Shi Test Bank Answers Ch.29 Conservative Revival, 1977 1990

Chapter 29: Conservative Revival, 1977–1990

CORE OBJECTIVES

1. Analyze why Jimmy Carter had such limited success as president.

2. Identify the key factors that led to the election of Ronald Reagan, the rise of the conservative movement, and the resurgence of the Republican party.

3. Define “Reaganomics,” and evaluate its effects on American society and economy.

4. Explain how Reagan’s Soviet strategy helped end the Cold War.

5. Characterize the social and economic issues and innovations that emerged during the 1980s.

6. Appraise the impact of the end of the Cold War and the efforts of President George H. W. Bush to create a post–Cold War foreign policy.

TRUE/FALSE

1. In his 1977 inaugural address, President Carter said he had no grand vision of the future and emphasized America’s limitations rather than its potential.

OBJ: 1. Analyze why Jimmy Carter had such limited success as president.

TOP: The Carter Presidency

2. The Camp David Accords were agreements between Iran and Iraq.

OBJ: 1. Analyze why Jimmy Carter had such limited success as president.

TOP: Carter’s Foreign Policy

3. It was highly controversial, especially among conservatives, when President Carter decided to give up the Panama Canal because of Panama’s resentment of the United States’ having taken control the area.

OBJ: 1. Analyze why Jimmy Carter had such limited success as president.

TOP: Panama Canal

4. Despite his support from the religious right, President Reagan did not restore prayer to public schools.

OBJ: 2. Identify the key factors that led to the election of Ronald Reagan, the rise of the conservative movement, and the resurgence of the Republican party.

TOP: The Actor Turned President

5. One of the religious goals of the religious right in 1979 was to increase the size of the government and give it more control over the economy.

OBJ: 2. Identify the key factors that led to the election of Ronald Reagan, the rise of the conservative movement, and the resurgence of the Republican party.

TOP: The Christian Right

6. As he had predicted, President Reagan’s tax cuts helped reduce the federal deficit.

OBJ: 3. Define “Reaganomics,” and evaluate its effects on American society and economy.

TOP: Reaganomics

7. President Reagan appointed Sandra Day O’Connor, the first woman to join the Supreme Court.

OBJ: 3. Define “Reaganomics,” and evaluate its effects on American society and economy.

TOP: Reagan’s Anti-Liberalism

8. The Strategic Defense Initiative was also known as “Star Wars.”

OBJ: 4. Explain how Reagan’s Soviet strategy helped end the Cold War.

TOP: A Massive Defense Buildup

9. During the Reagan administration, El Salvador fell to the Communists.

OBJ: 4. Explain how Reagan’s Soviet strategy helped end the Cold War.

TOP: The Americas

10. The Iran-Contra affair involved the illegal sales of arms to Iran and using the proceeds to support Contra rebels in Nicaragua.

OBJ: 4. Explain how Reagan’s Soviet strategy helped end the Cold War.

TOP: The Iran-Contra Affair

11. By the 1980s, war-torn nations from World War II—France, Germany, Soviet Union, Japan, and China—had become formidable economies with high levels of productivity.

OBJ: 5. Characterize the social and economic issues and innovations that emerged during the 1980s.

TOP: The Changing Economic and Social Landscape

12. When AIDS emerged in the 1980s, the Reagan administration showed little interest because it was viewed largely as a gay disease.

OBJ: 5. Characterize the social and economic issues and innovations that emerged during the 1980s.

TOP: The AIDS Epidemic

13. Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev instituted political and economic reforms in the Soviet Union, which ultimately led to the toppling of communist regimes in Eastern Europe.

OBJ: 6. Appraise the impact of the end of the Cold War and the efforts of President George H. W. Bush to create a post–Cold War foreign policy.

TOP: The Democracy Movement Abroad

14. In Germany, a bloody revolution brought the destruction of the Berlin Wall.

OBJ: 6. Appraise the impact of the end of the Cold War and the efforts of President George H. W. Bush to create a post–Cold War foreign policy.

