Pre-School Early School Age | Test Questions & Answers Ch.6 - Counseling Through the Lifespan 1e Complete Test Bank by Daniel W. Wong. DOCX document preview.
Chapter 6: Pre-School: Early School Age (Ages 3 to 6)
- Question: According to Piaget, preschoolers are in the _____ stage of cognitive development.
Choices:
a. sensorimotor
b. pre-operational
c. formal operational
d. concrete operational
Cognitive domain: Knowledge
Answer location: Cognitive Development
Question type: MC
- Question: Preschoolers’ thinking is _____ and _____.
Choices:
a. symbolic, egocentric
b. concrete, altruistic
c. hypothetical, autonomous
d. literal, insensitive
Cognitive domain: Comprehension
Answer location: Cognitive Development
Question type: MC
- Question: _____’s concept of the zone of proximal development emphasizes that people in the child’s life influence the child’s cognitive abilities.
Choices:
a. Erikson
b. Vygotsky
c. Watson
d. Piaget
Cognitive domain: Comprehension
Answer location: Cognitive Development
Question type: MC
- Question: According to _____, preschoolers are in a stage referred to as _____, when children tend to think of actions as either always being right or always being wrong.
Choices:
a. Gilligan, conventional thought
b. Kohlberg, postconventional thought
c. Kohlberg, Morality of Constraint
d. Piaget, Morality of Constraint
Cognitive domain: Comprehension
Answer location: Moral Development
Question type: MC
- Question: The primary task for the preschool child, according to Erikson, is to develop_____.
Choices:
a. autonomy
b. trust
c. initiative
d. integrity
Cognitive domain: Knowledge
Answer location: Social and Emotional Development
Question type: MC
- Question: When engaging in _____ play, a child plays in a group that is organized for a purpose (i.e., making something, attaining a competitive goal, imitating adult life, formal games, etc.).
Choices:
a. parallel
b. associative
c. cooperative
d. solitary
Cognitive domain: Application
Answer location: Developmental Levels of Social Play (Table 6.5)
Question type: MC
- Question: Which of the following is not a sign of a great preschool, according to NAEYC?
Choices:
a. classroom is decorated with children’s work
b. children have the opportunity to play outside
c. teachers work with children individually throughout the day
d. worksheets are used frequently to practice letters and numbers
Cognitive domain: Application
Answer location: NAEYC Ten Signs of a Great Preschool (Table 6.6)
Question type: MC
- Question: According to _____, females are typically less concerned with justice and more concerned with caring and preserving relationships when making a decision.
Choices:
a. Erikson
b. Gilligan
c. Bandura
d. Piaget
Cognitive domain: Application
Answer location: Moral Development
Question type: MC
- Question: By the age of _____, children often have a wide group of friends and start truly playing together.
Choices:
a. 5
b. 3
c. 4
d. 7
Cognitive domain: Application
Answer location: Social and Emotional Development
Question type: MC
- Question: _____ play is considered to be the most advanced form of social and symbolic play, when children engage in imitation, drama, and fantasy play together that often involves role playing.
Choices:
a. Socio-dramatic
b. Solitary
c. Associative
d. Cooperative
Cognitive domain: Application
Answer location: Importance of Play
Question type: MC
- Question: Which of the following is not one of Parten’s categories of social play?
Choices:
a. unoccupied behavior
b. dramatic play
c. onlooker behavior
d. cooperative play
Cognitive domain: Application
Answer location: Importance of Play
Question type: MC
- Question: Children may experience peace of mind, self-regulation, and control over their environment during _____ play.
Choices:
a. solitary
b. cooperative
c. sociodramatic
d. associative
Cognitive domain: Application
Answer location: Importance of Play
Question type: MC
- Question: A child’s intelligence and ability to regulate behavior are examples of _____, which can alter their responses to an environmental threat.
Choices:
a. risk factors
b. autonomy
c. protective factors
d. self-efficacy
Cognitive domain: Application
Answer location: Fostering Resilience
Question type: MC
- Question: Which of the following does not foster resilience?
Choices:
a. proactive orientation
b. self-regulation
c. reactive parenting
d. connections and attachments
Cognitive domain: Application
Answer location: Fostering Resilience
Question type: MC
- Question: _____ parents are responsive and have high, realistic expectations.
Choices:
a. Authoritarian
b. Authoritative
c. Passive
d. Neglecting
Cognitive domain: Comprehension
Answer location: Fostering Resilience
Question type: MC
- Question: Children with _____ have an impaired ability to relate socially to others.
Choices:
a. ADHD
b. ODD
c. an autism spectrum disorder
d. cystic fibrosis
Cognitive domain: Comprehension
Answer location: Poor Social Skills
Question type: MC
- Question: The primary emphasis of treatment for _____ is the use of social learning theories that emphasize the crucial role that parenting style and discipline effectiveness play in determining a child’s social competence.
Choices:
a. ODD
b. OCD
c. CD
d. ADHD
Cognitive domain: Analysis
Answer location: Poor Social Skills
Question type: MC
- Question: _____ is an empirically-based approach to eliminate challenging behaviors and replace them with positive social skills.
Choices:
a. CD
b. IDEA
c. PBS
d. FBA
Cognitive domain: Knowledge
Answer location: The Preschool Environment
Question type: MC
- Question: _____ programs use coaching procedures that include four skills that consist of leading peers, asking questions of peers, making comments to peers, and supporting peers.
