifically in the areas of olfaction, gustation, somatosensation, and vestibular sense.
Difficulty: Medium
Short answer
59. Which fibres are involved in the sensation of steady pressure caused by a tight ring?
Section Ref: Sensory Qualia and Modality
Learning Objective: Describe how sensory qualia are believed to affect conscious mental state, specifically in the areas of olfaction, gustation, somatosensation, and vestibular sense.
Difficulty: Hard
Multiple choice
60. In the experiment conducted by Kaltzky, Lederman, and Metzger (1985), blindfolded participants had to identify 100 common objects by active touch alone. Recognition accuracy was __________.
a) at chance level
b) about 60%
c) about 90%
d) higher than 95%
Section Ref: Sensory Qualia and Modality
Learning Objective: Describe how sensory qualia are believed to affect conscious mental state, specifically in the areas of olfaction, gustation, somatosensation, and vestibular sense.
Difficulty: Hard
Fill-in-the-blank
61. The sensory system that responds to pressure or damage to the skin is called the __________ system.
Section Ref: Sensory Qualia and Modality
Learning Objective: Describe how sensory qualia are believed to affect conscious mental state, specifically in the areas of olfaction, gustation, somatosensation, and vestibular sense.
Difficulty: Medium
Multiple choice
62. Why do we adapt after prolonged exposure to a constant stimulus?
a) so that we continue to respond to ongoing stimulation
b) so that we don’t become distracted by irrelevant changes in the environment
c) so that we detect potentially important changes in what’s going on
d) so that we don’t become overstimulated by the environment
Section Ref: Sensory Qualia and Modality
Learning Objective: Describe how sensory qualia are believed to affect conscious mental state, specifically in the areas of olfaction, gustation, somatosensation, and vestibular sense.
Difficulty Level: Hard
63. The vestibular sense is vital for humans, but some unpleasant phenomena can be attributed to this sense, such as __________.
a) hallucinations
b) vertigo and motion sickness
c) tremors
d) tinnitus
Section Ref: Sensory Qualia and Modality
Learning Objective: Describe how sensory qualia are believed to affect conscious mental state, specifically in the areas of olfaction, gustation, somatosensation, and vestibular sense.
Difficulty: Easy
64. Which of the following lists contains structures that are ALL involved in the vestibular sense?
a) Semicircular canals; utricle; cochlea; cerebellum
b) Semicircular canals; saccule; cerebellum; tympanic membrane
c) Semicircular canals; utricle; saccule; cerebellum
d) Pinna; utricle; saccule; cerebellum
Section Ref: Sensory Qualia and Modality
Learning Objective: Describe how sensory qualia are believed to affect conscious mental state, specifically in the areas of olfaction, gustation, somatosensation, and vestibular sense.
Difficulty: Medium
Short answer
65. Which reflex allows you to follow the directions on a map while walking at the same time, compensating the eyes rotation for your head’s movements?
Section Ref: Sensory Qualia and Modality
Learning Objective: Describe how sensory qualia are believed to affect conscious mental state, specifically in the areas of olfaction, gustation, somatosensation, and vestibular sense.
Difficulty: Hard
True/False
66. The saccule and utricle are the two chambers of the vestibular apparatus.
Section Ref: Sensory Qualia and Modality
Learning Objective: Describe how sensory qualia are believed to affect conscious mental state, specifically in the areas of olfaction, gustation, somatosensation, and vestibular sense.
Difficulty: Easy
Fill-in-the-blank
67. The three tunnels of the vestibular apparatus are called __________.
Section Ref: Sensory Qualia and Modality
Learning Objective: Describe how sensory qualia are believed to affect conscious mental state, specifically in the areas of olfaction, gustation, somatosensation, and vestibular sense.
Difficulty: Easy
Short Answer
68. What term describes how your eyes rotate by exactly the correct amount to compensate for your head’s movements?
Section Ref: Sensory Qualia and Modality
Learning Objective: Describe how sensory qualia are believed to affect conscious mental state, specifically in the areas of olfaction, gustation, somatosensation, and vestibular sense.
Difficulty: Medium
Essay
69. Describe how alcohol intoxication can cause changes in the responses of vestibular receptors which produce symptoms such as nausea and dizziness.
Section Ref: Sensory Qualia and Modality
Learning Objective: Describe how sensory qualia are believed to affect conscious mental state, specifically in the areas of olfaction, gustation, somatosensation, and vestibular sense.
Difficulty: Hard
Multiple Choice
70. The caloric reflex test __________.
a) is a neurological test of brainstem function which uses warm or cold water to alter the vestibular fluid and generate reflexive eye rotation.
b) is a neurological test of reflex function which uses hot water to produce pain and evoke a reaction.
c) is a psychophysical test which measures the sensitivity of an observer to variations in water temperature.
d) is a psychophysical test which uses hot water to measure the pain threshold of participants.
Section Ref: Sensory Qualia and Modality
Learning Objective: Describe how sensory qualia are believed to affect conscious mental state, specifically in the areas of olfaction, gustation, somatosensation, and vestibular sense.
Difficulty: Hard
71. Which type of sensory information does the auditory system convert into neural impulses?
a) Vibrations in the air
b) Air temperature
c) Chemicals in the air
d) Air texture
Section Ref: Audition
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms of audition and its effect on perception.
Difficulty: Easy
True/False
72. The frequency of a sound wave is measured in hertz.
Section Ref: Audition
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms of audition and its effect on perception.
