Sexual Assault And Harassment Test Bank Docx Chapter.17

Chapter 17 | Sexual Assault and Harassment

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Tim keeps posting obscene remarks on Anita’s Facebook page. He has repeatedly asked her out and she has said no each time. Once at a club he danced so close to her that she decided to leave. What is the most appropriate term for Tim’s behaviour?
   1. Sexual assault
   2. Sexual harassment
   3. Teasing
   4. Stalking
2. Terry goes to clubs where he knows Uma will be. Once or twice they’ve chatted at the bar. Terry is hoping one of these days he can start a relationship with her. What type of behaviour is Terry exhibiting?
   1. Stalking
   2. Sexual harassment
   3. Harassment
   4. Harmless pursuit
3. What is one way in which the terms “sexual assault” and “rape” differ?
   1. “Sexual assault” includes all unwanted sexual acts including sexual intercourse, whereas “rape” refers only to unwanted sexual intercourse.
   2. “Sexual assault” can occur even when both parties consent to the activity however “rape” is defined as sexual intercourse in the absence of consent.
   3. “Sexual assault” includes all unwanted sexual acts excluding sexual intercourse, whereas “rape” refers only to unwanted sexual intercourse.
   4. “Sexual assault” can be committed by anyone on anyone but only women can be victims of “rape.”
4. How does the DSM-5 classify people who commit rape?
   1. Most people who commit rape meet the DSM-5 criteria for “frotteurism disorder” or “sexual sadism disorder.”
   2. There are no diagnoses in the DSM-5 that have rape as a criterion.
   3. Most people who commit rape do not meet the criteria for any diagnosis on the DSM-5.
   4. Most people who commit rape meet the DSM-5 criteria for sexual sadism disorder.
5. What diagnoses do most therapists choose when they must give a DSM-5 diagnosis to a person who has committed rape?
   1. Sexual sadism disorder
   2. Antisocial personality disorder
   3. Paraphilia not otherwise specified
   4. Frotteurism
6. Which term refers to the range of non-consensual sexual experiences, including unwanted touching; oral, anal, and vaginal intercourse; and sexual violence?
   1. Sexual assault
   2. Sexual harassment
   3. Stalking
   4. Rape
7. Which term refers to any unwanted sex-related behaviours that are considered by the recipient to be offensive, threatening, or demeaning?
   1. Rape
   2. Sexual harassment
   3. Stalking
   4. Sexual assault
8. Which term refers to harassing behaviour such as repeatedly following, intimidating, or tracking another person against their will?
   1. Stalking
   2. Sexual harassment
   3. Sexual assault
   4. Rape
9. Prior to 1983, which of the following was NOT consistent with rape laws in Canada?
   1. A person’s prior sexual activities could be used as evidence of consent.
   2. Rape could only occur outside of marriage.
   3. Rape was limited to forced heterosexual intercourse.
   4. Anyone could be a victim of rape.
10. Under the current criminal code of Canada, which of the following is NOT a category of sexual assault?
    1. Sexual assault with a weapon, threats to a third party, or causing bodily harm
    2. Aggravated sexual assault
    3. Intermediary sexual assault
    4. Sexual assault
11. A number of studies examining the International Classification of Diseases’ psychiatric diagnoses of individuals who have been incarcerated for sexual crimes have found high rates of __________.
    1. pedophilia
    2. substance-use disorders
    3. sexual preference disorders
    4. courtship disorders
12. Prior to 1983, which of the following acts would NOT have met the legal definition of rape?
    1. A man having non-consensual anal intercourse with another man
    2. A man having non-consensual sexual intercourse with a child
    3. A husband having non-consensual sexual intercourse with his wife
    4. A man having non-consensual sexual intercourse with a woman
13. Current Canadian law classifies rape under which specific category of offense?
    1. Rape
    2. Sexual assault
    3. Sexual offenses
    4. Assault
14. According to the Canadian Criminal Code, which of the following is the most serious offense?
    1. Rape
    2. Sexual assault with a weapon
    3. Aggravated sexual assault
    4. Sexual assault
15. On Saturday night Alana said it was okay for Paolo to have sex with her but on Monday Alana claimed she did not give consent to the sex she had with Paolo on Saturday. According to Canadian law, Alana may not have given consent under which of these circumstances?
    1. Alana was drunk on Saturday night.
    2. Alana was 16 years old and Paolo was 19 years old
    3. Alana was 15 years old and Paolo was 17 years old.
