Chapter 27 Test Bank New Frontiers, 1960 1968

Chapter 27: New Frontiers, 1960–1968

CORE OBJECTIVES

1. Assess President John F. Kennedy’s efforts to contain communism abroad and pursue civil rights and other social programs at home.

2. Describe the strategies and achievements of the civil rights movement in the 1960s, and explain the divisions that emerged among its activists during the decade.

3. Analyze Lyndon B. Johnson’s War on Poverty and Great Society initiatives, and evaluate their impact on American society.

4. Explain Presidents Kennedy’s and Johnson’s motivations for deepening America’s military involvement in the Vietnam War, and appraise their efforts to preserve a non-Communist South Vietnam.

5. Examine the presidential election of 1968, and explain the issues that propelled Richard Nixon to victory.

TRUE/FALSE

1. The Peace Corps was a group of Republican young people who campaigned for Nixon and other conservative candidates in 1960.

OBJ: 1. Assess President John F. Kennedy’s efforts to contain communism abroad and pursue civil rights and other social programs at home.

TOP: A Vigorous New Administration

2. From the beginning of his presidency, Kennedy vigorously supported black civil rights.

OBJ: 1. Assess President John F. Kennedy’s efforts to contain communism abroad and pursue civil rights and other social programs at home.

TOP: Kennedy and Civil Rights

3. According to the textbook, the Cuban Missile Crisis was the closest the world has ever come to a nuclear war.

OBJ: 1. Assess President John F. Kennedy’s efforts to contain communism abroad and pursue civil rights and other social programs at home.

TOP: The Cuban Missile Crisis

4. Nonviolent “sit-ins” became an effective tactic in dismantling segregation by the early 1960s.

OBJ: 2. Describe the strategies and achievements of the civil rights movement in the 1960s, and explain the divisions that emerged among its activists during the decade.

TOP: Sit-Ins

5. The March on Washington in August 1963 was the largest political demonstration in U.S. history.

OBJ: 2. Describe the strategies and achievements of the civil rights movement in the 1960s, and explain the divisions that emerged among its activists during the decade.

TOP: “I Have a Dream!”

6. By 1966, Martin Luther King Jr. had become a leading spokesman for “black power.”

OBJ: 2. Describe the strategies and achievements of the civil rights movement in the 1960s, and explain the divisions that emerged among its activists during the decade.

TOP: From Civil Rights to Black Power

7. President Johnson was not as adept at handling legislation in Congress as President Kennedy had been.

OBJ: 3. Analyze Lyndon B. Johnson’s War on Poverty and Great Society initiatives, and evaluate their impact on American society.

TOP: Politics and Poverty

8. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 gave new powers to the federal government to enforce civil rights.

OBJ: 3. Analyze Lyndon B. Johnson’s War on Poverty and Great Society initiatives, and evaluate their impact on American society.

TOP: Civil Rights Act of 1964

9. Lyndon Johnson’s domestic program was called the “Great Society.”

OBJ: 3. Analyze Lyndon B. Johnson’s War on Poverty and Great Society initiatives, and evaluate their impact on American society.

TOP: The Great Society

10. Johnson’s “Great Society” programs helped reduce the number of elderly people living in poverty.

OBJ: 3. Analyze Lyndon B. Johnson’s War on Poverty and Great Society initiatives, and evaluate their impact on American society.

TOP: Assessing the Great Society

11. Congress narrowly defeated President Johnson’s request in 1964 for authorization to “take all necessary measures” to prevent further aggression in Vietnam.

OBJ: 4. Explain Presidents Kennedy and Johnson’s motivations for deepening America’s military involvement in the Vietnam War, and appraise their efforts to preserve a non-Communist South Vietnam.

TOP: Escalation in Vietnam

12. George F. Kennan, author of the containment doctrine, stated that the policy was not appropriate for Southeast Asia.

OBJ: 4. Explain Presidents Kennedy and Johnson’s motivations for deepening America’s military involvement in the Vietnam War, and appraise their efforts to preserve a non-Communist South Vietnam.