Difficulty: Medium
Fill-in-the-blank
73. When we describe the “loudness” of a sound, we are referring to its __________.
Section Ref: Audition
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms of audition and its effect on perception.
Difficulty: Medium
Short Answer
74. What measure do we use to describe levels of sound?
Section Ref: Audition
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms of audition and its effect on perception.
Difficulty: Medium
Essay
75. Describe the Fourier analysis.
Section Ref: Audition
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms of audition and its effect on perception.
Difficulty: Hard
Multiple Choice
76. __________ is to hertz as amplitude is to __________.
a) Time; decibel
b) Frequency; cycle
c) Frequency; decibel
d) Peak; seconds
Section Ref: Audition
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms of audition and its effect on perception.
Difficulty: Easy
77. Frequency is to amplitude as ______ is to _______.
a) loudness; pitch
b) pitch: hue
c) pitch; loudness
d) decibels; hertz
Section Ref: Audition
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms of audition and its effect on perception.
Difficulty: Easy
78. In a study, Dr. Enderby is systematically varying the amplitude of a sound wave and asking observers to indicate how loud the sound seems. In this study, amplitude is a(n) ________ variable. Dr. Enderby should display the results of the study using a(n) ________.
a) dependent; line graph
b) dependent; bar graph
c) independent; line graph
d) independent; bar graph
Section Ref: Audition
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms of audition and its effect on perception.
Difficulty: Hard
True/False
79. A sound of 200 Hz will produce a lower and deeper pitch than a sound of 2,000 Hz.
Section Ref: Audition
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms of audition and its effect on perception.
Difficulty: Medium
Fill-in-the-blank
80. The perceived pitch of a sound depends on its __________ frequency component.
Section Ref: Audition
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms of audition and its effect on perception.
Difficulty: Medium
Short Answer
81. If a sound has a frequency of 100 Hz, how many cycles of vibration will occur in one second?
Section Ref: Audition
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms of audition and its effect on perception.
Difficulty: Easy
Essay
82. Describe the principal steps of a sound travelling from the ear to the brain
Section Ref: Audition
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms of audition and its effect on perception.
Difficulty: Hard
True/False
83. If a sound pressure level exceeds 140 dB, permanent hearing loss is likely to occur.
Section Ref: Audition
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms of audition and its effect on perception.
Difficulty: Easy
Fill-in-the-blank
84. After the cochlear nuclei, converging projections travel towards a second structure of the brainstem known as __________.
Section Ref: Audition
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms of audition and its effect on perception.
Difficulty: Hard
Multiple choice
85. Which of the following sequences CORRECTLY arranges the structures of the inner ear from the largest and most inclusive to the smallest and most specific?
a) cochlea; basilar membrane; hair cells
b) cochlea; hair cells; basilar membrane
c) basilar membrane; hair cells; cochlea
d) basilar membrane; cochlea; hair cells
Section Ref: Audition
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms of audition and its effect on perception.
Difficulty: Medium
Short Answer
86. What is the name of the membrane housing the auditory mechanoreceptors?
Section Ref: Audition
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms of audition and its effect on perception.
Difficulty: Medium
87. What fluid-filled structure in the inner ear contains the basilar membrane?
Section Ref: Audition
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms of audition and its effect on perception.
Difficulty: Medium
True/False
88. The ossicles are fluid-filled membranes in the inner ear.
Section Ref: Audition
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms of audition and its effect on perception.
Difficulty: Medium
Fill-in-the-blank
89. The auditory sensory receptors that cover the basilar membrane in the cochlea are rows of __________.
Section Ref: Audition
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms of audition and its effect on perception.
Difficulty: Medium
Multiple choice
90. Which of the following sequences CORRECTLY reflects the order of events in which sound waves are converted into neural impulses in the ear, from first to last?
a) deflection of the basilar membrane; formation of wave in cochlea; vibration of the ossicles; deflection of the tympanic membrane
b) deflection of the basilar membrane; vibration of the ossicles; formation of wave in cochlea; deflection of the tympanic membrane
c) deflection of the tympanic membrane; formation of wave in cochlea; vibration of the ossicles; deflection of the basilar membrane
d) deflection of the tympanic membrane; vibration of the ossicles; formation of wave in cochlea; deflection of the basilar membrane
Section Ref: Audition
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms of audition and its effect on perception.
Difficulty: Medium
91. Which of the following ear structures is CORRECTLY paired with a description?
a) tympanic membrane – covered with auditory hair cells
b) ossicles – bones of the middle ear
c) basilar membrane – fluid-filled structure in the inner ear
d) cochlea – ear drum
Section Ref: Audition
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms of audition and its effect on perception.
Difficulty: Medium
Essay
92. Describe the phenomenon known as ‘the cocktail party effect’.
Section Ref: Audition
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms of audition and its effect on perception.
Difficulty: Medium
Multiple Choice
93. What cues are used to localize sound?
a) Loudness in each ear
b) Timing
c) Adjusting our heads
d) All of the above
Section Ref: Audition
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms of audition and its effect on perception.
Difficulty: Medium
True/False
94. To determine the importance of a sound, it is necessary to localize it in space.
Section Ref: Audition
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms of audition and its effect on perception.
Difficulty: Easy
Multiple Choice
95. Auditory analysis of complex sounds arriving at the two ears divides them up into contributions from different sound sources based on __________.
a) spatial location, spectral content, and frequency
b) amplitude, pitch, and frequency
c) amplitude, spatial location, and onset
d) spatial location, spectral content, and onset
Section Ref: Audition
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms of audition and its effect on perception.
