Ch11 Test Bank Neuroscience Methods

Test bank questions

1. Discuss two ethical concerns of neuroscience research by explaining why researchers need to be aware of them for the wellbeing of participants.
2. Compare and contrast two different neuroimaging techniques that require different machines and/or apparatus by highlighting a strength and a weakness of each technique.
3. Briefly describe how an MRI machine works by discussing what the machine does to particles in the human body. Your answer should include how radiofrequency pulses are generated and what relaxation means.
4. Describe what motion artifact is by explaining what techniques can produce them, and how this influences the design of neuroscience research.
5. Discuss the EEG technique and the type of data that researcher obtains. Then discuss how measuring ERP is uses this technique.
6. When compared to an fMRI, an EEG has…
7. higher spatial resolution.
8. a harder time with a wide age range due to potential motion artifacts.
9. data that is harder to process because participants must keep their heads still.
10. higher temporal resolution.
11. The general way in which hemodynamic response work to produce a measurable BOLD response in the context of fMRI research is that brain regions that are more activated require more…
12. water.
13. fat.
14. glucose.
15. oxygen.
16. In using EEG, the wavelengths of an excited and stimulated young child is generally _____________ than when that same child is sleeping.
17. shorter in length
18. thicker
19. noisier
20. longer in length

4. Questions 4 through 7 are based on the following abstract taken from the journal Trends in Neuroscience and Education (citation below). The authors of the paper examined two different methods of mathematics instruction and used brain-imaging techniques to demonstrate how the methods might influence learning. Instructors are advised to use the reference below to retrieve the original abstract for their use.

1. From the abstract, what can we know about brain activity in the angular gyrus of participants?
2. There were larger spikes in the brain waves recorded from the angular gyrus of participants who had created this solution method themselves as compared to participants who were presented with a solution method.
3. There were greater blood-oxygen-level changes in the angular gyrus of participants who had created the solution method themselves as compared to participants who were presented with a solution method.
4. There were smaller blood-oxygen-level changes in the angular gyrus of participants who had created the solution method themselves as compared to participants who were presented with a solution method.
5. There were smaller spikes in the brain waves recorded from the angular gyrus of participants who had created the solution method themselves as compared to participants who were presented with a solution method.
6. What information cannot be obtained by the methods of the study?
7. How quickly the angular gyrus increases its activation while the participant is solving a test question.
8. How strongly the fronto-parietal network is activated during the test phase across conditions.
9. How other brain regions differ from each other in terms of activation.
10. How strongly other brain regions are activated during test phase.
11. The researchers would like to test that the fronto-parietal region in the brain plays an essential role for solving mathematics problems by randomly assigning participants to receive a procedure that causes a small group of neurons to fire in a particular region in the brain. Which procedure are they using?
12. CT
13. PET
14. EEG
15. TMS
16. In this study, which of the following would most likely disqualify the participant from participating (i.e., which of the following would make a participant ineligible to participate)?
17. Having corrected-vision
18. Being right-handed
19. Having claustrophobia
20. Having a record of taking math through high school
21. Which of the following might be a strong concern of the IRB and a corresponding request that they might make?
22. Researchers should not only recruit right-handed individuals for a study like this. They must include an equal sized sample of left-handed individuals.
23. The research team is using a procedure that is too invasive and dangerous. They should use a different apparatus.
24. The research team should compensate the group with tumors more than the group without since they are receiving the experimental manipulation.
25. The research team should provide a source of diagnosis and treatment (if necessary) for the group who is found to have brain tumors near Wernicke’s area.
26. In the first phase of the research, the researcher is likely using a(n)…
27. fMRI.
28. MRI
29. NIRS.
30. EEG.
31. In phase 2 and 3 of the research, the researcher is more interested in _______________ than ________________.
32. brain waves; BOLD response
33. brain region; response timing
34. response timing; brain region
35. discrete brain response; brain region
36. For this study, it is most likely that…
37. the second and third phase of the research should use different groups of participants because visual and audio stimuli should not be shown to the same group.
38. the second and third phase of the research should use different brain scan techniques because one is showing visual stimuli while the other is showing audio stimuli.
39. all the phases of the research uses the same type of machine to do brain scans.
40. the first phase and third phase uses the same type of machine to do brain scans but the second phase uses a different type of machine.
41. The purpose of dMRI is to examine ______________ between brain areas.
42. activation
43. usage
44. connections
45. motion artifacts

