Chapter 7: Policing Methods and Challenges: Issues of Force, Liability, Technologies

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Americans allow police officers the right to use force assuming that police officers will use it ______.

A. any time they are in an unsafe situation

B. against those they believe have committed crimes

C. judiciously and as a last resort

D. to maintain peace and order

Learning Objective: 7-1: Describe the current state of police-community relations resulting from a number of widely-publicized, fatal police shootings beginning in 2014 in the U.S.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Use of Force: A Sacred Trust

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. The President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing was created in response to which of the following?

A. an unusually high number of police shootings

B. a U.S. Supreme Court’s ruling on use of force

C. a Human Rights Watch report on excessive force

D. a James Baldwin piece on police in Harlem

Learning Objective: 7-1: Describe the current state of police-community relations resulting from a number of widely-publicized, fatal police shootings beginning in 2014 in the U.S.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Use of Force: A Sacred Trust

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. A U.S. Supreme Court ruling notes that use of force must be ______.

A. judiciously merited in unsafe circumstances

B. implemented when apprehending those suspected of extremely violent crimes

C. implemented when suspects actively resist arrest

D. objectively reasonable in view of all facts

Learning Objective: 7-1: Describe the current state of police-community relations resulting from a number of widely-publicized, fatal police shootings beginning in 2014 in the U.S.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Use of Force: A Sacred Trust

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. A high number of police shooting that began in the U.S. in 2014 often involved unarmed ______.

A. demonstrators

B. juveniles

C. women

D. minorities

Learning Objective: 7-1: Describe the current state of police-community relations resulting from a number of widely-publicized, fatal police shootings beginning in 2014 in the U.S.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Use of Force: A Sacred Trust

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Which of the following resulted from the 2014 police shooting death of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri?

A. a U.S. Supreme Court ruling on appropriate use of force

B. a U.S. Department of Justice report on widespread racial abuses by police

C. subsequent police shootings of minorities in other cities

D. statement on ineffectiveness of police from James Baldwin, African American sociologist

Learning Objective: 7-1: Describe the current state of police-community relations resulting from a number of widely-publicized, fatal police shootings beginning in 2014 in the U.S.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Use of Force: A Sacred Trust

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Which of the following was one point of controversy that arose during the weeks of protest after the 2014 shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri?

A. the Human Rights Watch noting a small minority of officers commit human rights violations

B. the thousands of demonstrations and “die-ins” held nationwide

C. the creation of a university course called “Black Lives Matter”

D. the state’s use of military equipment and tactics

Learning Objective: 7-1: Describe the current state of police-community relations resulting from a number of widely-publicized, fatal police shootings beginning in 2014 in the U.S.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Use of Force: A Sacred Trust

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Which of the following is a reason police brutality persists according to the Human Rights Watch’s report responding to excessive use of force?

A. A majority of police officers repeatedly commit human rights violations.

B. Systems of reporting are flawed and lack accountability.

C. It is difficult to define objectively reasonable forms of force.

D. There is a lack of information on appropriate use of force among police departments.

Learning Objective: 7-1: Describe the current state of police-community relations resulting from a number of widely-publicized, fatal police shootings beginning in 2014 in the U.S.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Use of Force: A Sacred Trust

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Diversifying police agencies may help develop harmony by emphasizing which pillar of procedural justice?

A. fairness to all

B. voice

C. transparency

D. unbiased decision making

Learning Objective: 7-2: Define constitutional policing, legitimacy, and procedural justice as they apply to police efforts to bring harmony to their whole approach--and to achieve a “guardian” mindset.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: A Threshold Question: “Guardians” or “Soldiers”?

Difficulty Level: Hard

9. The President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing stated that law enforcement should embrace which of the following mindsets?

A. warrior mindset

B. soldier mindset

C. guardian mindset

D. justice mindset

Learning Objective: 7-2: Define constitutional policing, legitimacy, and procedural justice as they apply to police efforts to bring harmony to their whole approach--and to achieve a “guardian” mindset.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Threshold Question: “Guardians” or “Soldiers”?

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Upon starting a new job as a law enforcement officer with a local police department, Korey makes it her goal to build public trust with community members. Which type of mindset has Korey employed?

A. warrior mindset

B. soldier mindset

C. justice mindset

D. guardian mindset

Learning Objective: 7-2: Define constitutional policing, legitimacy, and procedural justice as they apply to police efforts to bring harmony to their whole approach--and to achieve a “guardian” mindset.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: A Threshold Question: “Guardians” or “Soldiers”?

Difficulty Level: Hard

11. Robert is a police officer who has been reassigned to a precinct riddled with violent crime and drug activity. Before starting on his first day, Robert decides that he will do everything in his power to control crime in his new precinct. To that end, he tells his partner that together they will “take back” the precinct. Which of the following does this most exemplify?