Difficulty: Medium
96. What are binaural cues?
a) They are a type of pitch cues which allow to identify familiar voices.
b) They are a type of spectral content cues which allow to divide a complex waveform into discrete auditory objects.
c) They are a type of location cues which allow localization in the horizontal plane.
d) They are a type of location cues which allow localization in the vertical plane.
Section Ref: Audition
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms of audition and its effect on perception.
Difficulty: Medium
97. __________ describes the horizontal dimension along which a source direction can vary.
a) Azimuth
b) Elevation
c) Range
d) Proximity
Section Ref: Audition
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms of audition and its effect on perception.
Difficulty: Medium
98. The ‘range’ refers to the __________ dimension of the source direction variation.
a) left-right
b) up-down
c) horizontal-vertical
d) near-far
Section Ref: Audition
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms of audition and its effect on perception.
Difficulty: Medium
99. “When a sound source is located to one side of the head, the sound emanating from it arrives at the nearer ear slightly before the further ear, creating __________.”
a) an interaural level difference (ILD)
b) an interaural time difference (ITD)
c) a cocktail party effect
d) a just-noticeable difference (JND)
Section Ref: Audition
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms of audition and its effect on perception.
Difficulty: Medium
100. Localization of sound sources on the horizontal plane is thought to rely on two complementary cues: interaural time difference and interaural level difference. This theory is known as __________.
a) Weber’s law
b) Fourier’s localization theory
c) Rayleigh’s horizontal law
d) Rayleigh’s duplex theory
Section Ref: Audition
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms of audition and its effect on perception.
Difficulty: Hard
101. The __________ is a complex folded structure which alters the high frequencies of a sound wave. This structure aids localization in the __________ plane.
a) cochlea; vertical
b) cochlea; horizontal
c) pinna; vertical
d) pinna; horizontal
Section Ref: Audition
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms of audition and its effect on perception.
Difficulty: Hard
102. With respect to the spectral content of a sound, which of the following statements is TRUE?
a) Pitch is an important cue for grouping a complex auditory waveform into discrete objects.
b) Men and women speak at very similar pitches, making very hard for the auditory system to separate their voices.
c) The auditory system perceives the pitch of a voice as its fundamental frequency, which corresponds to the highest harmony in the sound.
d) Harmonicity cannot be used as a cue for segregating complex sounds in distinct auditory objects.
Section Ref: Audition
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms of audition and its effect on perception.
Difficulty: Medium
103. With respect to the auditory form of grouping known as ‘streaming’, which of the following statements is FALSE?
a) Streaming grouping reflects the probability that two components could stem from a single source.
b) When the two frequencies are similar and the interval between the two tones is not too big, the listener hears a melody.
c) A two-tone siren is an example of a train of pulses at different frequencies which are perceived as a single sound.
d) Regardless of the similarity and rate of alternation of two tones’ frequencies, listeners will always perceive a train of pulses as a single tone.
Section Ref: Audition
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms of audition and its effect on perception.
Difficulty: Hard
104. “The way that a sound starts (its __________) and stops (its __________) has a major impact on its perceived timbre”.
a) beginning; end
b) attack; decay
c) entrance; decline
d) inception; downfall
Section Ref: Audition
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms of audition and its effect on perception.
Difficulty: Hard
105. Which of the following statements describes the phenomenon known as ‘missing fundamental’?
a) People affected by a rare form of hearing impairment are unable to detect the fundamental frequencies of sounds.
b) It’s the process through which the fundamental component of a melody is removed to improve its sound quality.
c) Listeners can hear the pitch corresponding to the fundamental frequency even when this component is not present.
d) The reduction of hearing in noisy environments is attributable to difficulties detecting fundamental frequencies.
Section Ref: Audition
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms of audition and its effect on perception.
Difficulty: Hard
106. John is on the phone with his best friend and can perceive the distinctive pitch of his voice (around 150 Hz) despite using an audio speaker which cannot generate frequencies below 300 Hz. This is an example of:
a) Missing fundamental phenomenon
b) Streaming
c) Grouping
d) Segregation
Section Ref: Audition
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms of audition and its effect on perception.
Difficulty: Medium
107. Pitch is an important cue for:
a) Source segregation, sound localization, identification
b) Source segregation, identification, speech prosody
c) Identification, sound localization, speech prosody
d) Identification, horizontal localization, source segregation
Section Ref: Audition
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms of audition and its effect on perception.
Difficulty: Easy
108. Mickey Mouse has a “high-pitched” voice. What does this mean in terms of frequency?
Section Ref: Audition
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms of audition and its effect on perception.
Difficulty: Hard
109. Neurons in the primary auditory cortex are mapped __________, with cells with similar frequency tunings laying close together on the cortical surface.
a) somatotopically
b) retinotopically
c) tonotopically
d) coherently
Section Ref: Audition
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms of audition and its effect on perception.
Difficulty Level: Easy
110. Part of primary auditory cortex is organized as a _______ map of the different pitches in the sounds we hear.
a) sonotopic
b) audiotopic
c) tonotopic
d) cochleotopic
Section Ref: Audition
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms of audition and its effect on perception.
Difficulty Level: Easy
111. What is defined as the visible spectrum of light?
a) 100-200 nm
b) 250-350 nm
c) 400-700 nm
d) 750-950 nm
Section Ref: Vision: Physiology
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the physiological mechanisms of vision.
