Personality Chapter.15 Verified Test Bank

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 1

1) The study of individual differences in personality mainly focuses on characterizing people using

a. species-typical behaviors

b. traits

c. intelligence scales

d. psychological disorders

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 2

2) According to Dan McAdams, each of us has a unique set of characteristic goals, beliefs, social roles, self-concepts, and plans for our lives, termed

a. conscious goals

b. characteristic adaptations

c. individual differences

d. traits

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 3

3) According to Dan McAdams, the stories we tell ourselves about ourselves reflect the way we understand the events of our lives and our place in the world, giving meaning to our unique identities. These stories are called

a. individual differences

b. traits

c. self-narratives

d. characteristic adaptations

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 4

4) All of the following are qualities of personality, EXCEPT:

a. Aspects of one’s personality form a coherent picture.

b. Aspects of one’s personality are integrated.

c. Aspects of one’s personality are constantly changing.

d. Aspects of one’s personality are relatively enduring.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 5

5) To say that one’s personality is organized means that

a. their traits form a coherent picture

b. personality can be described easily in words

c. personality cannot be measured in traits

d. personality is relative to context

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 6

6) People are not merely a random collection of traits, meaning that people’s personalities are

a. integrated

b. organized

c. enduring

d. transient

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 7

7) To say that personality traits are relatively enduring means that

a. traits are stable over time

b. traits are variable across situations

c. traits are stable only at birth

d. traits are constantly in flux

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 8

8) The term grand theory has been applied to a few old theories of personality, like Sigmund Freud’s theory, because those theories

a. are better than modern personality theories

b. sought to explain everything about personality

c. sought to explain only individual differences in personality

d. are more likely to be cited than later theories

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 9

9) Though the term is sometimes used only to refer to the therapeutic techniques pioneered by Sigmund Freud, psychoanalysis, as a whole, is a theory of behaviour that focuses on

a. unconscious conflicts and motivation

b. the development of sexual identity

c. the development of the super ego

d. measuring personality through observed behavior

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 10

10) Freud used this term to refer to the part of the mind that was totally out of the range of a person’s awareness.

a. preconscious

b. unconscious

c. semiconscious

d. id

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 11

11) Which of the following was not an entity that Freud included in his structural model of the mind?

a. Oedipus complex

b. id

c. super ego

d. ego

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 12

12) According to Freud, this is the only part of the mind that exists at the beginning of human life.

a. id

b. ego

c. super ego

d. secondary process

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 13

13) The term primary process is synonymous with Freud’s notion of the

a. id

b. ego

c. super ego

d. reality principle

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 14

14) The id is driven primarily by the impulse to seek pleasure and avoid pain, known as the

a. primary process

b. pain principle

c. secondary process

d. pleasure principle

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 15

15) In Freud’s view, this part of the mind contains organizational and decision-making properties and is primarily concerned with assuring the safety and functioning of the individual.

a. id

b. ego

c. super ego

d. primary process

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 16

16) The ego is driven by preservation of safety and functioning of the individual, termed the

a. pleasure principle

b. secondary process

c. reality principle

d. repressing principle

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 17

17) Freud called the part of the mind that represents the internalisation of human morality the

a. id

b. ego

c. super ego

d. reality principle

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 18

18) In Freud’s view, if the psychosexual stages are not navigated properly, this crippling emotional illness and distortion of personality may result

a. neurosis

b. schizophrenia

c. dissociative amnesia

d. libido

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 19

19) Each psychosexual stage highlights a specific part of the child’s body that is particularly sensitive to pleasurable stimulation. Collectively they are referred to as

a. genitals

b. fixations

c. erogenous zones

d. pleasure principles

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 20

20) Which of the following represents the correct sequence of Freud’s psychosexual stages of development?

a. anal, oral, genital, latency, phallic

b. phallic, oral, genital, anal, latency

c. oral, anal, genital, latency, phallic

d. oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 21

21) Behaviourist theories of personality were limited by the assertion that all behaviour and personality development could be reduced to

a. conditioning

b. intrinsic motivation

c. innate personality characteristics

d. unconscious motives

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 22

22) The humanistic movement in psychology serves as an important forbearer of this modern psychological movement

a. social-cognitivist

b. positive psychology

c. evolutionary psychology

d. neuropsychology

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 23

23) The central aspect of personality for humanists was an intrinsic evaluation of the quality of a person’s own unique existence in the world, termed

a. self-esteem

b. self-concept

c. congruence

d. accurate empathy

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 24

24) Carl Rogers used this term to mean that those around a child during his or her formative years must truly listen and hear the child, without passing judgment.

a. congruence

b. accurate empathy

c. unconditional positive regard

d. positive self-regard

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 25

25) This term highlights the importance that others around the growing self are truly being genuine and are not presenting a self which reflects others’ values and wishes rather than their own.