A. warrior mindset

B. protector mindset

C. justice mindset

D. guardian mindset

Learning Objective: 7-2: Define constitutional policing, legitimacy, and procedural justice as they apply to police efforts to bring harmony to their whole approach--and to achieve a “guardian” mindset.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: A Threshold Question: “Guardians” or “Soldiers”?

Difficulty Level: Hard

12. A local police department creates policies that help maintain peace but also protects citizen’s rights to peaceably assemble in protest. Which of the following does this exemplify?

A. warrior mindset

B. soldier mindset

C. constitutional policing

D. police legitimacy

Learning Objective: 7-2: Define constitutional policing, legitimacy, and procedural justice as they apply to police efforts to bring harmony to their whole approach--and to achieve a “guardian” mindset.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: A Threshold Question: “Guardians” or “Soldiers”?

Difficulty Level: Hard

13. A community stages demonstrations that protest the moral authority of their local police department. During the protest, demonstrators avoid cooperating with police and advocate that citizens video tape all interactions with police in case it becomes a negative encounter. In this example, there is a low level of ______.

A. procedural justice

B. constitutional policing

C. a guardian mindset

D. police legitimacy

Learning Objective: 7-2: Define constitutional policing, legitimacy, and procedural justice as they apply to police efforts to bring harmony to their whole approach--and to achieve a “guardian” mindset.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: A Threshold Question: “Guardians” or “Soldiers”?

Difficulty Level: Hard

14. Which of the following is the foundation of community policing?

A. constitutional policing

B. procedural justice

C. openness of process

D. unbiased decision making

Learning Objective: 7-2: Define constitutional policing, legitimacy, and procedural justice as they apply to police efforts to bring harmony to their whole approach--and to achieve a “guardian” mindset.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: A Threshold Question: “Guardians” or “Soldiers”?

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Your friend, Aria, notes that her recent interaction with a state highway patrol officer has made her suspicious of law enforcement. When you ask her why, she notes that the officer was very cold and uncommunicative. She also adds that the officer did not even tell her what the citation was for----he simply asked for license and registration, wrote her a citation and left the scene. Which pillar of procedural justice did the highway patrol officer primarily neglect?

A. fairness to all

B. voice

C. openness of process

D. impartiality

Learning Objective: 7-2: Define constitutional policing, legitimacy, and procedural justice as they apply to police efforts to bring harmony to their whole approach--and to achieve a “guardian” mindset.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: A Threshold Question: “Guardians” or “Soldiers”?

Difficulty Level: Hard

16. What pillar of procedural justice does the creation of a nationwide database that tracks officer-involved shootings in the United States seek to support?

A. fairness to all

B. voice

C. openness of process

D. impartiality

Learning Objective: 7-2: Define constitutional policing, legitimacy, and procedural justice as they apply to police efforts to bring harmony to their whole approach--and to achieve a “guardian” mindset.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: A Threshold Question: “Guardians” or “Soldiers”?

Difficulty Level: Hard

17. How do the 1994 Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act along and consent decrees seek to reduce and prevent police brutality?

A. by providing a means for citizens to express their opinions

B. by providing greater oversight and accountability to policing practices

C. by implementing constitutional policing on a nationwide scale

D. by implementing procedural justice and police legitimacy

Learning Objective: 7-2: Define constitutional policing, legitimacy, and procedural justice as they apply to police efforts to bring harmony to their whole approach--and to achieve a “guardian” mindset.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: A Threshold Question: “Guardians” or “Soldiers”?

Difficulty Level: Hard

18. Which of the following allows the department of justice to compel a police department to change its policies, practices, or training?

A. constitutional policing

B. procedural justice

C. consent decree

D. police legitimacy

Learning Objective: 7-2: Define constitutional policing, legitimacy, and procedural justice as they apply to police efforts to bring harmony to their whole approach--and to achieve a “guardian” mindset.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: A Threshold Question: “Guardians” or “Soldiers”?

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. In recent years, the number of females in the policy force have ______.

A. doubled

B. slightly decreased

C. stayed the same

D. slightly increased

Learning Objective: 7-3: Explain why, as a result of contemporary police-community relations, the proportion and advantages of women and minorities in policing has become more of an issue.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Another Item of Business: More Women and Minorities in Uniform

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. Women currently comprise what percentage of the total police force?

A. 2%

B. 10%

C. 12%

D. 20%

Learning Objective: 7-3: Explain why, as a result of contemporary police-community relations, the proportion and advantages of women and minorities in policing has become more of an issue.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Another Item of Business: More Women and Minorities in Uniform

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. According to research by the National Center for Women and Policing, female officers are less likely to ______.