Difficulty: Medium
True/False
112. Under certain conditions, people can see radio waves.
Section Ref: Vision: Physiology
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the physiological mechanisms of vision.
Difficulty: Easy
Multiple choice
113. Which of the following statements most accurately describes the relationship between the electromagnetic spectrum and visible light?
a) “The electromagnetic spectrum” is just geek-speak for “visible light.” They’re the same thing.
b) The electromagnetic spectrum refers to a small portion of the spectrum of visible light.
c) A small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is seen as visible light.
d) Most but not all of the electromagnetic spectrum is seen as visible light.
Section Ref: Vision: Physiology
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the physiological mechanisms of vision.
Difficulty: Easy
114. Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the order in which light passes through the structures of the eye during vision, from first to last?
a) pupil; retina; lens
b) lens; pupil; retina
c) retina; pupil; lens
d) pupil; lens; retina
Section Ref: Vision: Physiology
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the physiological mechanisms of vision.
Difficulty: Easy
115. Which of the following structures of the eye is CORRECTLY matched with its function?
a) cones – are responsible for night vision
b) pupil – regulates the amount of light entering the eye
c) lens – adjusts the size of the pupil
d) rods – focus the image on the retina
Section Ref: Vision: Physiology
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the physiological mechanisms of vision.
Difficulty: Medium
116. Compared to cones, rods are _____.
a) more sensitive to light
b) more densely concentrated in the fovea
c) more responsible for color perception
d) less numerous
Section Ref: Vision: Physiology
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the physiological mechanisms of vision.
Difficulty: Medium
117. The optic nerve is composed of axons of _________.
a) bipolar cells
b) ganglion cells
c) rods and cones
d) foveal cells
Section Ref: Vision: Physiology
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the physiological mechanisms of vision.
Difficulty: Medium
118. Which of the following best expresses the relationship between the retina and the fovea?
a) They are one and the same: The terms are synonymous.
b) The retina is part of the fovea.
c) The fovea is part of the retina.
d) Light passes through the fovea on its way to the retina.
Section Ref: Vision: Physiology
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the physiological mechanisms of vision.
Difficulty: Medium
Fill-in-the-blank
119. Lenses can change the direction of transmitted light rays, a phenomenon known as __________.
Section Ref: Vision: Physiology
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the physiological mechanisms of vision.
Difficulty: Medium
120. The specialized sheet of nerve cells located in the back of the eye is called the __________.
Section Ref: Vision: Physiology
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the physiological mechanisms of vision.
Difficulty: Easy
Short Answer
121. Name the 2 major classes of photoreceptors.
Section Ref: Vision: Physiology
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the physiological mechanisms of vision.
Difficulty: Easy
Essay
122. Describe the difference in the type of stimuli rods and cones are used to perceive.
Section Ref: Vision: Physiology
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the physiological mechanisms of vision.
Difficulty: Medium
Multiple Choice
123. In what region of the retina is vision the sharpest due to the largest concentration of cones?
a) Fovea
b) Optic nerve
c) Saturation
d) Where the optic nerve leaves the eye
Section Ref: Vision: Physiology
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the physiological mechanisms of vision.
Difficulty: Medium
124. The retina contains about:
a) 1 million photoreceptors
b) 10 million photoreceptors
c) 100 million photoreceptors
d) 1 billion photoreceptors
Section Ref: Vision: Physiology
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the physiological mechanisms of vision.
Difficulty: Medium
Fill-in-the-blank
125. Dilation and constriction of the __________ diameter is one way that the visual system adapts to light.
Section Ref: Vision: Physiology
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the physiological mechanisms of vision.
Difficulty: Medium
126. The transition from cone vision to rod vision, called __________, takes approximately 20 minutes.
Section Ref: Vision: Physiology
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the physiological mechanisms of vision.
Difficulty: Medium
Multiple choice
127. Fibres of the ganglion cells form the optic nerve and travel towards cell nuclei called __________. From here, the fibres project to the__________.
a) photoreceptors; primary visual cortex
b) cochlear nuclei; secondary visual cortex
c) lateral geniculate nuclei; primary visual cortex
d) lateral geniculate nuclei; secondary visual cortex
Section Ref: Vision: Physiology
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the physiological mechanisms of vision.
Difficulty: Medium
128. Mark went to the cinema on a bright summer day. As he entered the dark screen room his vision was severely compromised until it slowly __________ to the dark environment.
a) Corrected
b) Adapted
c) Adjusted
d) Prepared
Section Ref: Vision: Physiology
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the physiological mechanisms of vision.
Difficulty: Medium
129. Which of the following pairs is INCORRECT
a) S-cones; short wavelenghths
b) M-cones; blu
c) S-cones; blu
d) L-cones; red
Section Ref: Vision: Physiology
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the physiological mechanisms of vision.
Difficulty: Medium
130. Which of the following classes of cones responds selectively to greenish colours?
a) S-cones
b) M-cones
c) L-cones
d) None of the above
Section Ref: Vision: Physiology
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the physiological mechanisms of vision.
Difficulty: Medium
131. Cones can be found across the whole __________ surface, but they are concentrated around the __________, an area at the centre of the retina.
a) pupil; optic nerve
b) retina; lens
c) retina; fovea
d) retina; optic nerve
Section Ref: Vision: Physiology
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the physiological mechanisms of vision.
