Personality Chapter 14 Test Bank - Test Bank | Psychology by Davey 1e by Graham C. Davey. DOCX document preview.
Chapter 14: Personality
Multiple choice
1. Personality psychology is also known as the psychology of:
a) persons
b) personalities
c) personhood
d) all of the above
Section Ref: Introduction to Personality
Learning Objective: Describe key features of how the word ‘personality’ can be conceptualized.
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. Personality psychology is also referred to as psychology of:
a) affects
b) social interactions
c) individual differences
d) traits
Section Ref: Introduction to Personality
Learning Objective: Describe key features of how the word ‘personality’ can be conceptualized.
Difficulty Level: Easy
3. Personality researchers are before all else ___________.
a) psychologists
b) theorists
c) philosophers
d) psychoanalysts
Section Ref: Introduction to Personality
Learning Objective: Describe key features of how the word ‘personality’ can be conceptualized.
Difficulty Level: Medium
4. Personality psychologists use ____________ to develop their theories.
a) anecdotes
b) empirical data
c) common sense
d) abstract ideas
Section Ref: Introduction to Personality
Learning Objective: Describe key features of how the word ‘personality’ can be conceptualized.
Difficulty Level: Easy
5. A theory is scientifically successful if:
a) it’s supported by empirical data
b) it’s supported by many experts in the scientific community
c) it captures and describes well what goes on in the world
d) all of the above
Section Ref: Introduction to Personality
Learning Objective: Describe key features of how the word ‘personality’ can be conceptualized.
Difficulty Level: Medium
6. Many descriptions of people’s personalities are:
a) relative
b) conditional
c) relative and conditional
d) absolute
Section Ref: Introduction to Personality
Learning Objective: Describe key features of how the word ‘personality’ can be conceptualized.
Difficulty Level: Medium
7. People’s personalities are understood in comparison to alternative ways of being. This is why descriptions of personalities are said to be:
a) absolute
b) abstract
c) conditional
d) relative
Section Ref: Introduction to Personality
Learning Objective: Describe key features of how the word ‘personality’ can be conceptualized.
Difficulty Level: Medium
8. People’s personality traits emerge depending on particular situations or contexts. Therefore, many descriptions of personality are said to be:
a) absolute
b) abstract
c) conditional
d) relative
Section Ref: Introduction to Personality
Learning Objective: Describe key features of how the word ‘personality’ can be conceptualized.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Short Answer
9. Which branch of psychology is also known as the psychology of persons, personalities, and personhood?
Section Ref: Introduction to Personality
Learning Objective: Describe key features of how the word ‘personality’ can be conceptualized.
Difficulty Level: Medium
10. According to your textbook, what are the three main factors that contribute in making a theory scientifically successful?
Section Ref: Introduction to Personality
Learning Objective: Describe key features of how the word ‘personality’ can be conceptualized.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Fill-in-the-blank
11. Personality psychology is also known as ‘the psychology of ___________, personalities, and personhood’, or ‘the psychology of ___________ differences’.
Section Ref: Introduction to Personality
Learning Objective: Describe key features of how the word ‘personality’ can be conceptualized.
Difficulty Level: Medium
12. Many descriptions of personalities are __________, given that personality traits make sense when they are understood in comparison to alternative ways of being.
Section Ref: Introduction to Personality
Learning Objective: Describe key features of how the word ‘personality’ can be conceptualized.
Difficulty Level: Medium
13. People’s personalities are ___________ as they depend on particular situations or conditions.
Section Ref: Introduction to Personality
Learning Objective: Describe key features of how the word ‘personality’ can be conceptualized.
Difficulty Level: Medium
True/False
14. Personality’s descriptions provide a better prediction and control of future behaviour compared to personality’s explanations.
Section Ref: Introduction to Personality
Learning Objective: Describe key features of how the word ‘personality’ can be conceptualized.
Difficulty Level: Medium
15. The same latent characteristic can give rise to different manifest behaviours.
Section Ref: Introduction to Personality
Learning Objective: Describe key features of how the word ‘personality’ can be conceptualized.
Difficulty Level: Easy
16. Different manifest behaviours must stem from different latent characteristics.
Section Ref: Introduction to Personality
Learning Objective: Describe key features of how the word ‘personality’ can be conceptualized.
Difficulty Level: Easy
17. Endurance is a crucial requirement for a personality characteristic.
Section Ref: Introduction to Personality
Learning Objective: Describe key features of how the word ‘personality’ can be conceptualized.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Short Answer
18. What is a ‘latent characteristic’?
Section Ref: Introduction to Personality
Learning Objective: Describe key features of how the word ‘personality’ can be conceptualized.