TOP: The Context for Policy

13. The Tet offensive marked a turning point in public opposition for the war in Vietnam.

OBJ: 4. Explain Presidents Kennedy and Johnson’s motivations for deepening America’s military involvement in the Vietnam War, and appraise their efforts to preserve a non-Communist South Vietnam.

TOP: The Turning Point

14. After Martin Luther King Jr.’s assassination, violence finally diminished across the nation.

OBJ: 5. Examine the presidential election of 1968, and explain the issues that propelled Richard Nixon to victory.

TOP: A Traumatic Year

15. In the presidential election of 1968, Richard Nixon appealed to a “silent majority” of working- and middle-class voters.

OBJ: 5. Examine the presidential election of 1968, and explain the issues that propelled Richard Nixon to victory.

TOP: Chicago and Miami

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. The name of President Kennedy’s domestic policy was the

a. New Frontier.

b. Final Countdown.

c. Final Frontier.

d. Return to Normalcy.

e. New Freedom.

OBJ: 1. Assess President John F. Kennedy’s efforts to contain communism abroad and pursue civil rights and other social programs at home.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: The New Frontier

MSC: Remembering

2. President Kennedy was the first __________ and the __________ man to be elected president in U.S. history.

a. Roman Catholic; youngest

b. Irish immigrant; tallest

c. man from Massachusetts; wealthiest

d. Independent party member; most liberal

e. “dark horse” candidate; least political

OBJ: 1. Assess President John F. Kennedy’s efforts to contain communism abroad and pursue civil rights and other social programs at home.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: A Vigorous New Administration

MSC: Remembering

3. According to the textbook, the most important development in domestic life during the sixties occurred in

a. civil rights.

b. preparation for the conflict in Vietnam.

c. the addressing of fears over Cuba.

d. the passage of Cold War legislation.

e. the development of new consumer technologies.

OBJ: 1. Assess President John F. Kennedy’s efforts to contain communism abroad and pursue civil rights and other social programs at home.

NAT: Historical Interpretations

TOP: Kennedy and Civil Rights

MSC: Evaluating

4. President Kennedy was humiliated by a failed attack on Cuba by CIA-trained Cuban exiles at

a. Havana.

b. Santiago Heights.

c. Guantanamo Bay.

d. the Bay of Pigs.

e. Venezuela.

OBJ: 1. Assess President John F. Kennedy’s efforts to contain communism abroad and pursue civil rights and other social programs at home.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: Catastrophe in Cuba

MSC: Understanding

5. What did President Kennedy do after his disastrous performance at the Vienna Summit?

a. He launched an invasion of Hungary.

b. He called up Army Reserve and National Guard units to protect West Berlin.

c. He put all nuclear bombers on 24-hour alert.

d. He mobilized the 101st Airborne Division to Normandy.

e. He built a wall around West Berlin to protect it from Communist invasion.

OBJ: 1. Assess President John F. Kennedy’s efforts to contain communism abroad and pursue civil rights and other social programs at home.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: The Vienna Summit

MSC: Understanding

6. How did the Soviet Union react to President Kennedy’s show of force in West Berlin after the Vienna Summit?

a. They launched an invasion of Romania.

b. They built a wall between East and West Berlin.

c. They refused to allow people to leave West Berlin.

d. They cut off wheat shipments to the United States.

e. They attacked Vietnam.

OBJ: 1. Assess President John F. Kennedy’s efforts to contain communism abroad and pursue civil rights and other social programs at home.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: The Vienna Summit

MSC: Remembering

7. In 1962, U.S. spy planes discovered what appeared to be Soviet missile sites in

a. Panama.

b. Hungary.

c. Cuba.

d. Guatemala.

e. Puerto Rico.