Difficulty: Easy
132. The fovea is responsible for high-acuity vision in bright conditions. In fact, __________ are entirely absent from its surface.
a) rods
b) cones
c) S-cones
d) M-cones
Section Ref: Vision: Physiology
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the physiological mechanisms of vision.
Difficulty: Easy
133. Which of the following sequences correctly orders the structures along the visual pathway, from first to last?
a) Optic nerve; retina; primary visual cortex; lateral geniculate nucleus
b) Retina; lateral geniculate nucleus; optic nerve; primary visual cortex
c) Retina; optic nerve; lateral geniculate nucleus; primary visual cortex
d) None of the above
Section Ref: Vision: Physiology
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the physiological mechanisms of vision.
Difficulty: Medium
Fill-in-the-blank
134. Photoreceptors’ responses depend on both light wavelength and light intensity. Hence, different combinations of these attributes can evoke the same response. __________ can infer the correct light wavelength comparing the relative level of activity of different receptors to the same stimulus.
Section Ref: Vision: Physiology
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the physiological mechanisms of vision.
Difficulty: Hard
135. The ganglion cell’s __________ consists of a small portion of the retina which evokes a cellular response when it’s hit by light.
Section Ref: Vision: Physiology
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the physiological mechanisms of vision.
Difficulty: Medium
Short answer
136. Name the three main classes of ganglion cells
Section Ref: Vision: Physiology
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the physiological mechanisms of vision.
Difficulty: Hard
Essay
137. Describe how a ganglion cell is able to compare the responses of different classes of cones to infer a precise light wavelength.
Section Ref: Vision: Physiology
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the physiological mechanisms of vision.
Difficulty: Hard
True/False
138. A midget ganglion cell distinguishes between redness and greenness signals as it receives inputs from M-cones and L-cones.
Section Ref: Vision: Physiology
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the physiological mechanisms of vision.
Difficulty: Medium
139. The visual cortex uses a strategy called ‘population coding’ to detect familiar faces in a crowd.
Section Ref: Vision: Physiology
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the physiological mechanisms of vision.
Difficulty: Easy
Multiple choice
140. Which of the following statements is a CORRECT description of ‘population coding’?
a) The visual system only selects the strongest response of an individual cell across a population of cells.
b) Multiple stimulus properties are confounded in the single response of an individual cell. To disentangle them the visual system compares responses across a population of cells.
c) The population coding is a strategy used exclusively by the visual system.
d) The visual system uses a population coding strategy only when exposed to a highly stimulating environment (e.g. a funfair, a busy road).
Section Ref: Vision: Physiology
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the physiological mechanisms of vision.
Difficulty: Medium
141. Which of the following alternatives BEST captures the distinction between the two major visual pathways described in your text?
a) One processes object location. The other processes object identity.
b) One processes chromatic aspects of the visual scene. The other processes non-chromatic aspects of the scene.
c) One processes simple object features. The other processes complex object features.
d) One processes stationary objects in the visual scene. The other processes moving objects.
Section Ref: Vision: Physiology
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the physiological mechanisms of vision.
Difficulty: Medium
142. The “what” pathway terminates in the ______ lobe. The “where” pathway terminates in the ______ lobe.
a) temporal; parietal
b) parietal; temporal
c) occipital; parietal
d) temporal; occipital
Section Ref: Vision: Physiology
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the physiological mechanisms of vision.
Difficulty: Medium
143. The __________ pathway is to __________ as the __________is to dorsal.
a) “where”; ventral; “what”
b) “what”; central; “how”
c) “what”; ventral; “where”
d) “where”; central; “what”
Section Ref: Vision: Physiology
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the physiological mechanisms of vision.
Difficulty: Medium
144. In 1992 Goodale and Milner proposed a new description of the dorsal stream as a __________ stream, which is specialized in unconscious action control.
a) “how”
b) “when”
c) “what”
d) “motor”
Section Ref: Vision: Physiology
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the physiological mechanisms of vision.
Difficulty: Medium
Short answer
145. Which stream is best suited to compute self-motion?
Section Ref: Vision: Physiology
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the physiological mechanisms of vision.
Difficulty: Easy
146. How is the primary visual cortex also known as?
Section Ref: Vision: Physiology
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the physiological mechanisms of vision.
Difficulty: Easy
True/False
147. Neurons in the visual area known as MT are particularly responsive to depth and direction cues.
Section Ref: Vision: Physiology
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the physiological mechanisms of vision.
Difficulty: Hard
148. The first distinction of dorsal and ventral pathways was proposed in the 1980’, following investigations on neurological patients who were unable to perceive motion after brain damage in the parietal lobe.
Section Ref: Vision: Physiology
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the physiological mechanisms of vision.
Difficulty: Hard
Multiple choice
149. Which of the following sequences CORRECTLY describes the percentage of cells in V1 selective to these stimulus attributes from high to low?
a) Orientation; direction; depth; colour
b) Depth; orientation; direction; colour
c) Direction; orientation; colour; depth
d) Orientation; depth; colour; direction
Section Ref: Vision: Physiology
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the physiological mechanisms of vision.
Difficulty: Hard
150. Midget ganglion cells’ responses are selective to inputs coming from:
a) M-cones and L-cones
b) M-cones only
c) L-cones only
d) M-cones and S-cones
Section Ref: Vision: Physiology
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the physiological mechanisms of vision.