TOP: The End of the Berlin Wall

15. The 1991 Persian Gulf War was provoked by Iraq’s invasion of Saudi Arabia.

OBJ: 6. Appraise the impact of the end of the Cold War and the efforts of President George H. W. Bush to create a post–Cold War foreign policy.

TOP: The Gulf War

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. According to the textbook, a major reason that Jimmy Carter won the presidency in 1976 was that he

a. convinced voters he was incorruptible.

b. promised to restore the nation’s credit rating.

c. promised to free the Iranian hostages.

d. ended the Cold War.

e. negotiated a cease-fire in Vietnam.

OBJ: 1. Analyze why Jimmy Carter had such limited success as president.

NAT: Historical Interpretations

TOP: The Carter Presidency

MSC: Evaluating

2. Which of the following was an early success of the Carter administration?

a. He ended the war in Vietnam.

b. He ended inflation.

c. He successfully brought to an end the gas shortage.

d. He freed Vietnam prisoners of war.

e. He reduced the White House staff by a third.

OBJ: 1. Analyze why Jimmy Carter had such limited success as president.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: Early Success

MSC: Understanding

3. Which of the following was deemed one of President Carter’s limitations?

a. He was a micromanager.

b. He refused to work out a peace agreement with Israel and Egypt.

c. He successfully revived the economy but did not focus enough on other issues.

d. He expected others to do the work for him.

e. He blamed the Republican-controlled Congress for his failures.

OBJ: 1. Analyze why Jimmy Carter had such limited success as president.

NAT: Historical Interpretations

TOP: Carter’s Limitations

MSC: Evaluating

4. When President Carter increased federal spending and cut federal taxes to revive the economy, he inadvertently

a. fixed the energy crisis.

b. triggered inflation, which resulted in a recession.

c. triggered an immediate depression.

d. triggered deflation, which resulted in unemployment.

e. nearly eliminated poverty for a time in inner-cities.

OBJ: 1. Analyze why Jimmy Carter had such limited success as president.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: Carter’s Limitations

MSC: Understanding

5. Which of the following statements about the National Energy Act passed in 1978 is accurate?

a. It significantly cut oil consumption, in keeping with Carter’s goals for the bill.

b. It ended up proving instrumental in helping Carter fight poverty.

c. It had been gutted by oil, gas, and automobile industry lobbyists.

d. It came together because Carter and the Democrats in Congress were in strong agreement.

e. It prevented revolutionaries in Iran in 1979 from shutting off the supply of Iranian oil to the United States.

OBJ: 1. Analyze why Jimmy Carter had such limited success as president.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: Carter’s Limitations

MSC: Understanding

6. As a result of his __________, President Carter began to lose the public’s confidence.

a. pardoning Gerald Ford for his actions in the Watergate scandal

b. “Crisis of Confidence” speech to the American public

c. failure to force big oil to lower gas prices

d. inability to work with Congress

e. decision to cut the MX missile system during the Cold War

OBJ: 1. Analyze why Jimmy Carter had such limited success as president.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: A Crisis of Confidence

MSC: Analyzing

7. What was the outcome of the Camp David Accords?

a. Carter received the harshest criticism of his presidency regarding the agreement.

b. Egypt officially recognized the existence of Israel.

c. The United States promised to fund a dam in Egypt.

d. Another war between Israel and the Arab world became more likely.

e. Syria signed a cease-fire with Israel.

OBJ: 1. Analyze why Jimmy Carter had such limited success as president.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: Carter’s Foreign Policy

MSC: Understanding

8. What was one reason why the Iranian hostage crisis was significant?

a. It demonstrated the strong ability of the United States to control world affairs.

b. It resulted in lower gasoline prices worldwide.

c. It loomed over Carter’s presidency and paralyzed his abilities as a leader.

d. It ended in a successful rescue mission that boosted American morale.

e. It signaled the end of the Cold War.

OBJ: 1. Analyze why Jimmy Carter had such limited success as president.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: Crisis in Iran

MSC: Applying

9. Which of the following was part of Ronald Reagan’s campaign platform in 1980?

a. Appointing more moderate judges to the Supreme Court

b. Helping the United States to “get along with less” consumer products

c. Promoting more effective government regulation of business

d. Increasing military spending

e. Supporting Roe v. Wade

OBJ: 2. Identify the key factors that led to the election of Ronald Reagan, the rise of the conservative movement, and the resurgence of the Republican party.

