Research Over Age And Time Full Test Bank Ch.12 Gorvine

Test bank questions

1. Describe what a cross-sectional design is and discuss one strength and one weakness of it.
2. Describe what a longitudinal design is and discuss out one strength and three weaknesses.
3. Describe what a cross-sequential design is, identify one challenge it helps other designs over come, and two weaknesses it has.
   
4. Describe what a microgenetic design is, and discuss one strength and one weakness.
5. Describe three challenges that developmental research faces

1. The outcome of not having equivalent measures across two age groups is that…

1. one age group will always be at ceiling.
2. one age group will be always at floor while the other will be at ceiling.
3. the results are not valid but you might not be able to detect this.
4. the results are not valid, but are still reliable.

2. Which of the following descriptions about research on topics related to change-over-time is most accurate?

1. Maturation is generally used to refer to issues related to one’s experiences. whereas development is used to refer to only genetic influences on change.
2. Maturation is generally used to refer to issues related to one’s genetic makeup, whereas development is a broader umbrella term.
3. Learning is generally used to refer to issues related to experience and maturation is generally used to refer to only issues related to the latter portion of one’s life (adulthood through death).
4. Development is a broad umbrella term for learning and maturation that does not include aging.

3. A researcher hopes to study how independence levels in children differ across age groups, but also how it develops across time. As an expert, what do you recommend (assuming resources are not an issue)?

1. A microgenetic approach
2. A cross-sectional approach
3. An accelerated longitudinal approach
4. A longitudinal approach

4. One method of studying behavioral change over time is the microgenetic approach. What is not a feature of this research method?

1. This method involves following participants from different age groups over long periods of time.
2. This method can yield both qualitative and quantitative data.
3. This method allows researchers to understand transitions in behavior.
4. This method usually includes relatively few participants but the participants are measured often over a relatively short period.

5. The design of this study is…

1. longitudinal.
2. cross-sectional.
3. archival.
4. cross-sequential.

6. Which of the following is a valid implication of the findings?

1. Poor emotional and social adjustment to college caused students to drop out.
2. Good academic adjustment to college caused students to stay in the program.
3. If a student from the study dropped out, they likely had lower emotional and social adjustment scores than a student who had not dropped out.
4. Students who stayed in college had high levels of emotional, social and academic adjustment scores.

7. Based on the design of the study, which issue would be of largest concern to the researchers compared to using other possible designs?

8. If the researchers had instead only recruited individuals who had dropped out and those who showed strong academic achievement as their participants and taken measures of emotional and social adjustment just once to compare their differences, this would suggest that…

9. Which of the following is not true regarding the findings of the study?

1. Since the participants came from a single college, the findings might not be generalizable to students from other colleges within the same country.
2. Concluding that adjustment predicted attrition is not valid because the researchers could not randomly assign participants to either graduate college or drop out.
3. Since the participants came from the same country, the findings might not be generalizable to college students from other countries.
4. The findings reported in the abstract do not allow us to make conclusions about the role of adjustment and how successful an individual is in life after college.

10. Which of the following is not a weakness or confound that comes with using a cross-sectional design?

11. Which of the following are a potential weakness or potential confound with using a longitudinal design?

12. Which type of design recruits multiple age groups and retains these participants over a period of time for repeated testing?

13. Why must researchers be mindful of subject payments to maintain their participation in a longitudinal study?

14. A researcher wants to understand how graduating seniors and incoming freshmen differ on their level of reading comprehension. He hopes to examine how much the individuals have learned over their four years in high school. An important part of his research is to examine individual changes over time and not just age-group differences. Which design is most appropriate for his research question?

15. How do the strengths of a longitudinal design overcome some of the shortcomings in a cross-sectional design?

16. A researcher is conducting a study on how 6- and 10-year-olds’ working memory is associated with readings skills. Which of the following is a bigger concern than the others?

17. Which of the following is a key advantage unique to a microgenetic design that is difficult to achieve using other methods?

18. Which of the following descriptions is likely part of a microgenetic study?

19. A cross-sequential design generally requires which of the following?

20. Aging, in the context of developmental research, usually refers to…

21. What kind of design would this be?

22. One of the researchers is making the argument that they need to determine the frequency at which they obtain data. What is this researcher trying to determine?

23. If the researchers need to conduct this research in a shorter period of time, which of the following would be the best option to maintain their ability to answer their research question?

24. Which of the following is not a challenge that the researchers are likely to face?

1. Which of the following would be evidence that this research study was not well-motivated by past literature?
2. A body of literature did not find evidence that puberty impacts parental warmth.
3. A body of literature that suggests that puberty affects parental warmth.
4. A body of literature that did not find evidence that self-esteem impact how puberty progresses.
5. A body of literature that did not find evidence that self-esteem changes during puberty.
6. Maturation is generally a catchall term for development, aging, learning, and change over time.
7. Aging generally refers to the latter part of the lifespan.
8. Cross-sectional designs generally take the longest to complete, compared to microgenetic and longitudinal.
9. One weakness of a cross-sectional design is that they could have a difficult time distinguishing between different possible reasons that cause differences between age groups, including cohort effects.
10. Cross-sectional designs tend to overestimate variability within an age group.
11. Longitudinal research designs always recruit participants of various age groups and measures them at least on three different instances.
12. Longitudinal designs can be heavily influenced by subject attrition, if the research is not able to effectively retain participants over the course of the study.
13. A cross-sequential design incorporates aspects of both microgenetic and longitudinal designs.
14. Cross-sectional designs can test directly for cohort effects.
15. A micrognetic design is useful for examining changes that occur over long periods of time.
16. Seigler and Growley (1991) argue that one of the characteristics that defines a mcirogenetic approach is to have densely packed observations.
17. One difference that microgenetic designs compared to longitudinal and cross-sectional approaches is that they are not influenced by repeated testing.
18. Finding equivalent measures generally means to obtain measures equally valid for different participants in your study.
19. Researchers using a cross-sectional design generally do not need to worry about determining appropriate sampling intervals between time points.
20. Using payments is a method of retaining participants, although it might be difficult to determine the appropriate amount at times.