OBJ: 1. Assess President John F. Kennedy’s efforts to contain communism abroad and pursue civil rights and other social programs at home.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: The Cuban Missile Crisis

MSC: Remembering

8. During his time in office, President Kennedy __________ the number of U.S. military personnel in Vietnam.

a. significantly reduced

b. greatly increased

c. did not change

d. was not informed of

e. kept top secret

OBJ: 1. Assess President John F. Kennedy’s efforts to contain communism abroad and pursue civil rights and other social programs at home.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: Kennedy and Vietnam

MSC: Understanding

9. The civil rights movement gained momentum in 1960 when several young black men staged a “sit-in” at a __________ lunch counter.

a. Costco

b. Woolworth’s

c. Walgreens

d. Winn-Dixie

e. Wal-Mart

OBJ: 2. Describe the strategies and achievements of the civil rights movement in the 1960s, and explain the divisions that emerged among its activists during the decade.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: Sit-Ins

MSC: Understanding

10. Because of the tenacity of the Freedom Riders in the early 1960s,

a. the Interstate Commerce Commission ordered all interstate transportation integrated.

b. President Kennedy abolished segregation in public schools.

c. President Kennedy abolished segregation on public buses.

d. President Kennedy upheld the doctrine of separate but equal.

e. the Supreme Court ruled that all schools must be integrated.

OBJ: 2. Describe the strategies and achievements of the civil rights movement in the 1960s, and explain the divisions that emerged among its activists during the decade.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: Freedom Riders

MSC: Understanding

11. How did President Kennedy react to the Freedom Riders?

a. He supported their efforts.

b. He signed legislation making it illegal to segregate on buses.

c. He dismissed them as publicity seekers.

d. He abolished segregation in the North to show support.

e. He encouraged the police in southern states to attack them.

OBJ: 2. Describe the strategies and achievements of the civil rights movement in the 1960s, and explain the divisions that emerged among its activists during the decade.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: Freedom Riders

MSC: Analyzing

12. President Kennedy sent National Guard troops to __________ in 1962 to ensure that black student James Meredith was allowed to enroll.

a. the University of Virginia

b. Louisiana State University

c. the University of Mississippi

d. the University of Alabama

e. the University of South Carolina

OBJ: 2. Describe the strategies and achievements of the civil rights movement in the 1960s, and explain the divisions that emerged among its activists during the decade.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: James Meredith

MSC: Remembering

13. Who wrote “Letter from Birmingham Jail” while incarcerated for participating in a civil rights demonstration?

a. Malcom X

b. Denzel Washington

c. Martin Luther King Jr.

d. W. E. B. Du Bois

e. Marcus Garvey

OBJ: 2. Describe the strategies and achievements of the civil rights movement in the 1960s, and explain the divisions that emerged among its activists during the decade.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: Birmingham

MSC: Remembering

14. To prevent racial integration from occurring at the University of Alabama, Governor ___________ blocked the door to the institution.

a. Harvey Keitel

b. Marcus Garvey

c. George Wallace

d. William Clinton

e. James Earl Jones

OBJ: 2. Describe the strategies and achievements of the civil rights movement in the 1960s, and explain the divisions that emerged among its activists during the decade.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: Birmingham

MSC: Remembering

15. The __________ in August 1963 was the largest political demonstration American history.

a. Million Man March

b. Crusade for Justice

c. March to the Sea

d. March on Washington

e. Trail of Tears

OBJ: 2. Describe the strategies and achievements of the civil rights movement in the 1960s, and explain the divisions that emerged among its activists during the decade.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: “I Have a Dream!”

MSC: Remembering

16. The most articulate spokesman for the black power movement was

a. Martin Luther King Jr.

b. Marcus Garvey.

c. George Wallace.

d. Malcom X.

e. Booker T. Washington.

OBJ: 2. Describe the strategies and achievements of the civil rights movement in the 1960s, and explain the divisions that emerged among its activists during the decade.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: From Civil Rights to Black Power

MSC: Remembering

17. As the head of SNCC, Stokely Carmichael enforced a separatist philosophy by

a. segregating the organization.

b. recommending a “back to Africa” movement.

c. ousting whites from the organization.

d. allowing only members of the Nation of Islam to join.

e. kicking women out of the organization.