NAT: Historical Perspective

TOP: The Actor Turned President

MSC: Analyzing

10. Which of the following developments proved beneficial to Reagan politically?

a. Many older and elderly adults moved to the conservative southern or western Sunbelt states in the 1980s.

b. The economy in the Northeast and in the industrial states of the Midwest was booming.

c. Consumer prices and property taxes drastically fell before Reagan took office.

d. Northern states such as New York gained seats in the House of Representatives.

e. The Moral Majority began promoting the feminist movement on television.

OBJ: 2. Identify the key factors that led to the election of Ronald Reagan, the rise of the conservative movement, and the resurgence of the Republican party.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: The Rise of the “New Right”

MSC: Applying

11. Why did the Proposition 13 initiative spread across the nation?

a. Efforts to increase the size and cost of state governments to allow for better programs

b. Grassroot tax revolts aiming to reduce property taxes

c. The opening of many new factories in the Midwest

d. Riots primarily aimed at civil rights for African Americans

e. The rapid decline of the Christian Right

OBJ: 2. Identify the key factors that led to the election of Ronald Reagan, the rise of the conservative movement, and the resurgence of the Republican party.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: The Rise of the “New Right”

MSC: Understanding

12. Which of the following organizations embraced Ronald Reagan in the 1980 presidential election, helping him secure a victory?

a. Moral Majority

b. League of Latin American Urban Voters

c. National Organization of Woman

d. National Association of Colored People

e. Greenpeace

OBJ: 2. Identify the key factors that led to the election of Ronald Reagan, the rise of the conservative movement, and the resurgence of the Republican party.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: The Christian Right

MSC: Understanding

13. Activist Phyllis Schlafly’s organization STOP (Stop Taking Our Privileges) warned that passage of the __________ would allow husbands to desert their wives, force women into military service, and allow gays to marry.

a. Civil Rights Act of 1970

b. Equal Rights Amendment

c. Twenty-Eighth Amendment

d. Women’s Liberation Act

e. Men’s Liberation Act

OBJ: 2. Identify the key factors that led to the election of Ronald Reagan, the rise of the conservative movement, and the resurgence of the Republican party.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: Anti-Feminist Backlash

MSC: Analyzing

14. During the 1970s, many corporations created __________ to distribute money to pro-business political candidates.

a. lobbyist unions

b. slush funds

c. political action committees (PACS)

d. Swiss bank accounts

e. off-shore bank accounts

OBJ: 2. Identify the key factors that led to the election of Ronald Reagan, the rise of the conservative movement, and the resurgence of the Republican party.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: Financing Conservatism

MSC: Understanding

15. Which of the following statements accurately describes the 1980 election?

a. It was a landslide for Reagan.

b. It was a landslide for Carter.

c. It was a close race.

d. It was so close it was thrown into the House of Representatives.

e. It was the first time a third party candidate defeated one of the major parties.

OBJ: 2. Identify the key factors that led to the election of Ronald Reagan, the rise of the conservative movement, and the resurgence of the Republican party.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: The Election of 1980

MSC: Analyzing

16. Which of the following was part of the economic plan proposed by Reaganomics?

a. A less balanced budget

b. “Supply-side” tax cuts

c. Increases in government spending

d. Increased taxes on companies

e. Increased taxes on the wealthy

OBJ: 4. Explain how Reagan’s Soviet strategy helped end the Cold War.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: Reaganomics

MSC: Understanding

17. During Reagan’s administration, the __________ Department was given a “blank check” to purchase whatever they needed.

a. Defense

b. State

c. Education

d. Homeland Security

e. Housing and Urban Development

OBJ: 3. Define “Reaganomics,” and evaluate its effects on American society and economy.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: Budget Cuts

MSC: Remembering

18. The result of tax cuts without corresponding spending cuts during President Reagan’s first term was that

a. the economy entered into the worst recession since the 1930s.

b. the economy soared to new heights.

c. the economy crashed to new lows.

d. a period of stagflation occurred.

e. everyone who wanted a job could get one.

