Test Bank Answers Ch43 Behavioral Ecology

Biology, 13e (Mader)

Chapter 43 Behavioral Ecology

1) Dogs scent-mark by defecating and urinating in an area, while cats scent-mark by rubbing against objects. Both of these increase the animals' level of fitness and are examples of

A) altruism.

B) sexual selection.

C) territoriality.

D) foraging.

2) An example of territoriality is

A) barnacles attached to a boat bottom.

B) a cloud of moths attracted to a light.

C) a swarm of mosquitoes hovering around a sweaty person.

D) a red-winged blackbird singing to ward off other males and attract a female to the nest in his fencerow.

E) All of the choices are correct.

3) How will cheetahs use pheromones to increase their foraging success?

A) Cheetahs will scent-mark their territory to warn other cheetahs to stay out. This will decrease their competition for food within their territory.

B) Cheetahs will scent-mark their kills so they can find them again. This will increase their availability of food.

C) Cheetahs will scent-mark their trails so that other cheetahs can follow them to optimal food sources.

D) Cheetahs do not use pheromones to increase their foraging success.

4) Which of the following is a disadvantage of maintaining a large territory?

A) There will be a large number of females that reside within the territory.

B) There will be a large diversity of food types within the territory.

C) There will be ample room for nesting sites.

D) It will be energetically expensive to control and defend the territory.

E) All of the choices are disadvantages of a large territory.

5) The type of learning that is associated with an organism solving a problem without any prior experiences with the situation is called

A) operant conditioning.

B) imprinting.

C) associative learning.

D) insight learning.

6) The making of a short-term reproductive sacrifice in order to maximize future reproductive potential is called

A) reciprocal altruism.

B) kin selection.

C) inclusive fitness.

D) territoriality.

7) Scientific discoveries have provided evidence that the ________ systems are involved in behavior.

A) digestive and reproductive

B) excretory and circulatory

C) respiratory and digestive

D) endocrine and nervous

8) Scientists have discovered gene products, including the hormone ELH, that control all components of egg-laying behavior in Aplysia slugs. This discovery confirms that

A) the egg-laying behavior is innate or hardwired into the slug's brain.

B) the egg-laying behavior has absolutely no nervous system involvement.

C) genes can control endocrine gland secretions that control behavior.

D) this slug could avoid being eaten by garter snakes.

E) genes only influence physiology and structure but not behavior.

9) Which of the following statements about behavior is NOT true?

A) Innate behavior is usually inherited.

B) Innate behavior is triggered by a stimulus.

C) Fixed action patterns are sometimes subject to modification by learning.

D) Animals with simple nervous systems tend to respond to a stimulus with an innate behavior.

E) All behaviors can be explained as fixed action patterns.

10) The Jones family has a plan to encourage good behavior in their children. When a child completes daily chores, that child receives a gold star. The earning of fourteen gold stars allows the child to choose between a visit to the movie theatre or the park. This is an example of

A) imprinting.

B) operant conditioning.

C) insight learning.

D) classical conditioning.

E) polyanthus.

11) Which body system plays a role in influencing behavior?

A) nervous and endocrine

B) endocrine and urinary

C) muscular and neural

D) respiratory and urinary

E) None of these systems will influence behavior.

12) Learned behavior that causes a family of baby ducks to follow their mother is called

A) imprinting.

B) operant conditioning.

C) insight learning.

D) extinction.

E) motivation.

13) Hippopotamuses perform territorial displays that include mouth opening. This is ________ communication.

A) auditory

B) visual

C) chemical

D) tactile

14) Which description best explains the difference between orientation and navigation?

A) Orientation by birds can be achieved by using the sun or stars in order to determine the direction they should be flying. Navigation is the ability of the birds to change their direction in response to environmental clues.

B) Orientation is the ability of the birds to change their direction in response to environmental clues. Navigation by birds can be achieved by using the sun or stars in order to determine the direction they should be flying.  