A. use communication skills that defuse situations

B. respond to crimes against women

C. implement community-oriented policing

D. use excessive force

Learning Objective: 7-3: Explain why, as a result of contemporary police-community relations, the proportion and advantages of women and minorities in policing has become more of an issue.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Another Item of Business: More Women and Minorities in Uniform

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. Why might a police agency have women police executives serving as role models?

A. to increase adoption of authoritarian style of policing

B. to make the policing field more attractive to women

C. to provide guidance on appropriate uses of force

D. to show that female officers are equally competent officers

Learning Objective: 7-3: Explain why, as a result of contemporary police-community relations, the proportion and advantages of women and minorities in policing has become more of an issue.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Another Item of Business: More Women and Minorities in Uniform

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. According to research conducted by the National Center for Women and Policing, a female officer would more effectively respond to which crime as opposed to a male colleague?

A. a male citizen who is speeding

B. a male victim of a robbery

C. a female citizen who is driving recklessly

D. a female victim of domestic violence

Learning Objective: 7-3: Explain why, as a result of contemporary police-community relations, the proportion and advantages of women and minorities in policing has become more of an issue.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Another Item of Business: More Women and Minorities in Uniform

Difficulty Level: Hard

24. Which of the following is an example of police brutality?

A. A police officer who has obtained a search warrant searches a suspect’s vehicle.

B. A police officer arrests a Caucasian suspect who attempted to flee from the scene of a crime.

C. A police officer uses a racial slur when speaking to a Korean immigrant.

D. A police officer issues a citation to a driver who was swerving in between lanes of traffic.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Police Brutality

Difficulty Level: Hard

25. Which of the following refers to the most difficult form of police brutality to overcome?

A. police officers issuing citations and apprehending suspects

B. police officers representing the majority group’s law

C. police officers using verbal slurs or epithets

D. police officers inflicting physical harm on citizens

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Police Brutality

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. Which of the following has led to a call for officers to wear body-worn cameras?

A. citizens capturing potential cases of improper use of force on cell phones

B. empirical data showing a sharp rise in police brutality

C. findings from The President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing

D. increase in the number of consent decrees issued in recent years

Learning Objective: 7-4: Review what is meant by the term police brutality, and why it has led to widespread calls for use of body worn cameras.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Police Brutality

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. Which of the following is a primary concern surrounding use of body-worn cameras?

A. cost

B. privacy

C. transparency

D. legitimacy

Learning Objective: 7-4: Review what is meant by the term police brutality, and why it has led to widespread calls for use of body worn cameras.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Police Brutality

Difficulty Level: Medium

28. Which of the following is one of the two important questions raised by use of body-worn cameras?

A. Who will fund body-worn camera equipment?

B. How will all footage be made available to the public?

C. Where will all the videos be stored?

D. When should the cameras be used?

Learning Objective: 7-4: Review what is meant by the term police brutality, and why it has led to widespread calls for use of body worn cameras.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Police Brutality

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. Why is it impossible to know how often police brutality truly occurs?

A. Reports of brutality are not consistently maintained.

B. Police officers are apprehensive to report colleagues.

C. It is difficult to clearly define brutality.

D. They are often low-visibility acts.

Learning Objective: 7-4: Review what is meant by the term police brutality, and why it has led to widespread calls for use of body worn cameras.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Police Brutality

Difficulty Level: Medium

30. Which term describes the unnecessary use of force by police against citizens?

A. consent decree

B. police brutality

C. procedural justice

D. constitutional policing

Learning Objective: 7-4: Review what is meant by the term police brutality, and why it has led to widespread calls for use of body worn cameras.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Police Brutality

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. In tort law, which term refers to the basis for which a cause of action is made to recover damages?

A. mediation

B. restoration

C. civil liability

D. victim restitution

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: When Failing the Public Trust: Civil Liability

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. A police officer operating a patrol car while driving drunk can be subject to which type of tort?

A. accidental

B. negligent

C. intentional

D. constitutional

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: When Failing the Public Trust: Civil Liability

Difficulty Level: Hard

33. A police officer who encounters a sleeping homeless person and uses his nightstick to beat the man unconscious could be subject to which type of tort?

A. accidental

B. negligent

C. intentional

D. deliberate

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: When Failing the Public Trust: Civil Liability

Difficulty Level: Hard

34. Which of the following describes a police officer who unlawfully physically restrains a person without probable cause?