OBJ: 3. Define “Reaganomics,” and evaluate its effects on American society and economy.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: Budget Cuts

MSC: Analyzing

19. President Reagan appointed __________ as the first female justice of the Supreme Court.

a. Sandra Day O’Connor

b. Ruth Bader Ginsburg

c. Martha Whitehead

d. Anne Richards

e. Miriam Ferguson

OBJ: 3. Define “Reaganomics,” and evaluate its effects on American society and economy.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: Reagan’s Anti-Liberalism

MSC: Remembering

20. Heading into the 1984 presidential election, reporters began to use the term __________ to describe President Reagan’s first four years in office.

a. Iran-Contra scandal

b. Weathergate

c. voodoo economics

d. Controllergate

e. Reagan Revolution

OBJ: 3. Define “Reaganomics,” and evaluate its effects on American society and economy.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: The Election of 1984

MSC: Understanding

21. In the 1984 presidential election, Democrat __________ was the first female vice-presidential candidate ever nominated.

a. Geraldine Ferraro

b. Sandra Day O’Connor

c. Ruth Bader Ginsburg

d. Miriam Ferguson

e. Anne Richards

OBJ: 3. Define “Reaganomics,” and evaluate its effects on American society and economy.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: The Election of 1984

MSC: Remembering

22. According to the textbook, President Reagan was very successful in transforming the __________ while in office because of his conservative appointments.

a. spoils system

b. executive branch

c. Washington, D.C. “good-old-boy” network

d. judicial system

e. way America looks at government

OBJ: 3. Define “Reaganomics,” and evaluate its effects on American society and economy.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: Reagan’s half-hearted Revolution

MSC: Analyzing

23. President Reagan planned on beating the Russians in the Cold War by

a. destroying their armies in the field.

b. convincing their people to overthrow their government.

c. refusing to work with brutal dictators at all costs.

d. overwhelming them both financially and militarily.

e. abolishing their financial aid from other nations.

OBJ: 4. Explain how Reagan’s Soviet strategy helped end the Cold War.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: An Anti-Communist Foreign Policy

MSC: Understanding

24. President Reagan’s anti-missile defense system involved laser-equipped

a. submarines.

b. missile batteries.

c. satellites.

d. destroyers.

e. tanks.

OBJ: 4. Explain how Reagan’s Soviet strategy helped end the Cold War.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: A Massive Defense Buildup

MSC: Remembering

25. According to the textbook, President Reagan’s foremost international concern was

a. Central America.

b. South America.

c. Canada.

d. Eastern Europe.

e. China.

OBJ: 4. Explain how Reagan’s Soviet strategy helped end the Cold War.

NAT: Historical Interpretations

TOP: The Americas

MSC: Understanding

26. Critics of President Reagan’s foreign policy feared U.S. involvement in Nicaragua because it seemed similar to

a. Korea.

b. World War II.

c. Vietnam.

d. the Philippines.

e. China.

OBJ: 4. Explain how Reagan’s Soviet strategy helped end the Cold War.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: The Americas

MSC: Analyzing

27. What happened as part of the Iran-Contra affair?

a. Intervention in a guerrilla war in Vietnam, using weapons and fuel supplied by Iran

b. The selling of arms to Iran in the hope that Iran would help free U.S. hostages held in Lebanon

c. The strategic supply of Uranium to Iranians so that they could combat Communist forces in their government

d. Secret communications with Iranians meant to encourage them to become a democracy and overthrow their existing government

e. The creation of laws allowing long-range missile use in the conflict in Nicaragua

OBJ: 4. Explain how Reagan’s Soviet strategy helped end the Cold War.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: The Iran-Contra Affair

MSC: Analyzing

28. Why was the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty (1987) significant?

a. It was the first time that United States and Soviet leaders agreed to destroy a whole class of weapons systems.

b. It recognized that the Cold War was becoming direr and that Western countries would need to come together to produce more weapons.

c. It was considered the biggest diplomatic failure of Ronald Reagan’s presidency and prevented his reelection.

d. It was a formal acknowledgment of an agreement that had already been followed by the Soviets and United States for decades.

e. It was created largely in response to the Soviet Union’s booming economy and triumphs in a war against Afghanistan.