OBJ: 2. Describe the strategies and achievements of the civil rights movement in the 1960s, and explain the divisions that emerged among its activists during the decade.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: From Civil Rights to Black Power

MSC: Analyzing

18. Despite being a southern Democrat, Lyndon Johnson was extremely committed to __________ legislation once he became president.

a. liberal

b. conservative

c. fiscally irresponsible

d. Republican-sponsored

e. civil rights

OBJ: 3. Analyze Lyndon B. Johnson’s War on Poverty and Great Society initiatives, and evaluate their impact on American society.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: Lyndon B. Johnson and the Great Society

MSC: Analyzing

19. The __________ of 1964 reduced tax rates in the United States by 20 percent to boost the economy by giving consumers more money to spend.

a. Mongrel Tariff Act

b. Revenue Act

c. North American Free Trade Act

d. Williams-Sonoma Act

e. Johnson Debt Reduction Act

OBJ: 3. Analyze Lyndon B. Johnson’s War on Poverty and Great Society initiatives, and evaluate their impact on American society.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: Politics and Poverty

MSC: Remembering

20. According to the textbook, the __________ is arguably the single most important piece of legislation created in the twentieth century.

a. Johnson Debt Default Act of 1968.

b. Civil Rights Act of 1964.

c. Anti-Discrimination Law of 1965.

d. Desegregation Act of 1966.

e. Freedom Riders Law of 1967.

OBJ: 3. Analyze Lyndon B. Johnson’s War on Poverty and Great Society initiatives, and evaluate their impact on American society.

NAT: Historical Interpretations

TOP: Civil Rights Act of 1964

MSC: Evaluating

21. As part of an elaborate domestic legislative agenda, President Lyndon Johnson declared an “unconditional war on _________ in America.”

a. drugs

b. crime

c. corruption

d. sexism

e. poverty

OBJ: 3. Analyze Lyndon B. Johnson’s War on Poverty and Great Society initiatives, and evaluate their impact on American society.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: War on Poverty

MSC: Understanding

22. The __________ was a training program introduced by President Lyndon Johnson that was aimed at inner-city youths ages sixteen to twenty-one.

a. Peace Corps

b. Civilian Conservation Corps

c. Job Corps

d. Marine Corps

e. Community Action Program

OBJ: 3. Analyze Lyndon B. Johnson’s War on Poverty and Great Society initiatives, and evaluate their impact on American society.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: Economic Opportunity Act of 1964

MSC: Understanding

23. In May 1964, President Lyndon Johnson announced a comprehensive domestic program known as the

a. Great Society.

b. New Frontier.

c. Final Countdown.

d. Final Frontier.

e. Great Frontier.

OBJ: 3. Analyze Lyndon B. Johnson’s War on Poverty and Great Society initiatives, and evaluate their impact on American society.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: The Great Society

MSC: Understanding

24. President Lyndon Johnson’s plan to provide health insurance for the elderly is known as

a. Medicaid.

b. Medicare.

c. Affordable Care Act.

d. American Medical Association.

e. Elderly American Health Insurance Act.

OBJ: 3. Analyze Lyndon B. Johnson’s War on Poverty and Great Society initiatives, and evaluate their impact on American society.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: Health Insurance, Housing, and Higher Education

MSC: Remembering

25. After the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965, __________ became the largest contingent of immigrants to the United States.

a. Bosnians and Serbians

b. Vietnamese and Canadians

c. Africans and Indonesians

d. Cubans and Puerto Ricans

e. Asians and Latin Americans

OBJ: 3. Analyze Lyndon B. Johnson’s War on Poverty and Great Society initiatives, and evaluate their impact on American society.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: The Immigration Act