A. false imprisonment

B. false arrest

C. double jeopardy

D. civil liability

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: When Failing the Public Trust: Civil Liability

Difficulty Level: Easy

35. Which term refers to the intentional illegal detention of a person?

A. false imprisonment

B. false arrest

C. double jeopardy

D. civil liability

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: When Failing the Public Trust: Civil Liability

Difficulty Level: Easy

36. The general authority of Section 1983 is that it allows for lawsuits against ______.

A. employers for illegal and discriminatory policies

B. employees when the employee has acted unlawfully

C. employers and employees who engage in racial discrimination

D. employers and supervisors for the unlawful actions of employees

Learning Objective: 7-5: Explain the types of police actions that are vulnerable to lawsuits and how police officers--and their supervisors--might be held criminally liable for their misconduct.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: When Failing the Public Trust: Civil Liability

Difficulty Level: Medium

37. Which of the following is the burden of proof in criminal cases?

A. beyond a reasonable doubt

B. by a preponderance evidence

C. beyond a shadow of a doubt

D. by an absolute certainty

Learning Objective: 7-5: Explain the types of police actions that are vulnerable to lawsuits and how police officers--and their supervisors--might be held criminally liable for their misconduct.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: When Failing the Public Trust: Civil Liability

Difficulty Level: Easy

38. Section 1983 lawsuits represent the notion of ______ liability.

A. personal

B. restricted

C. vicarious

D. limited

Learning Objective: 7-5: Explain the types of police actions that are vulnerable to lawsuits and how police officers--and their supervisors--might be held criminally liable for their misconduct.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: When Failing the Public Trust: Civil Liability

Difficulty Level: Easy

39. Proximate cause is established when there is a factor that ______.

A. indicates one party was morally responsible for harm to another

B. contributed in large part to an event that caused harm

C. indirectly led to an event that caused harm

D. may be responsible for some harm

Learning Objective: 7-5: Explain the types of police actions that are vulnerable to lawsuits and how police officers--and their supervisors--might be held criminally liable for their misconduct.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: When Failing the Public Trust: Civil Liability

Difficulty Level: Medium

40. Which of the following would be an example of proximate cause?

A. An officer pursuing a speeding vehicle causes a fatal collision with a third vehicle.

B. An officer shoots a suspect who charges at him with a large knife.

C. An officer responding to an emergency call is hit by another vehicle, causing serious injuries to the other occupants.

D. An officer in a foot pursuit trips on road debris and injures himself.

Learning Objective: 7-5: Explain the types of police actions that are vulnerable to lawsuits and how police officers--and their supervisors--might be held criminally liable for their misconduct.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: When Failing the Public Trust: Civil Liability

Difficulty Level: Hard

41. An officer leaves the scene of a domestic violence call where the wife says the husband hit her and will continue to do so if her husband is not arrested. The officer can be held liable for which type of negligence if the wife is killed later that evening by her husband?

A. vicarious liability

B. proximate cause

C. failure to protect

D. duty of care

Learning Objective: 7-5: Explain the types of police actions that are vulnerable to lawsuits and how police officers--and their supervisors--might be held criminally liable for their misconduct.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: When Failing the Public Trust: Civil Liability

Difficulty Level: Hard

42. In general, police policy manuals and supervisors order officers to terminate high-speed pursuits ______.

A. regardless of the circumstances

B. at the officer's discretion

C. in cases when there is excessive traffic in the vicinity

D. in every case except when the suspect poses a danger to others

Learning Objective: 7-5: Explain the types of police actions that are vulnerable to lawsuits and how police officers--and their supervisors--might be held criminally liable for their misconduct.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: When Failing the Public Trust: Civil Liability

Difficulty Level: Medium

43. What has the U.S. Supreme Court ruled with regard to high-speed police pursuits?

A. Officers are prohibited from engaging in any high-speed pursuits unless the suspect is fleeing after committing a violent felony.

B. Officers who break off a high-speed chase and let the fleeing suspect continue can be held liable for any injuries the suspect sustains if they subsequently crash their vehicle.

C. An officer is legally allowed to stop a high-speed chase by ramming a fleeing suspect's car, even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury.

D. An officer violates Fourth Amendment rights when who stopping a high-speed chase by ramming a fleeing suspect's car because it constitutes an illegal “seizure” of the vehicle.

Learning Objective: 7-5: Explain the types of police actions that are vulnerable to lawsuits and how police officers--and their supervisors--might be held criminally liable for their misconduct.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: When Failing the Public Trust: Civil Liability

Difficulty Level: Medium

44. The ______ Amendment protects against the use of excessive force.

A. Fourth

B. Fifth

C. Sixth

D. Tenth

Learning Objective: 7-5: Explain the types of police actions that are vulnerable to lawsuits and how police officers--and their supervisors--might be held criminally liable for their misconduct.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: When Failing the Public Trust: Civil Liability

Difficulty Level: Easy

45. Which of the following describes a failure to perform a duty owed?

A. negligence

B. false arrest

C. assault

D. civil liability

Learning Objective: 7-5: Explain the types of police actions that are vulnerable to lawsuits and how police officers--and their supervisors--might be held criminally liable for their misconduct.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: When Failing the Public Trust: Civil Liability

Difficulty Level: Easy

46. ______ lawsuits represent the notion of vicarious liability.