C) Orientation by birds can be achieved by using the sun or stars in order to determine the speed they should be flying. Navigation is the ability of the birds to change their direction in response to social clues.

D) Orientation by birds can be achieved by using the sun or stars in order to determine the direction they should be flying. Navigation is the ability of the birds to change their direction in response to predator and prey abundance.

E) Orientation by birds can be achieved by using the Earth's magnetic field in order to determine the direction they should be flying. Navigation is the ability of the birds to change their direction in response to environmental clues.

15) Adaptive behavior has probably been selected by evolutionary processes because it

A) makes the animal the smartest.

B) allows the animal to live the longest.

C) allows the animal to live in the widest variety of environments.

D) allows the animal to produce the largest number of viable offspring.

E) All of the choices are correct.

16) An increase in fitness due to competition among males and mate choice by females is a result of

A) social interaction.

B) sexual dimorphism.

C) sexual selection.

D) sociobiology.

E) courtship.

17) Ants following a trail to the sugar bowl in your kitchen are doing so because of

A) chance alone.

B) a dance done by an ant in the anthill.

C) operant conditioning.

D) an innate knowledge of where the sugar can be found.

E) a pheromone pathway laid down by previous ants.

18) In order to train an individual through classical conditioning, the researcher must

A) pair the presentation of two different stimuli together.

B) present the subject with one stimulus at a time.

C) use a reward to encourage a specific behavior.

D) use punishment to achieve a specific behavioral outcome.

19) The "hardwired" or inherited set response patterns that are described for a male cheetah spraying a pheromone to mark its territory, a bee performing a waggle dance, or a cricket singing to sort out mates, are

A) symbol systems.

B) inherited systems that are evolutionarily adaptive.

C) the sociobiological roots of our language system.

D) altruistic adaptations to improve the general environment.

E) languages similar to human languages in variability and learning requirements.

20) A newborn chick can accurately peck at food without other chicks around to serve as models. Newborn geese considered Konrad Lorenz to be their mother because he was the first creature they saw and heard after they hatched. Are these the same "type" of inherited behavior? Compare and contrast these two behaviors.

21) An example of a pheromone in humans is

A) testosterone.

B) a chemical released by males that reduces premenstrual tension in women.

C) the mother's milk that transfers immunity to the infant.

D) saliva exchanged during kissing (as a sexual stimulant).

22) A very rapid kind of communication that works at a distance and in the dark is

A) chemical communication.

B) auditory communication.

C) tactile communication.

D) visual communication.

23) Primate grooming and honeybee waggle-dancing share which of these forms of communication?

A) chemical communication

B) auditory communication

C) tactile communication

D) visual communication

24) Which of the following cases is not an example of classical conditioning?

A) Advertisers using an attractive model to sell their line of clothing.

B) Giving a hunting dog an electric shock when it does not return to the owner's side on command.

C) A baby crying when her diaper is wet and the parent picking her up.

D) All of the answer choices are examples of classical conditioning.

E) None of the answer choices are examples of classical conditioning.

25) Altruism is

A) displaced aggressive behavior.

B) a means of ranking animals in a dominance hierarchy.

C) actions of an animal that immediately benefit others rather than itself.

D) belligerent behavior that helps an animal compete in its society.

26) Altruistic behaviors between closely related animals

A) reduce fighting between species.

B) increase the inclusive fitness of the altruist.

C) increase the life-time reproductive success of the altruist.

D) force individuals to cooperate with one another and thereby increase mating and population growth.

27) Many worker bees give their lives to save a bee hive from an attack by bears or other animals. In such cases, we now know that

A) this is a case of sexual selection.

B) each female worker is waiting to get her chance to reproduce.

C) this is a case of bees consciously understanding the need to preserve the nest for their individual benefit—they might survive if all work together.

D) These worker bees will have a reproductive benefit if the members of the hive survive.