13. What technique most likely generated the brain image below?

1. EEG
2. ERP
3. dMRI
4. fMRI
5. MRI machines generate what kind of pulse?
6. Radiofrequency
7. Magneticfrequency
8. Radioactive
9. Nuclearmagnetic
10. MRI machines _______________ the _______________ of hydrogen atoms
11. disrupt; nuclei
12. disrupt; protons
13. align; protons
14. vibrate; bonds
15. Which of the following reasons is a primary disadvantage that CT scans have over MRI, fMRI, and dMRI?
16. CT scans only show structure whereas MRI, fMRI, and dMRI are all methods that allow researchers to examine brain activation.
17. CT scans uses X-rays and expose participants to radiation.
18. CT scans are better for examining research questions about timing whereas MRI, fMRI, and dMRI look at brain regions.
19. CT scans are only usable on adults, whereas MRI, fMRI, and dMRI can be used effectively as early as infancy.
20. NIRS is a technique that uses _____________________ and measures the extent to which it ____________________________.
21. radiation; gets absorbed into the brain
22. light; reflects
23. sound; reflects
24. magnetic; pulses
25. ERP allows researchers to examine changes in...
26. which specific regions of the brain activated.
27. how specific brain regions interact.
28. blood oxygen levels in the brain.
29. brainwave patterns.
30. Which of the following likely contributed to the increase in neuroscience research?
31. Technological advancements
32. Increased stringency in ethical conduct
33. Increased awareness of how radiation influences the brain
34. None of the above are legitimate reasons.
35. When using EEG to obtain data, one of the weaknesses is that it…
36. can only measure one type of brainwave at a time.
37. can only tell you about regions of interest and nothing about other parts of the brain.
38. can often lead to very noisy or messy data with lots of variability and thus requires many trials.
39. can only be used with adults.
40. A researcher is interested in assessing how visual stimuli that portrays prejudice is processed by the brain compared with stimuli that portrays neutral stimuli. To verify his team’s hypothesis that this specific region of the brain is, indeed, involved with the processing of prejudice information, the team should use…
41. an fMRI scan.
42. an MRI scan.
43. an EEG.
44. a CT scan.
45. Which of the following is a safety concern when using an MRI machine?
46. The participant needs to be awake and cannot fall asleep.
47. The participant should not be wearing or have any ferromagnetic materials in their body.
48. The participant must be tested for allergies to radioactive substances.
49. The participant should be claustrophobic.
50. In the context of psychological science, which of the following provide a way for researchers to interpret and validate data obtained from neuroimaging techniques?
51. Researcher self-report
52. Use of multiple neuroimaging techniques
53. Behavioral measures completed by the research participant
54. All of the above are equally useful methods.
55. Which of the following statements is false regarding the use of neuroscience?
56. There is still room for neuroscience techniques to evolve and improve.
57. Individuals, especially those with less expertise, are more skeptical about neuroscience evidence than evidence without a neuroscience explanation.
58. Neuroscience techniques usually still lead to outcomes with measurement error.
59. Neuroscience techniques often generate large amounts of data that require specialized expertise to analyze.
60. Tractography serves what purpose in which neuroimaging technique?
61. It draws the wave patterns in when using EEG or measuring ERP.
62. It measures the number of voxels that are activated in fMRI.
63. It measures neural pathways in dMRI.
64. It measures relative size in MRI.
65. dMRI scans help researchers understand regions that have high concentrations of oxygenated blood
66. If a researcher is interested in the timing of brain activity, he or she should use EEG or measure ERP
67. In EEG research, brainwaves with longer wavelengths generally mean deeper and more abstract cognitive processing.
68. fMRI provides greater spatial resolution than EEG does
69. fMRI scans generally use a gray scale with darker colors (i.e, black) representing greater activation and light (i.e., white) colors representing relatively lower activation
70. MRI technology uses a radiofrequency pulse to push protons of hydrogen atoms out of alignment.
71. fMRI enables researchers to obtain images of the brain while the brain is processing information.
72. When using fMRI, researchers are measuring hemodynamic responses.
73. As long as you have protected the safety of the participant who is undergoing a neuroimaging procedure, there are generally no other ethical concerns in neuroscience research.
74. T2-weighted images differ from T1-weighted images in that they are generated from stronger radiofrequency pulses and are therefore higher in spatial resolution.
75. ERPs can measure changes in a person’s EEG procedure when faced with a specific target stimuli.
76. In an MRI scan of any sorts, the participant generally needs to keep their head still to prevent motion artifacts.
77. MRI, fMRI, and dMRI use the same scanning technology and machine.
78. EEG is a technique that can be used with children and adults, and is generally easy to administer.
79. Neuroscience research has been so popular lately that the fad has caused individuals to be skeptical of their findings.