A. False arrest

B. Section 1983

C. Negligence

D. Civil liability

Learning Objective: 7-5: Explain the types of police actions that are vulnerable to lawsuits and how police officers--and their supervisors--might be held criminally liable for their misconduct.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: When Failing the Public Trust: Civil Liability

Difficulty Level: Easy

47. A police officer detains a man for driving while intoxicated. After bail is posted for the man, the police still refuse to release him. This is an example of which of the following?

A. false arrest

B. false imprisonment

C. negligence

D. invasion of privacy

Learning Objective: 7-5: Explain the types of police actions that are vulnerable to lawsuits and how police officers--and their supervisors--might be held criminally liable for their misconduct.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: When Failing the Public Trust: Civil Liability

Difficulty Level: Hard

48. Upon which of the following is vicarious responsibility based?

A. duty of care

B. proximate cause

C. consent decree

D. respondeat superior

Learning Objective: 7-5: Explain the types of police actions that are vulnerable to lawsuits and how police officers--and their supervisors--might be held criminally liable for their misconduct.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: When Failing the Public Trust: Civil Liability

Difficulty Level: Easy

49. A state water patrol trooper arrests a woman for being intoxicated and operating a boat on a public lake. After handcuffing the woman, the officer straps a lifejacket around the woman and begins to drive his boat quickly to the dock. While accelerating, the woman falls into the water. Since the lifejacket was not secured correctly, the woman is unable to tread water and drowns. Which of the following has the officer neglected?

A. duty of care

B. vicarious liability

C. consent decree

D. respondeat superior

Learning Objective: 7-5: Explain the types of police actions that are vulnerable to lawsuits and how police officers--and their supervisors--might be held criminally liable for their misconduct.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: When Failing the Public Trust: Civil Liability

Difficulty Level: Hard

50. Which of the following refers to a factor that contributed in large part to an event that caused harm?

A. Section 1983

B. respondeat superior

C. duty of care

D. proximate cause

Learning Objective: 7-5: Explain the types of police actions that are vulnerable to lawsuits and how police officers--and their supervisors--might be held criminally liable for their misconduct.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: When Failing the Public Trust: Civil Liability

Difficulty Level: Medium

51. The three categories of torts that are typically filed against criminal justice professionals include negligence, ______ torts, and constitutional torts.

A. civil

B. intentional

C. accidental

D. malicious

Learning Objective: 7-5: Explain the types of police actions that are vulnerable to lawsuits and how police officers--and their supervisors--might be held criminally liable for their misconduct.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: When Failing the Public Trust: Civil Liability

Difficulty Level: Easy

52. Which of the following allows law enforcement to access electronic messages greater than 180 days old without a warrant?

A. Section 1983

B. superior respondeat

C. consent decree

D. Stored Communication Act

Learning Objective: 7-6: Delineate several types of technologies that are assisting police in their duties, but that also raise privacy and use concerns.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Selected Technologies: Use and Concerns

Difficulty Level: Easy

53. What kind of privacy expectations are there for electronically stored information?

A. Individuals do not have a reasonable expectation of privacy for electronically stored information.

B. Individuals have limited expectations of privacy if they have encrypted the electronically stored information.

C. Individuals’ expectation of privacy for electronically stored information is the same as for physical papers and other documents.

D. Rights to privacy provisions for electronically stored information have yet to be clarified by the Courts and law.

Learning Objective: 7-6: Delineate several types of technologies that are assisting police in their duties, but that also raise privacy and use concerns.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Selected Technologies: Use and Concerns

Difficulty Level: Medium

54. Which is a primary concern in using new technology for policing?

A. cost of equipment

B. wrongful conviction

C. privacy

D. equality

Learning Objective: 7-6: Delineate several types of technologies that are assisting police in their duties, but that also raise privacy and use concerns.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Selected Technologies: Use and Concerns

Difficulty Level: Hard

55. Which of the following is a benefit of using social media for policing?

A. increased privacy for citizens

B. increased efficiency for officers

C. enables officers to achieved greater success in undercover operations

D. enables supervisors to maintain better control during responses to crime

Learning Objective: 7-6: Delineate several types of technologies that are assisting police in their duties, but that also raise privacy and use concerns.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Selected Technologies: Use and Concerns

Difficulty Level: Medium

56. Which of the following is a drawback of using smartphones in policing?

A. decreased availability of training videos

B. accidental sharing of confidential information

C. limited ability to review criminal databases

D. lack of phone security and encryption

Learning Objective: 7-6: Delineate several types of technologies that are assisting police in their duties, but that also raise privacy and use concerns.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Selected Technologies: Use and Concerns