28) Advantages to living in a social group for an animal include all of the following EXCEPT

A) help in predator avoidance.

B) help raising young.

C) group food gathering.

D) spread of illness and parasites.

29) Which form of communication is used by social insects to modify the behavior of the colony?

A) chemical communication

B) visual communication

C) auditory communication

D) None of the choices are used by social insects.

E) All of the choices are used by social insects.

30) A female chooses a mate by

A) courtship display rituals.

B) selecting the more aggressive and vigorous males.

C) selecting traits that improve the chances of offspring survival.

D) All of the choices apply.

31) Which of the following communication methods would be most effective for a species that lives in the tropical rainforest and is active at night?

A) chemical

B) visual

C) tactile

D) auditory

32) Besides humans, ________ have one of the most complex languages in the animal kingdom.

A) chimpanzees

B) crickets

C) bottlenose dolphins

D) klipspringers

33) ________ communication occurs within an animal societal unit.

A) Chemical

B) Auditory

C) Visual

D) Tactile

E) All of the choices are correct.

34) In African tribes, polygamy, the practice of one man having several wives, is practiced. The advantage to the female is

A) more surviving children.

B) good food source.

C) help in child rearing.

D) All of the choices are advantages to the female.

35) If a person is trying to use operant conditioning on their child, they would need to

A) repeatedly encourage the child to perform a behavior and then reward the good behavior so the child associates the behavior with the reward.

B) repeatedly encourage the child to perform a behavior and then wait several days before rewarding the good behavior so the child associates the behavior with the reward.

C) wait until the child accidentally performs a behavior that is desirable and then reward the good behavior so the child associates the behavior with the reward.

D) never encourage a specific behavior from a child but randomly give them rewards.

36) The waggle dance of a bee indicates to other bees in the hive the direction of food.

37) Fireflies use pheromones to communicate with each other at night because it increases the chance the receiver will get the message.

38) The capacity to learn is inherited and allows the animal to change its behavioral patterns in response to changes in the environment.

39) Altruism is very rare in societies where the individual's genes have a greater chance of being passed on by other individuals of the society.

40) The genetics inherited by an individual will completely control their behavior.

41) Describe the experiment performed by Ivan Pavlov that helped support the idea of classical conditioning.

42) Which of the following is a proximal cause that will stimulate birds to migrate?

A) environmental stimuli such as changes in temperature

B) the bird getting older

C) an increase in the number of males within the population causing an increase in competition for mates

D) a new predator moving into the environment that poses a threat to the survival of the population

E) All of these are proximal causes that will influence birds to migrate.

43) Pavlov's well-known experiment of a dog salivating at the sound of a bell ring is an example of

A) imprinting.

B) operant conditioning.

C) classical conditioning.

D) insight learning.

44) During operant conditioning, the stimulus-response connection is weakened by repeated punishment.

45) Communication is an action by a sender that may influence the behavior of a receiver.

46) A male leopard nuzzles the female's neck to calm her and to stimulate her willingness to mate. This is an example of ________ communication.

A) chemical

B) visual

C) tactile

D) auditory

47) Auditory communication is the most effective form of communication in every environment inhabited by animals.

48) The similarity in the behavior of identical twins, even if separated at birth, is evidence that behavior is due to environmental influences.

49) The endocrine system produces hormones in the body and it can be manipulated to cause an individual to change their behavior.

50) Which of the following experiments helped B. F. Skinner develop the idea of operant conditioning?

A) Young geese were exposed to Skinner shortly after their birth so they would think he was their mother.

B) A dog was trained to put its paw on a lever in order to receive a pellet of food as a reward.

C) A dog would salivate when presented with a bowl of food so a bell was rung to build the association between the bell and food.

D) A rat was trained to run a maze in a short amount of time in order to receive a reward.

E) A rat was trained to pull a lever to receive a reward of a food pellet.

51) Describe the series of steps required for an individual to be operant conditioned.