Difficulty: Medium
Short Answer
151. Name a common perceptual phenomenon arising from prolonged exposure to unchanging sensory stimulation.
Section Ref: Vision: Perceiving Object Properties
Learning Objective: Critically evaluate explanations for perceptual illusions and after-effects, in the context of the structure and function of the sensory system.
Difficulty: Medium
152. Name a common perceptual phenomenon characterized by distortion in stimulus appearance, often due to inhibition between cells which are tuned to similar properties of the stimulus.
Section Ref: Vision: Perceiving Object Properties
Learning Objective: Critically evaluate explanations for perceptual illusions and after-effects, in the context of the structure and function of the sensory system.
Difficulty: Medium
True/False
153. After-effects emerge as a consequence of sensory adaptation.
Section Ref: Vision: Perceiving Object Properties
Learning Objective: Critically evaluate explanations for perceptual illusions and after-effects, in the context of the structure and function of the sensory system.
Difficulty: Easy
154. Adaptation can be explained by the fact that cells coding for a relevant stimulus attribute get fatigued, leading to a shift in perception in the opposite direction from the relevant attribute.
Section Ref: Vision: Perceiving Object Properties
Learning Objective: Critically evaluate explanations for perceptual illusions and after-effects, in the context of the structure and function of the sensory system.
Difficulty: Medium
Multiple choice
155. Adaptation is to after-effects as __________ is to illusions.
a) Excitation
b) Adjustment
c) Inhibition
d) Segregation
Section Ref: Vision: Perceiving Object Properties
Learning Objective: Critically evaluate explanations for perceptual illusions and after-effects, in the context of the structure and function of the sensory system.
Difficulty: Medium
156. With respect to adaptation and inhibition, which of the following statements is CORRECT?
a) They serve to reduce uninformative neural activity (i.e. redundancy in cells’ responses).
b) They describe the same concept. In fact, adaptation and inhibition are synonyms.
c) While adaptation is common to all sensory modalities, inhibition is exclusively used by cells in the visual system.
d) None of the above
Section Ref: Vision: Perceiving Object Properties
Learning Objective: Critically evaluate explanations for perceptual illusions and after-effects, in the context of the structure and function of the sensory system.
Difficulty: Medium
True/False
157. The Zöllner illusion (also known as the tilted lines illusion) can be explained by the fact that cortical neurons coding for similar orientations excite each other, amplifying the differences in the signalled orientation of nearby lines.
Section Ref: Vision: Perceiving Object Properties
Learning Objective: Critically evaluate explanations for perceptual illusions and after-effects, in the context of the structure and function of the sensory system.
Difficulty: Medium
Short answer
158. What term is used to describe how we determine the distance of objects from us and their spatial relationship with one another?
Section Ref: Vision: Perceiving Object Properties
Learning Objective: Critically evaluate explanations for perceptual illusions and after-effects, in the context of the structure and function of the sensory system.
Difficulty: Medium
True/False
159. Linear perspective occurs when parallel lines seem to diverge from one another.
Section Ref: Vision: Perceiving Object Properties
Learning Objective: Critically evaluate explanations for perceptual illusions and after-effects, in the context of the structure and function of the sensory system.
Difficulty: Medium
Multiple choice
160. The term __________ refers to our tendency to view objects as if they were unchanging, even though the actual visual sensations we receive are constantly shifting.
a) absolute threshold
b) just noticeable difference
c) perceptual constancy
d) top-down processing
Section Ref: Vision: Perceiving Object Properties
Learning Objective: Critically evaluate explanations for perceptual illusions and after-effects, in the context of the structure and function of the sensory system.
Difficulty: Medium
Fill-in-the-blank
161. Our tendency to view objects as unchanging is referred to as __________.
Section Ref: Vision: Perceiving Object Properties
Learning Objective: Critically evaluate explanations for perceptual illusions and after-effects, in the context of the structure and function of the sensory system.
Difficulty: Medium
Multiple choice
162. Perceptual constancy of object size and shape is possible thank to our visual system’s ability to detect __________ cues from the environment.
a) colour
b) depth
c) orientation
d) direction
Section Ref: Vision: Perceiving Object Properties
Learning Objective: Critically evaluate explanations for perceptual illusions and after-effects, in the context of the structure and function of the sensory system.
Difficulty: Easy
163. Which of the following items BEST describes what perceptual constancies are?
a) Stable representations
b) Unstable representations
c) Visual illusions
d) After-effects
Section Ref: Vision: Perceiving Object Properties
Learning Objective: Critically evaluate explanations for perceptual illusions and after-effects, in the context of the structure and function of the sensory system.
Difficulty: Medium
164. Which of the following terms BEST describes the ability to recognize an object despite variations in retinal size, orientation, and viewing distance?
a) Adjustment
b) Ambiguity
c) Perceptual constancy
d) Inference
Section Ref: Vision: Perceiving Object Properties
Learning Objective: Critically evaluate explanations for perceptual illusions and after-effects, in the context of the structure and function of the sensory system.
Difficulty: Medium
165. With respect to visual ambiguity, which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
a) Ambiguities can be resolved by bringing in additional information learned from previous experience.
b) Ambiguous images can be interpreted in many different ways.
c) Ambiguities are not present in the real world. They are artificially created by visual scientists to study perception.
d) Ambiguities show that our perception is often influenced by unconscious inferences and conclusions.
Section Ref: Vision: Perceiving Object Properties
Learning Objective: Critically evaluate explanations for perceptual illusions and after-effects, in the context of the structure and function of the sensory system.
Difficulty: Medium
True/False
166. When an image is “ambiguous” there is insufficient visual information to be able to identify it or make correct inferences.