Difficulty Level: Medium

57. Which of the following should be built into the cost of using cellular systems for policing?

A. dispatch apps

B. facial composite apps

C. encryption capability

D. protective casing

Learning Objective: 7-6: Delineate several types of technologies that are assisting police in their duties, but that also raise privacy and use concerns.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Selected Technologies: Use and Concerns

Difficulty Level: Easy

58. Which of the following is true regarding guidelines for new technology use and privacy rights?

A. There are many municipal codes that clearly define privacy rights in new technology.

B. Privacy rights and technology use guidelines are consistently defined in court decisions.

C. Use of all technology to track criminals without a warrant violates the Fourth Amendment.

D. Laws are limited and unclear regarding new technologies and privacy rights.

Learning Objective: 7-6: Delineate several types of technologies that are assisting police in their duties, but that also raise privacy and use concerns.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Selected Technologies: Use and Concerns

Difficulty Level: Easy

59. Why are there not rulings on the constitutionality of many IT tools?

A. There is disagreement over the use of these tools.

B. Many of the tools are very new.

C. Different municipalities use vastly different technologies.

D. There are not enough IT tools to merit rulings on their use.

Learning Objective: 7-6: Delineate several types of technologies that are assisting police in their duties, but that also raise privacy and use concerns.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Selected Technologies: Use and Concerns

Difficulty Level: Easy

60. Many Freedom of information laws were intended to govern the release of which of the following?

A. videos

B. voice recordings

C. written documents

D. GPS data

Learning Objective: 7-6: Delineate several types of technologies that are assisting police in their duties, but that also raise privacy and use concerns.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Selected Technologies: Use and Concerns

Difficulty Level: Easy

61. Many wiretap laws were written when land-line telephones were predominantly used. This is an example of legislation that does not ______.

A. reflect current realities

B. require amendment

C. balance privacy rights with technology use

D. maintain consistent legitimacy in different communities

Learning Objective: 7-6: Delineate several types of technologies that are assisting police in their duties, but that also raise privacy and use concerns.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Selected Technologies: Use and Concerns

Difficulty Level: Medium

62. A police officer must obtain a subpoena or court order to obtain which of the following?

A. Instagram messages you sent to a friend last year

B. e-mails you sent to a professor last month

C. text messages from someone you dated 7 months ago

D. comments you posted to a private forum two years ago

Learning Objective: 7-6: Delineate several types of technologies that are assisting police in their duties, but that also raise privacy and use concerns.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Selected Technologies: Use and Concerns

Difficulty Level: Easy

63. An 18-year-old receives a remote control airplane as a birthday gift. The plane is nearly 60 pounds and had an attachment for a camera. Which of the following would this be considered?

A. wiretap

B. drone

C. cellular device

D. GPS

Learning Objective: 7-6: Delineate several types of technologies that are assisting police in their duties, but that also raise privacy and use concerns.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Selected Technologies: Use and Concerns

Difficulty Level: Hard

64. Which of the following would be subject to registration with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)?

A. global positioning system device

B. automatic license plate recognition

C. smartphone

D. drone

Learning Objective: 7-6: Delineate several types of technologies that are assisting police in their duties, but that also raise privacy and use concerns.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Selected Technologies: Use and Concerns

Difficulty Level: Medium

65. The legislation surrounding drones and drone use has focused on which of the following?

A. make drones identifiable

B. reduce drones use

C. require training for drones

D. ensure equal access to drones

Learning Objective: 7-6: Delineate several types of technologies that are assisting police in their duties, but that also raise privacy and use concerns.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Selected Technologies: Use and Concerns

Difficulty Level: Easy

66. Requiring drone owners and operators to obtain insurance achieves which of the following goals?

A. to control the number of drones in an airspace at a given time

B. to avoid accidents involving drones and other aircraft

C. to make owners financially responsible for injuries and improper use of drones

D. to decrease the likelihood of terrorists using drones for illicit activities

Learning Objective: 7-6: Delineate several types of technologies that are assisting police in their duties, but that also raise privacy and use concerns.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Selected Technologies: Use and Concerns

Difficulty Level: Easy

67. Which of the following describes a controversial use of drones?

A. officers surveilling of persons intending to commit crimes

B. hobbyists capturing video footage for special events

C. officers patrolling certain borders for illegal entry into the country

D. hobbyists collecting photographs of a particular landscape

Learning Objective: 7-6: Delineate several types of technologies that are assisting police in their duties, but that also raise privacy and use concerns.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Selected Technologies: Use and Concerns

