Principles and Practice Research Ch.7 Full Test Bank Bryman

Chapter 7: Where Do Principles and Practice Meet in Research? Study Design

Test Bank

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 1

1) A framework for collecting and analyzing data and for presenting results is known as

Page reference: Introduction

a. Qualitative research

b. Quantitative research

c. Study design

d. Research methods

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 2

2) Which of the following is a question a researcher would ask to begin to shape their research design?

Page reference: Introduction

a. What have other researchers done?

b. All of these

c. How many times do you need to observe the phenomenon of interest?

d. How many people or instances do you need to observe?

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 3

3) Which of the following is not a research design commonly used in social research?

Page reference: Introduction

a. Longitudinal

b. Experimental

c. Quantitative research

d. Cross-sectional

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 4

4) What type of research involves the researcher or research team working with the people who are the focus of the study to design and implement the research?

Page reference: Box 7.1

a. Participatory Action Research

b. Qualitative Research

c. Cross-sectional research

d. Longitudinal research

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 5

5) Who did the CUNY research team recruit to participate in their research methods seminar?

Page reference: Box 7.1

a. Formerly incarcerated women

b. Inmates of a women’s prison

c. Graduate students

d. Correctional officers

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 6

6) Though the CUNY team had a goal of co-facilitating all aspects of the research process, which of the following made that difficult?

Page reference: Box 7.1

a. All of these

b. Researchers could not access locked cabinets to store data

c. Recording devices were not allowed

d. There was a fear of retaliation

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 7

7) A research design that rules out alternative explanations of findings by randomly assigning participants to one of two groups is known as ___________.

Page reference: Experiments

a. Experimental design

b. Cross-sectional design

c. Longitudinal design

d. Case study

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 8

8) A research design that generates findings that can be applied to the general population represented by the sample studied is known as __________.

Page reference: Box 7.2

a. Idiographic

b. Nomothetic

c. Causal

d. Qualitative

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 9

9) A research design that involves a detailed story or description of the people studied is known as ____________.

Page reference: Box 7.2

a. Causal

b. Nomothetic

c. Idiographic

d. Quantitative

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 10

10) Which of the following study designs is not compatible with a nomothetic explanation?

Page reference: Table 7.1

a. Case Study

b. Longitudinal

c. Experimental

d. Cross-sectional

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 11

11) Which of the following study designs is not appropriate for an idiographic approach?

Page reference: Table 7.1

a. Case study

b. Longitudinal

c. Cross-sectional

d. Experimental

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 12

12) In a true experiment, which group experiences a manipulation?

Page reference: Manipulation

a. The control group only

b. The control group and the experimental group

c. The experimental group only

d. None of these

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 13

13) The independent variable in Pager’s experimental research was

Page reference: Experiments

a. Criminal record

b. Physical appearance

c. Job history

d. Education

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 14

14) Which of the following is not one of the findings of Pager’s experimental research?

Page reference: Experiments

a. African Americans were less than half as likely to receive consideration by employers.

b. Black nonoffenders experienced more employment discrimination than whites with prior convictions.

c. Whites and blacks experienced equal amounts of employment discrimination when they had a criminal record.

d. All of these

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 15

15) Which of the following is not one of the challenges of the experimental design?

Page reference: Experiments

a. Experiments are incompatible with online research.

b. Many independent variables of interest are incompatible with an experimental design.

c. Ethical issues can arise with experimental designs

d. The complexity of social life cannot be easily simulated in experimental designs.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 16

16) Which of the following is a strength of field experiments?

Page reference: Experiments

a. They allow social processes to unfold in natural situations.

b. Researchers can control the independent variable in a simulated environment.

c. Researchers do not have to worry about ethical issues in a field experiment.

d. None of these

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 17

17) Which is not a type of data collection utilized by Rivera and Tilcsik?

Page reference: Mixed Methods in Action

a. An audit experiment

b. A survey experiment

c. Content analysis

d. Qualitative interviews

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 18

18) Despite all the fictious applicants graduating from selective law schools, which group was most advantaged in Rivera and Tilcsik’s study?

Page reference: Mixed Methods in Action

a. Higher-class men

b. Higher-class women

c. Middle-class women

d. Lower-class men

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 19

19) Which of the following is not the main finding of Rivera and Tilcsik’s study?

Page reference: Mixed Methods in Action

a. Social class impacted the likelihood of an applicate being invited for a job interview.

b. Gender had a causal impact on the social class of an applicant.

c. None of these

d. There was a causal relationship between gender and the likelihood of being invited for an interview.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 20

20) A research design whose logic and process does not involved the same manipulation and control of influences is known as ______________.

Page reference: Quasi-experiments

a. Experiments

b. Quasi-experiments

c. Case study

d. Cross-sectional design

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 21

21) Dr. Howe compares the number of DWI convictions before and after a law is passed increasing the penalty. What type of research design is he using?