    4. Alana was 12 years old and Paolo was 14 years old.
16. What is the formal legal age of consent for penile–vaginal intercourse in Canada?
    1. 14
    2. 15
    3. 16
    4. 17
17. In which of these situations would the “close-in-age” exception apply to the laws regarding legal age of consent for sexual activity?
    1. When Lacey, who is 13, has consensual vaginal intercourse with Peter who is 12
    2. When Tricia, who is 18, has consensual vaginal intercourse with Kirk, who is 20
    3. When Jada, who is 15, has consensual vaginal intercourse with Micah, who is 21
    4. When Hannah, who is 13, has consensual vaginal intercourse with José, who is a 15-year-old supervisor at the summer camp she attends
18. What is the legal age of consent for anal intercourse in Canada?
    1. 15
    2. 16
    3. 17
    4. 18
19. Aside from “close-in-age” and other specific exemptions, at what age can someone generally give consent for sexual intercourse?
    1. 17
    2. 15
    3. 14
    4. 16
20. In order to obtain estimates based on the percentage of surveyed individuals who report having participated in or experienced a certain condition in a given period of time, researchers surveyed individuals who report having been sexually assaulted or having sexually assaulted someone at least once. What are they attempting to estimate?
    1. Validity of measure
    2. Prevalence
    3. Self-report reliability
    4. Incidence
21. In a random sample of 2000 children aged 10 to 16 years, Boney-McCoy and Finkelhor (1995) found that 7.6 per cent had been sexually victimized during the previous year. What estimate has been documented in this research?
    1. Validity of measure
    2. Self-report reliability
    3. Prevalence
    4. Incidence
22. A nationally representative survey found that sexual assault victimization rates were approximately how many times higher for females than for males.
    1. Three
    2. Five
    3. Eight
    4. Ten
23. Why do incidence estimates, which are based on official records, likely underestimate the number of sexual assaults and the percentage of the population who experience unwanted sexual contact?
    1. Sexual assault is generally overestimated in population studies.
    2. The actual number of perpetrators taken into custody is an accurate reflection of the number of sexual assaults taking place.
    3. Many sex crimes go unreported to authorities.
    4. Most measures of sexual assault are not reliable.
24. What percentage of Canadian female university students reported that a male attempted to use emotional manipulation to get them to engage in sexual activity at some point in their past?
    1. 30 per cent
    2. 45 per cent
    3. 70 per cent
    4. 60 per cent
25. What percentage of Canadian male university students admitted to having had sex with a non-consensual partner?
    1. 10 to 27 per cent
    2. 15 to 37 per cent
    3. 25 to 57 per cent
    4. 30 to 67 per cent
26. Incidence rates for sexual assault are likely inaccurate for which of the following reasons?
    1. People underreport sexual assaults.
    2. Incidents that are reported as sexual assaults but not proven to be cases of sexual assault are included in the estimate.
    3. Sexual assault is over reported because it is a tactic for justifying obtaining the morning-after pill in cases where sexual activity was in fact consensual.
    4. Sexual assault is not differentiated from physical assault in reports of assault filed with the Canadian government.
27. Which is true about how sex traffickers view Canada?
    1. Canada is an appealing destination because there are no laws against sex trafficking for people over the age of 14.
    2. Canada is an appealing destination because of low minimum sentences for sex trafficking.
    3. Canada is an unappealing destination because of the low maximum sentences for sex trafficking.
    4. Canada is an unappealing destination because of high minimum sentences for sex trafficking.
28. According to rape trauma syndrome, which of the following would be a common action of someone in the acute phase?
    1. Moving to a different city
    2. Moving past the experience emotionally
    3. Excusing the perpetrator
    4. Changing jobs
29. Which of the following women is likely in the reorganization phase following a sexual assault?
    1. Aisling, who is experiencing extreme anxiety
    2. Danica, who has decided to move to another city
    3. Stefanie, who is experiencing confusion and shock
    4. Blair, who is blaming herself for the attack
30. Approximately what percentage of sexual assault victims have persistent emotional difficulties more than five years after the assault?