Choices:
a. PBS
b. FBA
c. IDEA
d. Skills training
Cognitive domain: Knowledge
Answer location: The Preschool Environment
Question type: MC
- Question: Which of the following may exacerbate temper tantrums in preschool children?
Choices:
a. proactive parenting
b. sibling rivalry
c. authoritative parenting
d. consistent discipline
Cognitive domain: Analysis
Answer location: Preschool Age Temper Tantrums
Question type: MC
- Question: Four- and five-year-olds think about cause and effect relationships and express these thoughts to others.
Cognitive domain: Comprehension
Answer location: Cognitive Development
Question type: TF
- Question: Magical thinking and fantasies are common during toddlerhood, which leads to an increase in dramatic play.
Cognitive domain: Comprehension
Answer location: Social and Emotional Development
Question type: TF
- Question: Caregivers should be wary of preschools with too many academic worksheets.
Cognitive domain: Application
Answer location: The Preschool Environment
Question type: TF
- Question: Young children learn best through hands-on, playful activities.
Cognitive domain: Comprehension
Answer location: The Preschool Environment
Question type: TF
- Question: Preschoolers can learn to interact with other people or develop socio-dramatic play when they are using interactive online games.
Cognitive domain: Application
Answer location: Pros and Cons of Technology
Question type: TF
- Question: When working with children exhibiting tantrum behavior or their parents, it is important to remember that the children are throwing tantrums on purpose.
Cognitive domain: Comprehension
Answer location: Preschool Age Temper Tantrums
Question type: TF
- Question: Behavior problems in preschool children are unlikely determine their future socialization skills as they get older.
Cognitive domain: Application
Answer location: Discipline
Question type: TF
- Question: Preschool children with behavior problems are more likely to experience academic failure and drop out.
Cognitive domain: Application
Answer location: Discipline
Question type: TF
- Question: Define and explain the process of behavior modification for preschoolers, as it would be used by a counselor.
Behavior modification is more intense that behavior management and can be used for preschoolers who need to change specific behaviors when behavior management does not work. Behavior modification includes identifying a specific target behavior and implementing positive and negative reinforcement to adapt, reduce, or extinct a problem behavior. This is also often referred to as applied behavior analysis.
When applying behavior modification, it is important to target only one behavior at a time. As a counselor, make sure that the behavior is observable and easily measured. Once the behavior has been identified, the counselor will measure the current frequency of behavior to determine a baseline. To get an accurate frequency, you want to get at least three data points that are consistent (increasing, decreasing, or remaining constant). If the frequency levels are up, down, up again, then you cannot determine a pattern. While you are collecting baseline data, you also want to write down what happened just before the behavior (antecedent) and what happened immediately afterwards (consequence). Once the behavior is fully understood, then the counselor can design an intervention strategy to strengthen the desired behaviors and weaken the problem behavior. Keep in mind that praise and consequences must be implemented immediately and consistently. As the treatment continues, the counselor will continue to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention by continued behavior observations and data collection.
Cognitive domain: Comprehension
Answer location: Discipline
Question type: ESS
- Question: Describe Kohlberg’s stages of moral development and provide examples of principles and behaviors associated with each stage.
Preconventional Stage | Obedience or Punishment | All young children begin at this stage. Rules are seen as fixed and absolute. Obeying the rules is important because it means avoiding punishment. |
Self-Interest | Decisions are made based on what the child receives. For example, behavior is chosen that leads to a reward. | |
Conventional Stage | Interpersonal Accord and Conformity | Being moral is being a good person in your own eyes as well as others. What the majority thinks is deemed as being right. |
Authority and Social Order Obedience | Laws are unquestionably accepted and followed. Being god means doing one’s duty and showing respect for authority. | |
Postconventional Stage | Social Contract | Individuals can hold different opinions. Laws are regarded as social contracts rather than rigid dictums. Although laws should be respected, individual rights can sometimes superseded these laws if they become too restrictive or destructive. |
Universal Ethical Principles | Moral action is determined by inner conscience and may or may not be in agreement with public opinion or society’s laws. Moral reasoning is based on abstract reasoning using universal ethical principles. |
Cognitive domain: Application
Answer location: Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development (Table 6.1)
Question type: ESS
- Question: Discuss five (5) suggestions a counselor might provide preschoolers’ parents for fostering moral development. Explain the logic behind each suggestion and the expected consequences in terms of child development.
Deal with problems appropriately. | Determine if a discipline problem involves a moral concern or a social concern. If the problem is of a moral nature then sit down with the child and discuss the behavior. Help the child reason through the moral decision. |
Allow children to experience moral conflict. | Schedule lots of free time to allow children the opportunity to work through natural moral dilemmas. |
Discus moral dilemmas. | Read stories involving moral dilemmas, and talk through the decision making process. |
Encourage children to change the rules. | Play games in various ways. Teach children that it is okay to change the rules sometimes. |
Involve children in making some classroom rules. | Emphasize decisions that are good for the entire group. |
Encourage dramatic play and role playing. | This type of play enables children to see other people’s perspectives. |
Explore the concepts of intention and motive. | Use stories and puppets to explore intentional actions versus accidental actions. |
Praise moral behavior. | Recognize children for being kind, fair, and helpful. |
Use real dilemmas. | Use everyday classroom situations to discuss moral decisions. |
Cognitive domain: Analysis
Answer location: Fostering Moral Development (Table 6.2)
Question type: ESS
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Counseling Through the Lifespan 1e Complete Test Bank
By Daniel W. Wong