Page reference: Quasi-experiments

a. Experiments

b. Quasi-experiments

c. Case study

d. Cross-sectional design

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 22

22) Research undertaken to assess the impact of real-life interventions, like policy changes and social programs is known as ______________.

Page reference: Quasi-experiments

a. Quasi-experiments

b. Evaluation research

c. Participatory action research

d. Longitudinal research

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 23

23) Yoo and team evaluated what type of program in their research study?

Page reference: Quasi-experiments

a. A youth social justice action program

b. A youth empowerment organization

c. A drug intervention program

d. An abstinence-only teen pregnancy program

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 24

24) What best describes the findings from Kirby et al.’s research study on sex education?

Page reference: Box 7.3

a. In developed countries, sex education had a neutral impact on young people’s sexual behavior.

b. Overall, sex education programs had a positive impact on young people’s sexual behavior.

c. In developing countries, sex education had a positive impact on young people’s sexual behavior.

d. None of these

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 25

25) A study design were data is collected at one point in time is called a _______.

Page reference: Cross-sectional design

a. Cross-sectional design

b. Longitudinal design

c. Snapshot design

d. Qualitative design

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 26

26) In which type of study design is it difficult to determine causal ordering?

Page reference: Cross-sectional designs

a. Quasi-experimental

b. Longitudinal

c. Experimental

d. Cross-sectional

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 27

27) Most types of quantitative social research employs this type of research design:

Page reference: Cross-sectional designs

a. Quasi-experimental

b. Longitudinal

c. Experimental

d. Cross-sectional

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 28

28) In Sweet’s qualitative cross-sectional research, she found that advocates and providers use what term to explain women’s vulnerability to violence?

Page reference: Cross-sectional designs

a. Patriarchy

b. Risk

c. Criminal background

d. Physical characteristics

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 29

29) Which of the following is not a finding from Grollman’s quantitative cross-sectional research?

Page reference: Cross-sectional designs

a. Experiences of discrimination are associated with risky sexual behaviors.

b. There was no relationship between experiences of discrimination and use of contraceptives.

c. Experiences of discrimination related to risky outcomes and the negative outcomes of those behaviors.

d. Negative outcomes of risky sexual behaviors were not related to discrimination.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 30

30) When a researcher collects data on at least two separate occasions, they are using a ___________________.

Page reference: Longitudinal design

Incorrect

a. Quasi-experimental

b. Longitudinal

c. Experimental

d. Cross-sectional

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 31

31) Dr. Ryder collects data on a group of school-aged children at the beginning and the end of their third-grade year. What type of research design is she using?

Page reference: Longitudinal design

a. Quasi-experimental

b. Longitudinal

c. Experimental

d. Cross-sectional

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 32

32) Which of the following is not a type of longitudinal design?

Page reference: Longitudinal designs

a. All of these

b. Panel study

c. Trend study

d. Cohort study

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 33

33) Which type of longitudinal design involves studying the same people on at least two occasions?

Page reference: Longitudinal designs

a. Panel study

b. Trend study

c. Cohort study

d. None of these

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 34

34) Which type of longitudinal design involves studying people from the same population on at least two occasions?

Page reference: Longitudinal designs

a. Panel study

b. Trend study

c. Cohort study

d. All of these

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 35

35) Which of the following is not an example of a cohort?

Page reference: Longitudinal designs

a. Students who missed high school graduation due to COVID-19

b. Children who started kindergarten during the pandemic

c. The Baby-boomer generation

d. Alumni from your college

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 36

36) When research participants’ behavior or reports of behavior is influenced by being involved in a longitudinal study, this is known as __________.

Page reference: Longitudinal designs

a. Bias

b. Cohort conditioning effect

c. Panel conditioning effect

d. None of these

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 37

37) Which type of longitudinal research is not vulnerable to panel conditioning effects?

Page reference: Longitudinal designs

a. Panel only

b. Cohort only

c. Cohort and trend

d. Panel and cohort

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 38

38) A ______________ design involves a detailed analysis of a single or a small number of examples.

Page reference: Case Study Design

a. Cross-sectional

b. Case study

c. Longitudinal

d. Cohort

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 39

39) Which of the following can be a case for study?

Page reference: Case Study Design

a. A community

b. An organization

c. All of these

d. A person

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 40

40) Lane is doing a case study of the aftermath of Hurricane Maria. The type of case is likely to be ____________.

Page reference: Case Studies

a. An organization

b. A person

c. A neighborhood

d. An event

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 41

41) Flores describe all of the following except _____________ as narratives men used when exiting gang life.

Page reference: Methods in Motion

a. Renouncing gang associated masculinities

b. Addiction

c. Cutting ties with family

d. Recovery

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 42

42) Case studies can be distinguished from other research designs based on all of the following except?