    1. 10 per cent
    2. 25 per cent
    3. 33 per cent
    4. 66 per cent
31. Although research has demonstrated that the majority of victims recover from the trauma of sexual assault within five years, nearly one third of victims have substantial difficulty that persists years beyond the acute aftermath of the incident. A significant number develop an anxiety disorder that involves persistent and chronic psychological symptoms, such as flashbacks, nightmares, avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma, hyperarousal, and anxiety. What is this condition known as?
    1. Post-traumatic stress disorder
    2. Rape trauma syndrome
    3. Depression
    4. Anxiety disorder
32. Katrina was the victim of a rape incident during her first year of university. She graduated over three years ago. She still has nightmares about the incident and often lies awake at night. Which of the following does Katrina suffer from?
    1. Rape trauma syndrome, reorganization phase
    2. Post-traumatic stress disorder
    3. Rape trauma syndrome, acute phase
    4. None of the above
33. Several of your classmates and you get into a discussion about the long-term effects of sexual assault. One of your classmates asks you about the possibility of any positive outcomes, or post-traumatic growth, that could come out of a victim’s response to rape. For example, a victim may choose to spend more time with loved ones after the assault. What could you say to counter this argument?
    1. Perceived positive changes could just be a defensive illusion.
    2. These positive changes may not be significant compared to the harm caused by the assault.
    3. The victim may see-saw back and forth between distress and positive growth.
    4. Any of the above
34. Your best friend has confided in you that she just found out her sister was the victim of sexual abuse from her boyfriend of a year. Your friend feels guilty that she didn’t recognize the signs beforehand so that she could help her sister get out of the relationship sooner, and she blames herself. What advice can you give your friend?
    1. Your friend is right to feel guilty, but there’s nothing she can do about it now.
    2. Your friend should talk to a professional.
    3. It’s important that your friend’s sister can heal without the extra distress of her family members feeling sorry for her or guilty that they didn’t act sooner, so she shouldn’t talk to her sister about how she is feeling.
    4. It’s important that your friend’s sister can get emotional support from your friend, so they should be open about the guilt your friend is feeling.
35. The most common treatment for survivors of sexual assault seeking professional help is cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT). Which of the following is a component of CBT?
    1. Cognitive processing therapy (CPT)
    2. Prolonged exposure (PE)
    3. Stress inoculation training (SIT)
    4. All of the above
36. Which exposure-based treatment for sexual assault involves psychotherapy to alleviate trauma-related symptoms and associated distressing memories through exposure to stimuli of traumatic events while simultaneously focusing on dual attention stimulus (e.g., hand-tapping)?
    1. Cognitive processing
    2. Eye movement desensitization and processing
    3. Repeat exposure
    4. Muscle relaxation
37. Which of the following is NOT a likely method of treatment for sexual assault victims?
    1. Cognitive processing therapy
    2. Physical therapy
    3. Stress inoculation training
    4. Prolonged exposure
38. Which of the following is often characterized by insomnia, depression, flashbacks, and nightmares?
    1. Post-traumatic growth
    2. Post-traumatic stress disorder
    3. Cognitive-behavioural therapy
    4. Paraphilic disorder
39. Which common psychotherapeutic intervention for sexual assault victims involves identifying a hierarchy of individually feared stimuli associated with assault (e.g., the dark, strangers)?
    1. Stress inoculation training
    2. Prolonged exposure
    3. Cognitive processing therapy
    4. Flooding
40. Which common psychotherapeutic intervention for sexual assault victims involves having the victim imagine themselves experiencing the assault again while they repeatedly retell the story of what happened?
    1. Stress inoculation training
    2. Flooding
    3. Prolonged exposure
    4. Cognitive processing therapy
41. Which common psychotherapeutic intervention for sexual assault victims involves having the victim use a journal to record feelings and then discuss those writings during therapy sessions?
    1. Flooding
    2. Prolonged exposure
    3. Cognitive processing therapy
    4. Stress inoculation training