Section Ref: Vision: Perceiving Object Properties
Learning Objective: Critically evaluate explanations for perceptual illusions and after-effects, in the context of the structure and function of the sensory system.
Difficulty: Easy
Essay
167. Describe why people experience the spinning silhouette illusion, also known as “the dancer illusion”.
Section Ref: Vision: Perceiving Object Properties
Learning Objective: Critically evaluate explanations for perceptual illusions and after-effects, in the context of the structure and function of the sensory system.
Difficulty: Hard
Multiple choice
168. Bayesian methods can explain how visual ambiguities are resolved using:
a) Correlation analysis
b) Probability analysis
c) Factorial analysis
d) Regression analysis
Section Ref: Vision: Perceiving Object Properties
Learning Objective: Critically evaluate explanations for perceptual illusions and after-effects, in the context of the structure and function of the sensory system.
Difficulty: Hard
169. With reference to the use of Bayes’ theorem to resolve ambiguities in vision, a __________ is to __________ as a ‘symptom’ is to ‘causes’.
a) perceptual constancy; depth
b) object; visual stimulation
c) visual stimulus; perceptual constancy
d) visual stimulus; objects
Section Ref: Vision: Perceiving Object Properties
Learning Objective: Critically evaluate explanations for perceptual illusions and after-effects, in the context of the structure and function of the sensory system.
Difficulty: Hard
170. Which of the following items is NOT an example of assumptions that can be used to resolve visual ambiguities?
a) Regularity
b) Infrequency
c) Symmetry
d) Stability
Section Ref: Vision: Perceiving Object Properties
Learning Objective: Critically evaluate explanations for perceptual illusions and after-effects, in the context of the structure and function of the sensory system.
Difficulty: Easy
True/False
171. Different sensory modalities always act independently from one another and rarely exchange sensory information.
Section Ref: Multimodal Perception
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of how different neural systems’ mechanisms overlap in the overall make-up of perception.
Difficulty: Medium
172. Olfaction and gustation together provide information about the edibility and flavour of foods.
Section Ref: Multimodal Perception
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of how different neural systems’ mechanisms overlap in the overall make-up of perception.
Difficulty: Easy
Short answer
173. Which term defines the ability of the sensory system to combine different sensory information through extensive connections between neural systems serving different modalities?
Section Ref: Multimodal Perception
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of how different neural systems’ mechanisms overlap in the overall make-up of perception.
Difficulty: Medium
174. The multisensory experience of eating a fruit involves primarily four sensory modalities, namely:
Section Ref: Multimodal Perception
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of how different neural systems’ mechanisms overlap in the overall make-up of perception.
Difficulty: Easy
175. How is our ability to attend a new sensory input called?
Section Ref: Multimodal Perception
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of how different neural systems’ mechanisms overlap in the overall make-up of perception.
Difficulty: Medium
176. Which term defines the presentation of stimuli stimulating only one sensory modality?
Section Ref: Multimodal Perception
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of how different neural systems’ mechanisms overlap in the overall make-up of perception.
Difficulty: Hard
Fill-in-the-blank
177. __________ presentation stimulates two sensory modalities.
Section Ref: Multimodal Perception
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of how different neural systems’ mechanisms overlap in the overall make-up of perception.
Difficulty: Medium
178. In 2004, Diederich and Colonius measured the reaction times (RTs) in response to either a flash of light, a pure tone, or a tactile vibration. The scientists found that the fastest RTs were to__________, followed by __________ and __________.
Section Ref: Multimodal Perception
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of how different neural systems’ mechanisms overlap in the overall make-up of perception.
Difficulty: Medium
179. Bimodal presentation evokes __________ RTs compared to unimodal presentation. This phenomenon can be explained by __________ and __________, both describing possible ways in which neural systems can be activated by unimodal and multimodal presentations.
Section Ref: Multimodal Perception
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of how different neural systems’ mechanisms overlap in the overall make-up of perception.
Difficulty: Medium
180. According to the __________ explanation, individual unimodal activations are added together to create a combined response which is stronger than the activation evoked by unimodal stimulation. This may explain why performances using multimodal presentation are better.
Section Ref: Multimodal Perception
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of how different neural systems’ mechanisms overlap in the overall make-up of perception.
Difficulty: Medium
Essay
181. Describe the experiment by McGurk and McDonald (1976) that revealed a phenomenon known as “the McGurk effect”.
Section Ref: Multimodal Perception
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of how different neural systems’ mechanisms overlap in the overall make-up of perception.
Difficulty: Hard
Multiple choice
182. Which of the following IS a multisensory experience?
a) Sight
b) Pain
c) Flavour
d) Taste
Section Ref: Multimodal Perception
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of how different neural systems’ mechanisms overlap in the overall make-up of perception.
Difficulty: Easy
183. Which of the following statements about flavour is INCORRECT?
a) Only smell and taste components of flavour can signal food edibility, while the others serve to create the sensation of pleasantness.
b) Flavour is a multisensory experience which combines sensations from different sensory modalities, including taste, smell, touch, pain, and sound.
c) Temperature and pain are important signals which inform whether a substance is harmful to the digestive system.
d) Flavour relies on the transduction of both chemical and physical signals.
Section Ref: Multimodal Perception
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of how different neural systems’ mechanisms overlap in the overall make-up of perception.
Difficulty: Medium
184. What systems are involved in the perception of body motion?
a) Somatosensory and visual
b) Somatosensory and vestibular
c) Vestibular and visual
d) Body motion recruits only one system; the visual system.