a. congruence

b. accurate empathy

c. unconditional positive regard

d. positive self-regard

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 26

26) A person’s cognitive and emotional assessments of his or her own self-worth is commonly referred to as

a. self-concept

b. self-esteem

c. self-help

d. self-regard

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 27

27) According to this theory, self-esteem acts as a psychological buffer against the pervasive general anxiety all human beings feel when faced with the knowledge of their own inevitable death

a. humanistic theory

b. terror management theory

c. anxiety avoidance theory

d. systematic desensitization theory

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 28

28) Low self-esteem seems to be related to which of the following psychological disorders?

a. bulimia nervosa

b. schizophrenia

c. generalized anxiety disorder

d. obsessive-compulsive disorder

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 29

29) These are relatively stable personality characteristics, attributes, and motivations that can be commonly captured in adjectives such as honest, cheerful, conscientious, etc

a. types

b. traits

c. states

d. archetypes

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 30

30) These are temporary, relatively unstable personality characteristics that are closely related to moods and emotions.

a. types

b. traits

c. states

d. archetypes

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 31

31) This perspective on personality, pioneered by Gordon Allport, was the starting point for the first attempts to build truly empirical, research-based theories of personality.

a. five-factor model

b. humanist perspective

c. Big Five perspective

d. trait perspective

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 32

32) In the Eysencks’ two-factor model of personality the two trait dimensions that interact to explain personality are referred to as

a. subordinate traits

b. superordinate traits

c. stability traits

d. extraversion traits

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 33

33) This superordinate trait dimension refers to the degree to which a person is reserved, quiet, and thoughtful, versus assertive, outgoing, and sociable

a. instability–stability

b. emotional–unemotional

c. introversion–extraversion

d. sociable–isolationist

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 34

34) This is currently the most widely accepted trait model of personality.

a. five-factor model

b. two-factor model

c. Eysenck-Cattel model

d. OCEAN model

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 35

35) The “Big Five” personality dimensions that make up the five-factor model can be expressed in this acronym.

a. OCEAN

b. CEASE

c. INTRO

d. EXTRA

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 36

36) According to recent studies, all of the following statements are true of the Big Five personality traits, EXCEPT:

a. The five factors have been shown to describe personality across about 50 cultures.

b. People’s scores on personality inventories appear to cluster in a small number of factors.

c. Personality traits predict occupational success with more accuracy than IQ.

d. Big-five personality profiles are associated with divorce rates and socioeconomic

status.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 37

37) According to this idea, the very concepts “traits“ and “personality” are not particularly meaningful when it comes to behaviour, and in fact may be little more than illusions.

a. self-fulfilling prophecy

b. person-situation controversy

c. bystander-perceiver controversy

d. fundamental attribution error

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 38

38) In contrast to Walter Mischel, Seymour Epstein proposed that traits did indeed predict behaviour if behaviours were examined on a number of occasions and the results were

a. aggregated

b. negated

c. correlated

d. multiplied

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 39

39) In order to understand your friends’ individual personalities, their individual trait scores are not enough. Walter Mischel would say you must also understand each person’s

a. aggregate personality score

b. situation behavioural profile

c. gene-environment correlation

d. reciprocal-determinist profile

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 40

40) Genetic studies conducted using the Big Five and Eysenck’s two superordinate factors as indicators of personality show that approximately this percentage of the differences among people in these traits is due to genetic factors.

a. 35%

b. 15%

c. 50%

d. 25%

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 41

41) According to proponents of this test, the test-taker, in creating the story that revolves around the picture shown, reveals important motives, drives, conflicts, emotions, and other psychological variables.

a. Rorschach test

b. Thematic Apperception Test

c. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

d. California Personality Inventory

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 42

42) This is the first, and probably still the most frequently used, objective test of personality

a. Rorschach test

b. Thematic Apperception Test

c. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

d. California Personality Inventory

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 43

43) Tests such as the MMPI-2 are referred to as “objective” because they are

a. scored by experimenters following long interview sessions

b. constructed empirically and scored by computer

c. comprised of objective pictures of ambiguous events

d. constructed using actual statements from psychiatric patients

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 44

44) Which of the following general statements best describes the results of research about personality change?

a. Personality traits are remarkably unstable starting in childhood.

b. Personality traits are most stable past age 50.

c. Individual differences in personality mean that traits are highly developmental.

d. Scores on personality inventories fail to predict the likelihood of traits in adulthood.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 45

45) If a researcher examines rank order stability in personality traits, he or she compares

a. the pattern of traits (low to high) in a single person across two personality tests

b. the average pattern of traits in a sample across two personality tests

c. the lack of stability in traits ranked high in younger individuals

d. the stability of patterns for individuals below age 50 to individuals above age 50