42. Which of the following is both a socio-cultural and a situational factor that can lead to the occurrence of a sexual assault?
    1. Alcohol
    2. Location
    3. Gender
    4. Religion
43. Which of the following is an interpersonal contextual factor that can lead to the occurrence of a sexual assault?
    1. Religion
    2. Alcohol
    3. Personality
    4. Gender
44. Which of the following people are most likely to be sexually assaulted?
    1. Afshan, a young woman who immigrated to Canada from Afghanistan and is in an arranged marriage.
    2. Polly, a university student studying late at night with her classmate
    3. Tina, a teenage girl who lives alone with her male legal guardian
    4. Karolina, a young adult walking home alone at night in a secluded area of town
45. You’ve just found out that one of your friends has been sexually assaulted when walking home alone at night on campus from one of the local bars. In tears, she tells you she blames herself for wearing such a short skirt and a crop top. What can you tell your friend?
    1. While some sexual assaults may take place because of the way the victim is dressed, she can’t know for sure if her short skirt was the reason she was singled out.
    2. She should never wear a short skirt again.
    3. Women are sexually assaulted while wearing all types of clothing, and wearing a short skirt was not the reason she was assaulted.
    4. None of the above
46. You are a female undergraduate student living on campus. You’ve just signed up to take a course you are really looking forward to, but it’s available only in the evenings, which means you won’t finish until after 10 pm. Your mom keeps bringing up how concerned she is about you walking home alone at night. What can you tell her to make her feel better?
    1. You will make sure to dress unattractively in baggy clothing, so you won’t get assaulted.
    2. A large percentage of sexual assaults and attempted sexual assaults are committed by classmates, so you won’t get close to anyone else in your class.
    3. Most sexual assaults do not occur outdoors in public, and most are not committed by strangers.
    4. None of the above
47. Which of the following is NOT a rape myth?
    1. Women cause men to sexually assault them by the way they look or dress.
    2. Women seldom make false reports of sexual assault.
    3. Offenders can be identified based on their demographic characteristics (race, class, etc.).
    4. It is not sexual assault if both people are drunk.
48. Which of the following is NOT a rape myth?
    1. You cannot tell a rapist by the way they look.
    2. Sexual assault is simply an impulsive act of sexual gratification.
    3. Sexual assault usually occurs outside and at night.
    4. Sexual assault is usually perpetrated by a stranger.
49. Which of the following IS a rape myth?
    1. A person cannot be sexually assaulted by their spouse.
    2. Women often make false reports of sexual assault.
    3. If a survivor of sexual assault did not fight back, they were not really assaulted.
    4. All of the above
50. Which form of sexual assault is most likely to remain legal in some countries?
    1. Stranger rape
    2. Spousal rape
    3. Trafficking
    4. Sexual assault with a weapon
51. Situational characteristics can play a role in sexual assault. Which of the following is NOT a place where sexual assaults are more likely to occur?
    1. House parties
    2. Places where victims are known to the perpetrator
    3. A dark alley
    4. Places where drugs and alcohol are present
52. Which dynamic risk factor may develop from beliefs that women are devious, an inability to understand women’s facial affective cues, or a lack of empathy?
    1. Psychopathy
    2. Limited sexual self-regulation
    3. Offence-supportive social influences
    4. Intimacy deficits
53. What condition promotes sexual assault in which offenders associate with people who are supportive of their behaviour in various ways? For example, these people may demonstrate antisocial attitudes, reinforce negative beliefs about women, or commit sexual offences with the offender.
    1. Young male syndrome
    2. Psychopathy
    3. Offence-supportive social influences
    4. Competitive disadvantage
54. Which of the following people exhibits individual risk factors for sexual offending?
    1. Henry, a male from a low-income background who was abused as a child and and has a general lack of empathy for others.
    2. Tyreed, a male from a low-income background who lives with an older brother that has been accused of sexual assault more than once.
    3. Chris, a male from a middle-income family whose father often says women are devious creatures.