Page reference: Case studies

a. The idiographic goal of the study

b. Rich description of features of the case

c. Focus on a case that is unique to time or place

d. Utilizing a qualitative approach

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 43

43) Bor’s analysis of the 2016 presidential election utilized which type of data?

Page reference: Box 7.4

a. State-level voting data and life-expectancy data

b. Life-expectancy data and funding amounts for public health

c. Funding for public health and county-level voting data

d. County-level voting data and data on life expectancy

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 44

44) An approach to research that consists of observation, measurement, and the formulation, testing, and revising of hypotheses is known as

Page reference: Systematic Study and the Question of Objectivity

a. Scientific method

b. Quantitative analysis

c. Statistical analysis

d. Objectivity

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 45

45) Knowles and Tropp found that whites who had less support for Trump ________.

a. Experienced economic struggle.

b. Had a lower sense of threat from diversity

c. Viewed racial and ethnic diversity as a threat

d. Had a higher education level

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 46

46) Which of the following is not a type of case study identified by Yin?

Page reference: Case studies

a. Longitudinal

b. Critical

c. Extreme/Unique

d. Revelatory

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 47

47) Which of the following is the best example of an extreme case?

Page reference: Case studies

a. Festinger and teams study of a doomsday/UFO case

b. The impact of COVID-19

c. None of these

d. Mead’s study of Samoan youth

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 48

48) According to Yin, a case study where a researcher considers a phenomenon not previously studied is called a(n)

Page reference: Case studies

a. Critical case

b. Extreme case

c. Revelatory case

d. Unique case

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 49

49) Lynd and Lynd did a longitudinal case study of “Middletown” and found that

Page reference: Box 7.5

a. Post-Vietnam War the community was less cohesive.

b. The community did not change in terms of culture and attitudes between 1924-5 and 1935

c. The community grew more conservative over the period it was studied and restudied.

d. Little had changed in the attitudes and culture during the duration of the study.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 50

50) Which of the following is not reflected in the study design?

a. A distinct orientation as either longitudinal or cross-sectional

b. Current theoretical understandings

c. Available resources and researcher’s interests

d. Ethical concerns and commitments

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 7 Question 1

1) A study design is a framework for collecting and analysing the data needed to answer a research question.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 7 Question 2

2) Reviewing what other researchers have done is an important aspect of research design.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 7 Question 3

3) Practical concerns when designing a research study include time, funding, team members, and inside connections.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 7 Question 4

4) Participatory Action Research (PAR) involves a researcher alone studying a particular group in order to advocate for social change.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 7 Question 5

5) Experimental designs are not considered a sociological research design.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 7 Question 6

6) In a true experiment, the control group is exposed to the influence and the experimental group is not exposed to the same influence.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 7 Question 7

7) Nomothetic explanations provide a rich description of individuals or small groups, typically through qualitative methods.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 7 Question 8

8) Nomothetic explanations are often causal explanations.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 7 Question 9

9) In experimental research, the dependent variable is manipulated to determine its influence on the independent variable.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 7 Question 10

10) Pager’s research found that white men and black men were equally impacted by indicating a criminal record when applying for jobs.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 7 Question 11

11) A challenge of experimental research is that many dependent variables cannot be manipulated.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 7 Question 12

12) In quasi-experimental designs, the experimental group is subject to a condition.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 7 Question 13

13) An example of a quasi-experiment would be comparing data on gun deaths before and after a gun control law was passed.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 7 Question 14

14) Suyemoto and her team evaluated the impact of a social justice program on how a group of Asian American youth viewed social justice and their own racial/ethnic identity.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 7 Question 15

15) Cross-section research designs allow for before-and-after comparisons

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 7 Question 16

16) It is possible to establish a causal relationship using cross-sectional designs.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 7 Question 17

17) Qualitative research is ill-suited for cross-sectional research designs.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 7 Question 18

18) Longitudinal research designs examine cases at one point in time and then again at a later time.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 7 Question 19

19) Trend studies research the same people from the same population on at least two different occasions.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 7 Question 20

20) A cohort is a group of people who share an experience, like high school seniors who missed the end of their senior year due to COVID-19.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 7 Question 21

21) Attrition is when a respondent’s behaviour is impacted by their continued participate in a longitudinal study.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 7 Question 22

22) Knowles and Tropp (2018) found in their case study work that regardless of their economic situation, white people reported feeling threatened by racial diversity.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 7 Question 23

23) Festinger et al’s study of a doomsday cult is an example of a critical case study.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 7 Question 24

24) Lynd and Lynd’s research of “Middletown” is an example of a cross-sectional case study.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 7 Question 25

25) Distinctions among study designs are not always clear cut and can overlap

a. True

b. False

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 1

1) What is the relationship between theory and study design?