Difficulty Level: Easy

68. Which of the following exemplifies concerns surrounding the legitimacy of IT?

A. New technology is produced faster than legislation can be written.

B. Different communities prioritize privacy over crime fighting more than others.

C. Some legislation was written decades ago and no longer applies.

D. Certain applications streamline the reception of 911 calls.

Learning Objective: 7-6: Delineate several types of technologies that are assisting police in their duties, but that also raise privacy and use concerns.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Selected Technologies: Use and Concerns

Difficulty Level: Easy

69. When it comes to use of new IT tools, police officers are often ______.

A. quickly refer to statutes pertinent to the technology’s use

B. able to garner community-wide support for its use

C. cautious to implement use until it has been legally defined

D. experimenting without knowledge of the constitutionality of their actions

Learning Objective: 7-6: Delineate several types of technologies that are assisting police in their duties, but that also raise privacy and use concerns.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Selected Technologies: Use and Concerns

Difficulty Level: Medium

70. Communication from which of the following may be used as evidence to attack an officer’s character in a court of law?

A. drone

B. smartphone

C. global positioning system

D. automatic license plate recognition

Learning Objective: 7-6: Delineate several types of technologies that are assisting police in their duties, but that also raise privacy and use concerns.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Selected Technologies: Use and Concerns

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. Problems of police–minority relations are not a recent phenomenon.

Learning Objective: 7-1: Describe the current state of police-community relations resulting from a number of widely-publicized, fatal police shootings beginning in 2014 in the U.S.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Use of Force: A Sacred Trust

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Our society recognizes a single legitimate form of force: the right to self-defense.

Learning Objective: 7-1: Describe the current state of police-community relations resulting from a number of widely-publicized, fatal police shootings beginning in 2014 in the U.S.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Use of Force: A Sacred Trust

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. There are no limitations on when an officer may exercise nondeadly force.

Learning Objective: 7-2: Define constitutional policing, legitimacy, and procedural justice as they apply to police efforts to bring harmony to their whole approach--and to achieve a “guardian” mindset.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Threshold Question: “Guardians” or “Soldiers”?

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Police brutality is the unnecessary use of force by the police against citizens that results in injury.

Learning Objective: 7-4: Review what is meant by the term police brutality, and why it has led to widespread calls for use of body worn cameras.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Police Brutality

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. A tort is a criminal wrong.

Learning Objective: 7-5: Explain the types of police actions that are vulnerable to lawsuits and how police officers--and their supervisors--might be held criminally liable for their misconduct.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: When Failing the Public Trust: Civil Liability

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. An officer who illegally detains a citizen because the citizen was disrespectful can be sued for malicious prosecution.

Learning Objective: 7-5: Explain the types of police actions that are vulnerable to lawsuits and how police officers--and their supervisors--might be held criminally liable for their misconduct.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: When Failing the Public Trust: Civil Liability

Difficulty Level: Hard

7. False arrest is the arrest of a person without probable cause.

Learning Objective: 7-5: Explain the types of police actions that are vulnerable to lawsuits and how police officers--and their supervisors--might be held criminally liable for their misconduct.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: When Failing the Public Trust: Civil Liability

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Police supervisors can be found liable in certain instances for the wrongful acts of a police officer.

Learning Objective: 7-5: Explain the types of police actions that are vulnerable to lawsuits and how police officers--and their supervisors--might be held criminally liable for their misconduct.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: When Failing the Public Trust: Civil Liability

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Officer liability may be tied to proximate cause, a concept that states the officer's intentional or wrongful actions caused harm to others.

Learning Objective: 7-5: Explain the types of police actions that are vulnerable to lawsuits and how police officers--and their supervisors--might be held criminally liable for their misconduct.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: When Failing the Public Trust: Civil Liability

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Police officers are responsible for keeping suspects they have arrested safe.

Learning Objective: 7-5: Explain the types of police actions that are vulnerable to lawsuits and how police officers--and their supervisors--might be held criminally liable for their misconduct.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: When Failing the Public Trust: Civil Liability

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Police departments generally leave the decisions related to high-speed pursuits to the discretion of individual officers depending on the circumstances of the case.

Learning Objective: 7-5: Explain the types of police actions that are vulnerable to lawsuits and how police officers--and their supervisors--might be held criminally liable for their misconduct.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: When Failing the Public Trust: Civil Liability

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Police pursuits are justified only when the necessity of apprehending the suspect outweighs the potential danger created by the pursuit.

Learning Objective: 7-5: Explain the types of police actions that are vulnerable to lawsuits and how police officers--and their supervisors--might be held criminally liable for their misconduct.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: When Failing the Public Trust: Civil Liability

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Women now represent approximately 50% of the police workforce.