    4. All of the above
55. Based on a synthesis of the forensic psychological literature on individual differences, which of the following is NOT a main route for sexual offending?
    1. Psychopathy
    2. Young male syndrome
    3. Competitive disadvantage
    4. Over-protective parent syndrome
56. Galen sexually assaulted Jessica while they were at a party and Jessica reported the assault to police. Galen is 18 years old and his parents, who are both doctors, were shocked when they learned of Galen’s arrest. Galen had a normal childhood, according to his parents, and got along well with his peers, including many close female friends. Which route to sexual offending best describes Galen’s situation?
    1. Psychopathy
    2. Competitive disadvantage
    3. Victim precipitation theory
    4. Young male syndrome
57. Which route to sexual offending results in the offender feeling the least amount of guilt or responsibility for their action?
    1. Competitive disadvantage
    2. Psychopathy
    3. The influence of drugs or alcohol
    4. Young male syndrome
58. Richard was born with mild cognitive impairment and lived in foster homes most of his life. At puberty, Richard developed a sexual interest in younger boys and was caught possessing child pornography when he was 12 years old. Richard is now 20 years old and recently committed a sexual assault against a 10-year-old boy he met in a park. Which of the following best explains Richard’s route to offend?
    1. Young male syndrome
    2. Competitive disadvantage
    3. Sexual sadism
    4. Psychopathy
59. Eli was convicted of attempted sexual assault when he was in high school. He worked with a therapist and now holds a steady job and is married. Which of the following was the likely cause of his sexually assaultive behaviour, according to Lalumiere?
    1. Young male syndrome
    2. Psychopathy
    3. Competitive disadvantage
    4. None of the above
60. Jon committed a sexual assault. His parents died when he was a child and he grew up in a number of foster homes, some of which were abusive. Which of the following was the likely cause of his sexually assaultive behaviour, according to Lalumiere?
    1. Psychopathy
    2. Young male syndrome
    3. Competitive disadvantage
    4. None of the above
61. Carter was convicted of sexual assault. He has a wife and children, and he grew up in a stable, middle-income family. Which of the following was the likely cause of his sexually assaultive behaviour, according to Lalumiere?
    1. Competitive disadvantage
    2. Young male syndrome
    3. Psychopathy
    4. None of the above
62. Gaius was convicted of attempted sexual assault with a minor. He grew up in a single-parent home. Which of the following was the likely cause of his sexually assaultive behaviour, according to Lalumiere?
    1. Competitive disadvantage
    2. Psychopathy
    3. Young male syndrome
    4. None of the above
63. Which of the following behaviours has NOT been shown to help stop a sexual assault?
    1. Crying
    2. Screaming
    3. Biting
    4. Using physical force
64. You and some of the classmates from your human sexuality class decide to get dinner one day after class. One of your classmates starts a heated discussion in favour of victim precipitation theory. Which of the following points could you add to the conversation?
    1. Actually, there are some correlates of revictimization, such as insecurity about relationships with men.
    2. Most demographic variables are not significantly associated with sexual assault.
    3. It’s not a strong theory, especially as it is faulted for shifting blame from the perpetrator to the victim!
    4. All of the above
65. You are a young woman who works late and has to walk home alone late at night in a secluded part of town. You often think about what you would do if someone attacked and tried to sexually assault you. Which of the following would be your best defense?
    1. Screaming, yelling, biting, scratching, or hitting the perpetrator
    2. Crying and pleading with the attacker
    3. Trying to flee or struggle
    4. Both A and C
66. Your college roommate comes into your room in tears. She tells you that her ex-boyfriend has just sexually assaulted her. What should you do first?
    1. Tell her that it is not her fault that she was assaulted and she is in no way to blame.
    2. Ask her if she needs any medical care, and if so, help her to obtain it.
    3. Encourage her to report the assault to the police immediately.
    4. Tell her you are there for her and will help her with whatever she needs.
67. How soon following a sexual assault does medication need to be taken in order to effectively prevent HIV/AIDS?