Section Ref: Multimodal Perception
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of how different neural systems’ mechanisms overlap in the overall make-up of perception.
Difficulty: Medium
185. With respect to the perception of body motion, which of the following statements is CORRECT?
a) Body motion is a multisensory perceptual experience which relies on a combination of visual and vestibular cues.
b) Body motion relies exclusively on the vestibular system. In fact, balance is the most important element during the execution of any body movement.
c) Motion sickness is caused by conflicts between somatosensory and vestibular cues.
d) The sensation of dizziness caused by excessive alcohol consumption derives from a damage to the mechanoreceptors inside the ear.
Section Ref: Multimodal Perception
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of how different neural systems’ mechanisms overlap in the overall make-up of perception.
Difficulty: Medium
186. Which of the following situations may lead to a conflict between different vestibular cues?
a) Tilting your head
b) Tilting your head in a cornering fast car
c) Being inside a flight simulator with a high-quality optic flow
d) Being inside the cabin of a moving ship without the possibility to look at the outside world.
Section Ref: Multimodal Perception
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of how different neural systems’ mechanisms overlap in the overall make-up of perception.
Difficulty: Medium
187. Body motion is supported by bimodal neurons in the __________.
a) Orbitofrontal cortex
b) Lateral temporal cortex
c) Superior temporal cortex
d) Fusiform gyrus
Section Ref: Multimodal Perception
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of how different neural systems’ mechanisms overlap in the overall make-up of perception.
Difficulty: Hard
188. Which of the following sequences correctly orders some of the structures that can be involved in flavour perception, from first to last?
a) Photoreceptors; primary visual cortex; superior colliculus; high-level cortical areas
b) Mechanoreceptors; lateral geniculate nucleus; primary somatosensory cortex; high-level cortical areas
c) Chemoreceptors; primary gustatory cortex; lateral geniculate nucleus; high-level cortical areas
d) Mechanoreceptors; superior colliculus; primary somatosensory cortex; primary gustatory cortex
Section Ref: Multimodal Perception
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of how different neural systems’ mechanisms overlap in the overall make-up of perception.
Difficulty: Hard
True/False
189. Multisensory perception relies on a number of different neural networks, involving only subcortical structures.
Section Ref: Multimodal Perception
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of how different neural systems’ mechanisms overlap in the overall make-up of perception.
Difficulty: Medium
190. Motion sickness and dizziness reveal the fact that body motion perception relies upon both vestibular information and visual cues.
Section Ref: Multimodal Perception
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of how different neural systems’ mechanisms overlap in the overall make-up of perception.
Difficulty: Easy
Short answers
191. Dr Smith is trying to create a device to deliver visual information in the form of different audio frequencies associated to different visual patterns. This device will allow blind people to compensate for the lack of vision by increasing the abilities of another sensory modality. Which technique is Dr Smith using?
Section Ref: Future directions
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the traditional research undertaken in perception and possible future research and directions within the field.
Difficulty: Medium
192. Which visual stimulus is the most salient for humans for obvious evolutionary reasons?
Section Ref: Future directions
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the traditional research undertaken in perception and possible future research and directions within the field.
Difficulty: Medium
Fill-in-the-blank
193. __________ is the field investigating the neuro-cognitive mechanisms that regulate, among others, our ability to interact with co-specifics, understand their emotional and mental states, and create social bonds.
Section Ref: Future directions
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the traditional research undertaken in perception and possible future research and directions within the field.
Difficulty: Medium
194. We can spot a familiar __________ in a crowd incredibly quickly. This ability is mediated by a specialized area in the temporal lobe known as __________.
Section Ref: Future directions
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the traditional research undertaken in perception and possible future research and directions within the field.
Difficulty: Hard
195. Face recognition processing distinguishes between __________ and __________ aspects of faces.
Section Ref: Future directions
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the traditional research undertaken in perception and possible future research and directions within the field.
Difficulty: Hard
Essay
196. Describe how the brain processes faces referring to the neural model proposed by Haxby, Hoffman, and Gobbini (2000).
Section Ref: Future directions
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the traditional research undertaken in perception and possible future research and directions within the field.
Difficulty: Hard
Multiple choice
197. With respect to sensory substitution, what does TDU stand for?
a) Temporal Device Unit
b) Temporal Display Unit
c) Tongue Display Unit
d) Tone Delivery Unit
Section Ref: Future directions
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the traditional research undertaken in perception and possible future research and directions within the field.
Difficulty: Medium
198. The fact that modality specialization in sensory cortices is not fixed but can be reorganized by sensory substitution is known as:
a) Cortical re-arrangement
b) Cortical plasticity
c) Cortical adaptation
d) Cortical adjustment
Section Ref: Future directions
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the traditional research undertaken in perception and possible future research and directions within the field.
Difficulty: Easy
199. The __________ and the __________ are specialized in the processing of faces and bodies, respectively.
a) fusiform face area; extrastriate body area
b) extrastriate face area; fusiform body area
c) temporal face area; frontal body area
d) superior face area; extrastriate body area
Section Ref: Future directions
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the traditional research undertaken in perception and possible future research and directions within the field.
Difficulty: Medium
True/False
200. Naïve observers can detect a moving human body even when visual information is reduced to minimal (e.g. using point-light animations).
Section Ref: Future directions
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the traditional research undertaken in perception and possible future research and directions within the field.
Difficulty: Medium