MSC: Analyzing

26. The __________ transformed the white-dominated political system in the South in the mid-1960s.

a. Voting Rights Act

b. Community Care Act

c. Anti-Discrimination Act

d. Poll Tax Prohibition Act

e. Voter Registration Act

OBJ: 3. Analyze Lyndon B. Johnson’s War on Poverty and Great Society initiatives, and evaluate their impact on American society.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: Voting Rights Legislation

MSC: Evaluating

27. Who was the first U.S. president to be involved in trying to prevent communist involvement in Vietnam?

a. Franklin Delano Roosevelt

b. Harry S. Truman

c. Dwight D. Eisenhower

d. John F. Kennedy

e. Lyndon B. Johnson

OBJ: 4. Explain Presidents Kennedy and Johnson’s motivations for deepening America’s military involvement in the Vietnam War, and appraise their efforts to preserve a non-Communist South Vietnam.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: The Tragedy of Vietnam

MSC: Understanding

28. The United States ship that was supposedly attacked in the Gulf of Tonkin in 1964 was the

a. U.S.S. Maddox.

b. U.S.S. Cole.

c. U.S.S. Liberty.

d. U.S.S. Arizona.

e. U.S.S. Reagan.

OBJ: 4. Explain Presidents Kennedy and Johnson’s motivations for deepening America’s military involvement in the Vietnam War, and appraise their efforts to preserve a non-Communist South Vietnam.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: Escalation in Vietnam

MSC: Understanding

29. The __________ gave President Johnson the authority to do whatever was necessary to prevent further aggression in Vietnam toward the United States.

a. War Powers Resolution

b. Treaty of Washington

c. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

d. South Vietnamese Declaration of Independence

e. Ma Kong Doctrine

OBJ: 4. Explain Presidents Kennedy and Johnson’s motivations for deepening America’s military involvement in the Vietnam War, and appraise their efforts to preserve a non-Communist South Vietnam.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: Escalation in Vietnam

MSC: Understanding

30. The first sustained bombing of North Vietnam by the United States was called Operation

a. Torch.

b. Rolling Thunder.

c. Shu Fly.

d. THOR.

e. Husky.

OBJ: 4. Explain Presidents Kennedy and Johnson’s motivations for deepening America’s military involvement in the Vietnam War, and appraise their efforts to preserve a non-Communist South Vietnam.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: Escalation in Vietnam

MSC: Remembering

31. The United States involvement in Vietnam grew from an earlier policy of

a. decimation.

b. reinternment.

c. brinksmanship.

d. mutually assured self-destruction.

e. containment.

OBJ: 4. Explain Presidents Kennedy and Johnson’s motivations for deepening America’s military involvement in the Vietnam War, and appraise their efforts to preserve a non-Communist South Vietnam.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: The Context for Policy

MSC: Understanding

32. At the end of January 1968, Viet Cong and North Vietnamese forces attacked American and South Vietnamese targets in a large, well-coordinated attack known as

a. the My Lai Massacre.

b. the My Kong Fiasco.

c. the Tet Offensive.

d. Operation Desoto.

e. D-day.

OBJ: 4. Explain Presidents Kennedy and Johnson’s motivations for deepening America’s military involvement in the Vietnam War, and appraise their efforts to preserve a non-Communist South Vietnam.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: The Turning Point

MSC: Understanding

33. Although the Tet offensive was a U.S. military victory, the political impact at home was that it

a. led to the impeachment of President Johnson.

b. turned increasing numbers of Americans against the war effort.

c. resulted in war crimes charges against U.S. military leadership.

d. prevented another Democrat from being elected president for 20 years.

e. led to widespread voter apathy.

OBJ: 4. Explain Presidents Kennedy and Johnson’s motivations for deepening America’s military involvement in the Vietnam War, and appraise their efforts to preserve a non-Communist South Vietnam.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: The Turning Point

MSC: Understanding

34. Because of concerns over the United States’ deepening involvement in the Vietnam War, President Johnson

a. won reelection.

b. lost reelection.

c. was assassinated.

d. chose not to run for reelection.

e. was impeached and removed from office.