    1. Within 12 hours
    2. Within 24 hours
    3. Within 48 hours
    4. Within 72 hours
68. What is the maximum sentence for someone convicted of sexual assault in Canada?
    1. 10 years
    2. 14 years
    3. 25 years
    4. Life in prison
69. What is the median sentence given to someone convicted of sexual assault in Canada?
    1. 360 days
    2. 14 months
    3. 3 years
    4. 5 years
70. According to Statistics Canada, which of the following is true about the median amount of jail time given for someone who is convicted of sexual assault compared to the amount of jail time given for a typical robbery?
    1. It is the same as the median amount of jail time given for robbery.
    2. It is eight days longer than the median amount of jail time for robbery.
    3. It is two years shorter than the median sentence for robbery.
    4. It is six months shorter than the median sentence for robbery.
71. Which of the following is true about people who are convicted of sexual assault?
    1. They are at lower risk for recidivism than other offenders.
    2. They are at the same risk for recidivism as other offenders.
    3. They are at higher risk for recidivism than other offenders
    4. They have the highest recidivism rate of all offender types.
72. Men who experience sexual assault victimization are more likely to report __________.
    1. low life satisfaction
    2. poor physical health
    3. infrequent emotional or social support
    4. All of the above
73. As a result of low reported prevalence, there is limited research on males who are sexually victimized. Most of the research that has been conducted has focused on what subgroups of the male population?
    1. Homeless youth
    2. Men in prison
    3. Men who have sex with men
    4. All of the above
74. Which of the following is true of sexual victimization of men?
    1. A male victim of sexual assault will have experienced different effects than a female victim of sexual assault.
    2. A male victim of sexual assault is less likely to have been physically held down or physically threatened than a female victim of sexual assault.
    3. A male victim of sexual assault is more likely to be in a homosexual relationship than a female victim of sexual assault.
    4. None of the above are true.
75. Child sexual abuse has been linked to a number of problems not only immediately following an experience but also years later. Which of the following is associated with childhood sexual abuse?
    1. Post-traumatic stress disorder
    2. Depression and anxiety
    3. Interpersonal problems in adulthood
    4. All of the above
76. Sashi was recently promoted at work. To celebrate her promotion, her boss took her out for dinner. While at the dinner, he stated that she could return the favour of her promotion and put his hand on her leg. What type of sexual harassment is this?
    1. Quid pro quo
    2. Psychological
    3. Hostile work environment
    4. Derogatory manipulation
77. Kaden thought he was being funny by repeatedly making advances towards a co-worker named Brittany. He would ask her out most days and pretend he was completely in love with her. What he did not realize was that all this attention made Brittany very uncomfortable. Though he may think his actions are innocuous, what type of sexual harassment is he actually engaging in?
    1. Derogatory manipulation
    2. Psychological abuse
    3. Hostile work environment
    4. Quid pro quo
78. Which of the following individuals is most at risk of being sexually harassed in the workplace?
    1. Golshan, a young female in a wheelchair working in a low-paying office job
    2. Fateema, an immigrant working as a waitress and being paid under-the-table
    3. Riza, a Muslim male working in a company with individuals that are predominantly Christian or Jewish
    4. All of the individuals above are at increased risk of being sexually harassed in the workplace.
79. You’ve been at your job for about a year, and have asked to switch to another department within the company that you think would be a better fit for you. Then one of the managers from that department offers to buy you a coffee so that you can discuss the move. You accept, but it soon becomes clear that the manager wants a sexual favour in exchange for moving you to the new department. What should you do?
    1. Refuse the manager’s proposition, but don’t report the incident in hopes that it will not affect your chances.
    2. Agree to the manager’s proposition; you really want to move your career forward.
    3. Talk directly to the manager about why his proposition is inappropriate and how it makes you feel.