OBJ: 5. Characterize the social and economic issues and innovations that emerged during the 1980s.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: A Historic Treaty

MSC: Understanding

29. During the 1980s, the U.S. economy was having to endure difficult transformations in adapting to an increasingly

a. shrinking marketplace.

b. expensive world.

c. hostile political environment worldwide.

d. negative image of the United States.

e. global marketplace.

OBJ: 5. Characterize the social and economic issues and innovations that emerged during the 1980s.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: The Changing Economic and Social Landscape

MSC: Understanding

30. The first computer was created by engineers at

a. Microsoft.

b. IBM.

c. Texas Instruments.

d. The University of Pennsylvania.

e. MIT.

OBJ: 5. Characterize the social and economic issues and innovations that emerged during the 1980s.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: The Computer Revolution

MSC: Remembering

31. A major breakthrough in the computing industry in the early 1970s was the invention of the __________, which involved an electronic circuit printed on a tiny silicon chip.

a. Internet

b. color monitor

c. microprocessor

d. printer

e. typewriter

OBJ: 5. Characterize the social and economic issues and innovations that emerged during the 1980s.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: The Computer Revolution

MSC: Understanding

32. Although the 1980s were a time of unprecedented prosperity, widespread __________ became the most acute social issue during the same period.

a. mental illness

b. homelessness

c. stock market manipulation

d. dust storms

e. riots led by many powerful unions

OBJ: 5. Characterize the social and economic issues and innovations that emerged during the 1980s.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: The Poor

MSC: Analyzing

33. During the 1980s, the __________ epidemic ran rampant among gay men and intravenous drug users.

a. Ebola

b. E. coli

c. Hepatitis C

d. AIDS

e. Diabetes

OBJ: 5. Characterize the social and economic issues and innovations that emerged during the 1980s.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: The AIDS Epidemic

MSC: Understanding

34. According to the textbook, the biggest problem facing George H. W. Bush when he became president was the

a. national debt.

b. Soviet Union.

c. war in Iraq.

d. rise of terrorism.

e. collapsing economy.

OBJ: 6. Appraise the impact of the end of the Cold War and the efforts of President George H. W. Bush to create a post–Cold War foreign policy.

NAT: Historical Interpretations

TOP: The Federal Debt and Recession

MSC: Understanding

35. Because of a failing economy, leaders in the Soviet Union began a series of reforms to loosen the centrally planned economy, shifting toward a mixed economy that would permit capitalism. What is the term for this general type of restructuring?

a. Glasnost

b. Perestroika

c. SALT

d. “The Great Expansion”

e. Stagflation

OBJ: 6. Appraise the impact of the end of the Cold War and the efforts of President George H. W. Bush to create a post–Cold War foreign policy.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: The Democracy Movement Abroad

MSC: Understanding

36. A spectacular event in the collapse of the Soviet Union that allowed for a freely elected government in Germany was the

a. overthrow of Communist forces in France.

b. destruction of the Berlin Wall.

c. abolishment of the Soviet Union’s parliament.

d. overthrow of their president, Boris Yeltsin.

e. SALT II treaty.

OBJ: 6. Appraise the impact of the end of the Cold War and the efforts of President George H. W. Bush to create a post–Cold War foreign policy.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: The End of the Berlin Wall

MSC: Understanding

37. In the Soviet Union, Communist hardliners blamed __________ for unraveling their bureaucratic government.

a. George H. W. Bush

b. Boris Yeltsin

c. Mikhail Gorbachev

d. Ronald Reagan

e. Oliver North

OBJ: 6. Appraise the impact of the end of the Cold War and the efforts of President George H. W. Bush to create a post–Cold War foreign policy.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: The Communist Coup Fails

MSC: Analyzing

38. What was one way the Communist coup in the Soviet Union in 1991 was significant?

a. A group of political and military leaders succeeded in permanently seizing power, restoring Communism in the Soviet Union.

b. Bush made a grave mistake by supporting the plotters of the coup and recognizing the legitimacy of their new government.

c. The Baltic States sought protection from a similar coup and thereby became an increasingly more integral part of Russia.

d. A reactionary coup transformed into a strong accelerant for the collapse of the Soviet Union and the reduced nuclear threat to the United States.

e. Because of the threat posed by Boris Yeltsin’s political rise, Bush quickly increased U.S. stockpiles of nuclear weapons.