OBJ: 4. Explain Presidents Kennedy and Johnson’s motivations for deepening America’s military involvement in the Vietnam War, and appraise their efforts to preserve a non-Communist South Vietnam.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: The Turning Point

MSC: Analyzing

35. What sparked race riots in more than 100 cities in 1968?

a. The election of Richard Nixon

b. The beating of Rodney King

c. The assassination of John F. Kennedy

d. The assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.

e. The shooting at Kent State

OBJ: 5. Examine the presidential election of 1968, and explain the issues that propelled Richard Nixon to victory.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: A Traumatic Year

MSC: Understanding

36. __________ was assassinated in June 1964 just after winning the California Democratic primary.

a. John F. Kennedy

b. Robert F. Kennedy

c. William Sonoma

d. Lyndon Johnson

e. William Clinton

OBJ: 5. Examine the presidential election of 1968, and explain the issues that propelled Richard Nixon to victory.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: A Traumatic Year

MSC: Remembering

37. Republican presidential nominee Richard Nixon appealed to a certain group of working- and middle-class voters he called

a. Nixon’s Comrades.

b. the hippies.

c. the silent majority.

d. my military-industrial complex.

e. beatniks.

OBJ: 5. Examine the presidential election of 1968, and explain the issues that propelled Richard Nixon to victory.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: Chicago and Miami

MSC: Understanding

38. Ugly riots broke out and were nationally televised outside the __________ party national convention in 1968.

a. Republican

b. America First

c. Democratic

d. Green

e. Independence

OBJ: 5. Examine the presidential election of 1968, and explain the issues that propelled Richard Nixon to victory.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: Chicago and Miami

MSC: Remembering

39. __________ dismissed both Republicans and Democrats as being too liberal when he ran as an American Independent in the 1968 presidential election.

a. John Anderson

b. Ronald Reagan

c. Richard Nixon

d. George Wallace

e. Sirhan Sirhan

OBJ: 5. Examine the presidential election of 1968, and explain the issues that propelled Richard Nixon to victory.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: Chicago and Miami

MSC: Remembering

40. Who won the presidential election of 1968?

a. Richard Nixon

b. Hubert Humphrey

c. Gerald Ford

d. George Wallace

e. William Shatner

OBJ: 5. Examine the presidential election of 1968, and explain the issues that propelled Richard Nixon to victory.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: Nixon Triumphant

MSC: Remembering

ESSAY

1. Compare the philosophies and styles of Martin Luther King Jr. and the leaders of the black power movement. What circumstances led some to shift their priorities and actions?

Answers will vary.

2. Describe President Kennedy’s foreign policy successes and failures. Why did the various events unfold as they did?

Answer will vary.

3. The year 1968 has been called the most turbulent year of the 1960s. Explain why some people believe this.

Answer will vary.

4. The Cuban missile crisis has been described as “perhaps the most dangerous two weeks in history.” Discuss why. What led to the showdown? How was the crisis resolved? What changes resulted?

Answer will vary.

5. Beginning with the administration of President Truman and ending with that of President Nixon, describe the events and rationalizations which led to America’s increasing involvement in Vietnam.

Answer will vary.

MATCHING

Match each person or group with one of the following descriptions.

a. Was a segregationist Alabama governor

b. Won California’s Democratic primary in 1968

c. Was the first black student at the University of Mississippi

d. Was the first African American cabinet member

e. Lost in landslide to LBJ in the presidential election of 1964

f. Bullied President Kennedy at the Vienna Summit

g. Was a civil rights activist who was murdered by racists in Mississippi

h. Made several landmark decisions on social issues during the 1960s

i. Was the American army commander in Vietnam

j. Became major spokesman for the Black Power movement

1. Robert C. Weaver

2. Barry Goldwater

3. Nikita Khrushchev

4. Medgar Evers

5. Robert F. Kennedy

6. Malcolm X

7. James Meredith

8. The Warren Court

9. George Wallace

10. William Westmoreland