    4. Seek out the human resources department and let them handle investigating the complaint.
80. You are a female university student studying engineering, and you happen to be the only female in your tutorial for an engineering class. The teaching assistant has made some inappropriate sexual comments during one of your tutorials. What should you do?
    1. Report the incident to the appropriate authorities at your university.
    2. Use social media to out the teaching assistant to other students that may potentially take a class with the same teaching assistant in the future.
    3. Talk to the teaching assistant; they may not realize that what they said was inappropriate.
    4. Nothing; the teaching assistant grades all your papers and you wouldn’t want to risk getting a lower mark.
81. Which theory is based largely on feminist perspectives and suggests that gender inequality and sexism in society leads to sexual harassment?
    1. Socio-cultural theory
    2. Sex-role spillover theory
    3. Natural/biological theory
    4. Organizational theory
82. In late 2011, there were reports that Cain had sexually harassed several female employees during his tenure as CEO at the National Restaurant Association. In at least two of the cases, the women had previously settled civil suits with the association in exchange for their agreement to not discuss the allegations further. One of the women who publicly came forward reported that Cain had sexually assaulted her when she approached him for assistance in getting her job back at the association or finding a new job; when she questioned him about what he was doing, he replied, “You want a job, right?” Which theory best illustrates the conditions that promoted sexual harassment in this excerpt?
    1. Four-factor theory
    2. Organizational theory
    3. Natural/biological theory
    4. Sex-role spillover theory
83. Which theory best describes the following description of sexual harassment? Marina was recently promoted to her first managerial position at the company she has been working at for five years. She now manages at team of six. For the first few months, everything went well, but lately one of her reports has started making lewd comments to her during their biweekly meetings.
    1. Natural/biological theory
    2. Sociocultural theory
    3. Organizational theory
    4. Sex-role spillover theory
84. Which theory best describes the following description of sexual harassment? Gail was recently laid off from her job at a small company that’s been having some financial difficulties. When she emails the CEO to ask for a reference, he replies with an offer to help her find a job if she will go out to dinner with him.
    1. Natural/biological theory
    2. Organizational theory
    3. Sociocultural theory
    4. Sex-role spillover theory
85. Which theory of sexual harassment would predict that Teresa, a vice president at a technology company, may be more likely to be harassed than Julia, her lower-ranking administrative assistant?
    1. The socio-cultural theory
    2. The sex-role spillover theory
    3. The natural/biological theory
    4. The organizational theory
86. In cases of sexual assault, a harasser may have the belief that a woman should not be in a position of managing others despite the organizational perspective that workers should be able to advance and be in leadership positions without regard to gender. As a result of this gap between the individual belief and the organizational perspective, conflict is likely to arise in which the harasser’s sex-role stereotypes are different from actual gender roles. Which theory best explains this scenario in which sexual harassment may occur?
    1. Natural/biological theory
    2. Sex-role spillover theory
    3. Sociocultural theory
    4. Four-factor theory
87. In 2009, in which province were criminal harassment rates higher than the national average?
    1. Newfoundland
    2. British Columbia
    3. Manitoba
    4. Prince Edward Island
88. Stalking can have severe psychological, economical, and social impacts on victims. What differentiates stalking from most other types of sexual assault and is important to consider for those working with this population?
    1. Stalking is less invasive and can easily be treated.
    2. Stalking is chronic and may have a range of lasting impact.
    3. Most people are unaware they are being stalked.
    4. Stalking is very rare.
89. Which of the following may be used to curb stalking behaviour in Canada?
    1. Restraining order
    2. Protection order
    3. Peace bond
    4. All of the above
90. In Canada, what percent of people who are criminally harassed are harassed by someone they know?
    1. 22%
    2. 48%
    3. 62%
    4. 88%