Feedback: Theory can be the start of the design (deductive) or the outcome of the design (inductive.) Theory can shape whether there is a quantitative or qualitative approach. Design should reflect insights from previous research.

Section reference: Intro

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 2

2) What are some practical concerns when designing a study?

Feedback: What resources are needed to complete the research? What modes of inquiry appeal to you?

Section reference: Intro

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 3

3) Why is it important to review what other researchers have done when designing a study?

Feedback: Reviewing past research can provide insight on how others designed their research. You can gain insight on standards that might be used in the design or decide to challenge the standards.

Section reference: Introduction

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 4

4) Explain the difference between a nomothetic and idiographic research approach. What can be learned from these two approaches? Support your answer with examples from the text.

Feedback: Nomothetic explanations can be generalized to the broader population. Idiographic explanations provide rich description of individuals or small groups.

Section reference: Table 7.1 and Box 7.2

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 5

5) How is a Participatory Action Research study design different from other types of research studies? What are some of the benefits and challenges that the CUNY research group experienced when using this approach to study the impact of the “College Bound” program?

Feedback: In this type of researcher, people who are the focus of the study work with the researcher to design and implement the study.

Section reference: Box 7.1

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 6

6) Outline the basic components of an experimental design. What are the advantages of this approach? Disadvantages?

Feedback: Respondents are randomly assigned in either an experimental or control group and the two groups are closely matched in order to control for other potential influences. Typically there is a pre-test for both groups. The experimental group is manipulated in some way. Then there is a post-test to compare.

Section reference: Experimental Design

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 7

7) What is the difference between an experimental and quasi-experimental design? Why might a researcher choose one over the other?

Feedback: Quasi-experimental designs resemble an experiment but does not involve the same manipulation and control of influences. Experimental design is more controlled with participants randomly assigned to either a control or experimental group.

Section reference: Experimental Design

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 8

8) Design a quasi-experiment investigating how family structure impacts rental housing discrimination.

Feedback: Answers vary

Section reference: Manipulation and Mixed Methods in Action

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 9

9) What is evaluation research and why is the experimental design well suited for this type of research?

Feedback: Evaluation research assesses the impact of real-life interventions, like policy changes or social programs. Well suited with quasi-experimental designs since the goal is to see whether an initiative worked and it would be unethical or unfeasible to assign research participants into a control group.

Section reference: Quasi-experiments; Box 7.3

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 10

10) Explain the difference between cross-sectional and longitudinal research designs. Cite examples of each from the chapter.

Feedback: Cross sectional captures one snap shot in time from a sample of people. Longitudinal collects information over time.

Section reference: Collecting Data at Different Points in Time

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 11

11) Outline a cross-sectional and longitudinal research design to study how COVID-19 impacted social connections.

Feedback: Answers vary

Section reference: Collecting Data at Different Points in Time

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 12

12) What are the distinguishing characteristics of trend, panel, and cohort studies? Provide an example of each.

Feedback: Trend: different sample each time from same population, same population and same people, sample population with people from same cohort

Section reference: Longitudinal designs

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 13

13) Design a cohort and a panel study investigating how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted educational attainment.

Feedback: Cohort design should include members of a cohort over time. Panel should include collecting data two or more times from the same people.

Section reference: Longitudinal designs

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 14

14) Describe what a cohort is using your own experiences. What experiences/events define your cohort?

Feedback: Answers vary but should refer to something that defines the student’s cohort…for example students who missed their high school graduation due to COVID-19

Section reference: Longitudinal designs

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 15

15) What is a case study design? What are some of the key features of this methodology?

Feedback: Detailed and intensive analysis of a single case or a few cases. Associated with qualitative approaches.

Section reference: Case Study Design

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 16

16) Describe two research designs for studying attitudes towards the Black Lives Matter Movement using a cross-sectional design and a panel study. Describe the approach to each, as well as a strength and weakness of each method.

Feedback: Answers vary

Section reference: Cross-sectional Design/Longitudinal design

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 17

17) You want to understand more about the Black Lives Matter movement and decide to use a case study approach. Describe how you would design a research study with this approach.

Feedback: Answers vary

Section reference: Case Study Design

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 18

18) Summarize the main research goal of Devah Pager’s study. What type of experiment was it? How did the experimental design work in this research study?

Feedback: Pager had black and white men apply for entry-level positions. Applicants were paired on key characteristics and rotated indicating they had a criminal record. Pager found that a criminal record was a barrier for employment, especially for black men.

Section reference: Manipulation

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 19

19) Describe the three types of case studies outlined by Yin (2018.) Provide an example of each from the research described in the chapter.

Feedback: Critical case, extreme/unique case, revelatory case

Section reference: Case Study Design

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 7 Question 20

20) Your campus leadership wants to better understand underage drinking on campus. What research design would you propose using to study this issue? What are the strengths and weaknesses to this approach?

Feedback: Answers vary

Section reference: Chapter