OBJ: 6. Appraise the impact of the end of the Cold War and the efforts of President George H. W. Bush to create a post–Cold War foreign policy.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: The Communist Coup Fails

MSC: Evaluating

39. After a U.S. marine was killed in __________ President Bush ordered an invasion to capture its president, Manuel Noriega.

a. Columbia

b. Venezuela

c. Panama

d. Mexico

e. Peru

OBJ: 6. Appraise the impact of the end of the Cold War and the efforts of President George H. W. Bush to create a post–Cold War foreign policy.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: Panama

MSC: Understanding

40. When Iraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990, the United States and forces from more than thirty other nations retaliated with Operation

a. Overlord.

b. Overkill.

c. Desert Storm.

d. Oil.

e. Sand Dune.

OBJ: 6. Appraise the impact of the end of the Cold War and the efforts of President George H. W. Bush to create a post–Cold War foreign policy.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: The Gulf War

MSC: Understanding

41. President Bush’s approval rating plunged not too long after the Gulf War because of the public’s anxiety over the

a. terror cells in the United States.

b. oil shortages.

c. cost of the war.

d. sluggish economy.

e. failure to capture Sadaam Hussein.

OBJ: 6. Appraise the impact of the end of the Cold War and the efforts of President George H. W. Bush to create a post–Cold War foreign policy.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: Bush’s “New World Order”

MSC: Analyzing

42. By the time Bill Clinton ran for president in 1992, he had already emerged as the dynamic leader of the ______________ , who sought to win back the middle-class white who had voted Republican in the 1980s.

a. “Southern Liberals”

b. “Arkansas Rebel Democrats”

c. “Dixiecrats”

d. “Moderate Independents”

e. “New Democrats”

OBJ: 6. Appraise the impact of the end of the Cold War and the efforts of President George H. W. Bush to create a post–Cold War foreign policy.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: The Election of 1992

MSC: Understanding

ESSAY

1. What were the main foreign policy achievements of the Carter administration? In what areas did Carter fail?

Answers will vary.

2. Describe and illustrate the main features of Reaganomics. Did it help or hurt the U.S. economy during the Reagan years? Provide examples.

Answers will vary.

3. Describe the resurgence of the Republican party behind candidate, then President, Ronald Reagan. How did he and his supporters, as well as national circumstances, rejuvenate the party?

Answers will vary.

4. How did the Reagan and Bush administrations end the Cold War? Address policies, events, and circumstances in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.

Answers will vary.

5. What difficulties arose in defining America’s post–Cold War role in the world? What exactly was President George H. W. Bush’s idea of a “new world order”?

Answers will vary.

MATCHING

Match each person with one of the following descriptions.

a. Championed women’s roles as wives and mothers

b. Was the Egyptian president and signer of the Camp David Accords

c. Led the Moral Majority

d. Stated that AIDS was nature’s “awful retribution” on homosexuals

e. Was a Panamanian leader convicted of drug trafficking

f. Secretly sold military supplies to Iran

g. Was a moderate, reform-minded leader of the Soviet Union

h. Was the Democratic presidential candidate in 1988

i. Was the first woman vice-presidential candidate in the United States

j. Was the Israeli Prime Minister and signer of the Camp David Accords

k. Emerged as the most popular political figure in the country after the Communist Coup in the Soviet Union

l. Was known as the “Great Communicator”

1. Phyllis Schlafly

2. Manuel Noriega

3. Anwar el-Sadat

4. Jerry Falwell

5. Boris Yeltsin

6. Michael Dukakis

7. Menachem Begin

8. Oliver North

9. Mikhail Gorbachev

10. Patrick Buchanan

11. Ronald Reagan

12. Geraldine Ferraro