Short Answer Questions

1. Frank often pats Camila’s bottom when she is using the photocopier at work. Frank thinks it’s a sign of affection but Camila doesn’t like it. Frank’s actions could best be described as __________ __________.

2. Committing rape is a criterion that is necessary but not sufficient for the DSM-5 diagnosis of __________ __________ disorder.

3. If Gabbi and Trent have consensual sexual intercourse and Gabbi is 12 and Trent is 13, this is considered legal and consensual because of the __________-__________-__________ exception.

4. The age of consent for __________ __________ is 18 years in Canada, with no “close-in-age” exceptions.

5. A(n) __________ estimate is based on documented cases of a certain condition, such as sexual assault, during a given period of time.

6. A(n) __________ estimate can be generated using a survey.

7. According to rape trauma syndrome, the __________ phase of the response pattern lasts about one to two months.

8. Many victims of sexual assault develop __________-__________ __________ __________, which can consist of sleep problems, depression, flashbacks, and anxiety.

9. __________ __________ are widely held beliefs that serve to legitimize sexual assault.

10. If one is being harassed by a non-relative, a __________ __________ may be the best legal action to take.

11. An acquaintance of Hailey’s forced Hailey to perform oral sex on him. Hailey is a victim of __________ __________.

12. Laws pertaining to the age of consent are biased against people who have __________ sex.

13. “For a sexual purpose, touching, directly or indirectly, with a part of the body or with an object, any part of the body of a person under the age of 16 years” is the definition of __________ __________.

14. In Canada, __________ women and girls are particularly vulnerable to sex trafficking.

15. Burgess and Holmstrom (1974) proposed __________ __________ __________, which is a two-phase pattern of response to sexual assault.

16. In the __________ __________ of the rape trauma syndrome victims attempt to restore order in their lives and re-establish a sense of control.

17. There seems to be substantial evidence that many men engage in __________ tactics to get their partners to have sex with them.

18. Annie was sexually assaulted two years ago. The experience resulted in her realizing the importance of her family and friends. This is an example of __________-__________ __________.

19. Sexual assaults are more likely to occur inside than outside. This is an example of a __________ characteristic that leads to sexual assault.

20. The notion that certain personal characteristics can make an individual more vulnerable to sexual assault is known as __________ __________ theory.

Essay Questions

1. Compare the legal definitions of “rape” and “sexual assault” in Canada prior to 1983 and in Canada today, and explain why the definition was changed.
2. What are the main characteristics of the Criminal Code regarding sexual assault since 1983?
3. Describe rape trauma syndrome (RTS).
4. Provide three rape myths from the text and explain why they are not true.
5. Discuss evidence that contradicts the following two rape myths:
   1. “Women cause men to sexually assault by the way they look or dress.”
   2. “Sexual assault usually occurs outside and at night.”
6. If someone is sexually assaulted, what are three things that you could say/do immediately to help them?
7. Outline Lalumière and colleagues’ three main routes to sexual offending.
8. What effects can sexual harassment have on the environment of an organization? What can be done to address this?
9. The text provides a number of theories that seek to explain why sexual harassment occurs. Discuss one of these theories and provide an example.