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 46

46) For many people, goals, values, beliefs, social roles, and plans may change considerably over the life span. This aspect of personality has been termed

a. self-narratives

b. characteristic adaptations

c. self-concept

d. personality development

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 47

47) Which of the following best illustrates what a participant must do when administered the Rorschach test?

a. describe what he or she sees in each inkblot

b. describe what he or she believes is happening in each scene

c. decide how much he or she agrees with the judgment of the researcher

d. choose which of the cards best describes his or her mood

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 48

48) Critics charge that the standards for scoring the Rorschach may cause psychologically normal people to appear to have serious psychological disturbances, thus the tests are not

a. valid measurements of personality

b. reliable measurements of personality

c. rational measurements of personality

d. replicable measurements of personality

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 49

49) In Judith Harris’s account of peer influence on personality, this concept prompts the child to conform to the expectations of his or her peers.

a. status system

b. socialization system

c. gene-environment system

d. conformity system

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 5, Chapter 15, Question 50

50) In Judith Harris’s account of peer influence on personality, this concept prompts the developing child to compete with others in order to establish his or her unique identity and contributions.

a. status system

b. socialization system

c. gene-environment system

d. conformity system

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 51

51) According to Freud, the superego is instrumental in controlling or repressing these id instincts—that is, keeping them unconscious, under a metaphorical lock and key and away from the person’s awareness.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 52

52) According to humanist grand theories, various mental processes are pressed into service by the mind in its efforts to navigate and resolve the conflicts with which it is continuously faced

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 53

53) When more than one plausible explanation exists for some phenomenon, scientists like to choose the more complex of the explanations

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 54

54) Although young children clearly do become possessive of their parents, no evidence has been found to substantiate the universal existence of an Oedipus complex as Freud described i

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 55

55) Traits describe a person’s characteristic patterns of behaviour, thought, emotion, and motivation by offering an explanation of the origins of these characteristics

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 56

56) In Eysenck’s model, introversion–extraversion means the degree to which a person is reserved, quiet, and thoughtful, versus assertive, outgoing, and sociable

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 57

57) Critics charge that the standards for scoring the Rorschach are not valid and may cause psychologically normal people to appear to have serious psychological disturbances

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 58

58) In general, personality is amenable to change, particularly in childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 59

59) In Judith Harris’s account of peer influence on personality, the status system prompts the developing child to compete with others in order to establish his or her unique identity and contributions

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 60

60) Your score on any valid and well-designed personality test delivers a personality profile that is always consistent with your behaviour across situations

a. True

b. False

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 61

61) Early psychologists from behaviourism, psychoanalysis, and humanistic psychology created what are now called the __ to address large issues in personality psychology

a. Grand theories

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 62

62) In psychoanalysis, the ego is bombarded by pleasure-driven impulses from the _, and morality-driven restraints from the _.

a. id, superego

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 63

63) In psychoanalytic theory, _ was the main ego defence, a process in which an unacceptable wish, thought, or memory is removed from conscious awareness

a. repression

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 64

64) According to humanistic theorists, for a person to develop positive feelings of self-esteem and self-worth, he or she needs to be treated with ___ by others.

a. unconditional positive regard

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 65

65) The __ is currently the most widely accepted trait model of personality.

a. Big Five

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 66

66) Tests such as the MMPI-2 are referred to as _ because they are constructed empirically and scored by computer, so subjectivity does not enter into their interpretation.

a. objective

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 67

67) According to the ___ model developed by Walter Mischel and Yuichi Shoda, each person possesses stable patterns of interaction between traits and situations

a. Situation behaviour profile

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 68

68) In Judith Harris’s account of peer influence on personality, the __ prompts the developing child to compete with others in order to establish his or her unique identity and contributions

a. status system

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 69

69) Statements that describe Americans as rude, arrogant, and self-centered, or that describe Canadians as friendly and hospitable, are called _ stereotype

a. national

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 15 - Question 70

70) The __ presents a test-taker with a standard set of 10 cards, each containing symmetrical inkblots, 5 in colour and 5 in black and white

a. Rorschach test

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 15, Question 71

71) The most elaborate grand theory of personality comes from Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis. Briefly describe the stages of psychosexual development that Freud believed were vital to the development of personality and motivation. Then describe why Freud’s views do not represent the mainstream of psychologists studying personality today

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 15, Question 72

72) Personality is most commonly described in terms of a set of traits. Describe what traits are, and compare the two-factor theory with the Big Five model of personality

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 15, Question 73

73) Describe three instances in which genes can be said to play a role in the development or expression of personality traits. Make sure to specifically cite examples from your textbook

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 15, Question 74

74) Compare and contrast objective personality tests with projective personality tests. In your answer, characterize one example of each and describe the pros and cons of each type of test