Learning Objective: 7-3: Explain why, as a result of contemporary police-community relations, the proportion and advantages of women and minorities in policing has become more of an issue.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Another Item of Business: More Women and Minorities in Uniform

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. One of the advantages of having female police officers is that it improves law enforcement's response to violence against women.

Learning Objective: 7-3: Explain why, as a result of contemporary police-community relations, the proportion and advantages of women and minorities in policing has become more of an issue.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Another Item of Business: More Women and Minorities in Uniform

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. The Stored Communications Act prohibits law enforcement from accessing any electronic messages without a search warrant.

Learning Objective: 7-6: Delineate several types of technologies that are assisting police in their duties, but that also raise privacy and use concerns.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Selected Technologies: Use and Concerns

Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer

1. What are some of the barriers in recruiting minority officers?

Learning Objective: 7-2: Define constitutional policing, legitimacy, and procedural justice as they apply to police efforts to bring harmony to their whole approach--and to achieve a “guardian” mindset.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: A Threshold Question: “Guardians” or “Soldiers”?

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Compare the likelihood of female officers receiving use-of-force complaints versus male officers.

Learning Objective: 7-3: Explain why, as a result of contemporary police-community relations, the proportion and advantages of women and minorities in policing has become more of an issue

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Another Item of Business: More Women and Minorities in Uniform

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. What are the three categories of torts that are typically filed against criminal justice professionals?

Learning Objective: 7-5: Explain the types of police actions that are vulnerable to lawsuits and how police officers--and their supervisors--might be held criminally liable for their misconduct

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: When Failing the Public Trust: Civil Liability

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. What was the impetus for the passage of Section 1983 legislation?

Learning Objective: 7-5: Explain the types of police actions that are vulnerable to lawsuits and how police officers--and their supervisors--might be held criminally liable for their misconduct

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: When Failing the Public Trust: Civil Liability

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Explain the concept of vicarious liability as it applies to 1983 lawsuits.

Learning Objective: 7-5: Explain the types of police actions that are vulnerable to lawsuits and how police officers--and their supervisors--might be held criminally liable for their misconduct

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: When Failing the Public Trust: Civil Liability

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. What type of responsibility do police officers have with regard to persons in custody?

Learning Objective: 7-5: Explain the types of police actions that are vulnerable to lawsuits and how police officers--and their supervisors--might be held criminally liable for their misconduct

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: When Failing the Public Trust: Civil Liability

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Under what type of circumstances are high-speed police pursuits considered justified?

Learning Objective: 7-5: Explain the types of police actions that are vulnerable to lawsuits and how police officers--and their supervisors--might be held criminally liable for their misconduct

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: When Failing the Public Trust: Civil Liability

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Describe how using smartphones can improve officer efficiency.

Learning Objective: 7-6: Delineate several types of technologies that are assisting police in their duties, but that also raise privacy and use concerns

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Selected Technologies: Use and Concerns

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Explain how Fourth Amendment protections against unreasonable searches and seizures apply to electronically stored information.

Learning Objective: 7-6: Delineate several types of technologies that are assisting police in their duties, but that also raise privacy and use concerns

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Electronic Control Devices

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Under what circumstances can law enforcement officers have access to electronic messages?

Learning Objective: 7-6: Delineate several types of technologies that are assisting police in their duties, but that also raise privacy and use concerns

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Selected Technologies: Use and Concerns

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. Explain the relationship between constitutional policing and community policing.

Learning Objective: 7-2: Define constitutional policing, legitimacy, and procedural justice as they apply to police efforts to bring harmony to their whole approach--and to achieve a “guardian” mindset

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: A Threshold Question: “Guardians” or “Soldiers”?

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. What is the relationship between warrior mindset, guardian mindset, and use of force?

Learning Objective: 7-2: Define constitutional policing, legitimacy, and procedural justice as they apply to police efforts to bring harmony to their whole approach--and to achieve a “guardian” mindset

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: A Threshold Question: “Guardians” or “Soldiers”?

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. How do the provisions of U.S. Code Title 42, Section 1983 apply to police officers?

Learning Objective: 7-5: Explain the types of police actions that are vulnerable to lawsuits and how police officers--and their supervisors--might be held criminally liable for their misconduct

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: When Failing the Public Trust: Civil Liability

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Describe some of the areas in which female police officers excel.

Learning Objective: 7-3: Explain why, as a result of contemporary police-community relations, the proportion and advantages of women and minorities in policing has become more of an issue

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Another Item of Business: More Women and Minorities in Uniform

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Describe the current state of legislation surrounding one piece of technology in policing. What are the pros and cons of using this technology?

Learning Objective: 7-6: Delineate several types of technologies that are assisting police in their duties, but that also raise privacy and use concerns

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Selected Technologies: Use and Concerns

Difficulty Level: Hard