Difficulty Level: Medium
19. Which diagnosis was given by Freud to those patients who displayed strange involuntary behaviours with no apparent physical reason?
Section Ref: Psychodynamic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of psychodynamic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Fill-in-the-blank
20. The different levels of consciousness proposed by Freud were summarized using his metaphorical _____________ model.
Section Ref: Psychodynamic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of psychodynamic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
21. The levels of consciousness, according to Freud, are: ___________, ___________, and ___________.
Section Ref: Psychodynamic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of psychodynamic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Multiple choice
22. Freud was fascinated by ___________, a diagnosis that was given to people who engaged in strange behaviour, sometimes without even noticing, in the absence of a manifest physical cause.
a) psychosis
b) hysteria
c) mania
d) hypnosis
Section Ref: Psychodynamic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of psychodynamic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Easy
23. Which of the following theorists is associated with the development of the psychodynamic theory of personality?
a) Rogers
b) Eysenck
c) Freud
d) Maslow
Section Ref: Psychodynamic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of psychodynamic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Easy
24. Which metaphorical model of the various levels of consciousness is associated with Sigmund Freud?
a) Topographical
b) Dynamic
c) Concentric
d) Pyramidal
Section Ref: Psychodynamic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of psychodynamic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
25. Which of the following items is not a level of consciousness according to Freud’s psychodynamic theory?
a) Conscious
b) Unconscious
c) Preconscious
d) Metaconscious
Section Ref: Psychodynamic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of psychodynamic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
26. The accessible content of consciousness corresponds to the:
a) preconscious
b) conscious
c) unconscious
d) subconscious
Section Ref: Psychodynamic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of psychodynamic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
27. The knowledge in the ___________ can easily be brought to awareness, although is not currently there.
a) preconscious
b) conscious
c) unconscious
d) subconscious
Section Ref: Psychodynamic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of psychodynamic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
28. According to Freud, the preconscious:
a) is the reservoir of sexual and aggressive instincts.
b) cannot be accessed except through dreams.
c) contains mental content that can be brought into the conscious mind.
d) is occupied mostly by the id.
Section Ref: Psychodynamic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of psychodynamic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
29. Which of the following human behavioural inclinations is part of the death instincts?
a) Violence
b) Aggression
c) Destruction
d) All of the above
Section Ref: Psychodynamic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of psychodynamic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Easy
30. According to Freud, the most basic human drives are:
a) libido and morality
b) conscious and unconscious
c) libido and aggression
d) pleasure and reality
Section Ref: Psychodynamic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of psychodynamic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
31. Which of the following is a stage of Freud’s psychosexual stages of development?
a) Oral
b) Anal
c) Phallic
d) All of the above
Section Ref: Psychodynamic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of psychodynamic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
32. The correct order of Freud’s psychosexual stages is:
a) oral, genital, anal, phallic
b) oral, genital, phallic, anal
c) oral, anal, genital, phallic
d) oral, anal, phallic, genital
Section Ref: Psychodynamic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of psychodynamic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
33. __________is a pleasure-producing area of the body.
a) An erogenous zone
b) A psychosexual stage
c) An Oedipus complex
d) A fixation
Section Ref: Psychodynamic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of psychodynamic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Easy
34. According to Erikson’s psychosocial stages, which negative outcome may emerge as a result of the child failing to positively solve the psychosocial crisis in the play age (i.e. 3-6 years)?
a) Shame
b) Isolation
c) Guilt
d) Mistrust
Section Ref: Psychodynamic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of psychodynamic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Hard
35. According to Erikson’s theory there are ___________ psychosocial stages throughout the lifespan.
a) 4
b) 6
c) 8
d) 10
Section Ref: Psychodynamic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of psychodynamic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
36. With reference to Erikson’s psychosocial stages, the antithetic outcomes that can arise from a crisis in young adulthood are ____________ and ____________.
a) trust; mistrust
b) industry; inferiority
c) generativity; stagnation
d) intimacy; isolation
Section Ref: Psychodynamic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of psychodynamic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
37. Twenty year old Sasha smokes and drinks a lot, and tends to be verbally aggressive. Sasha is most likely fixated at the _________stage.
a) anal
b) genital
c) phallic
d) oral
Section Ref: Psychodynamic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of psychodynamic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Hard
38. Freud identified three central forces in personality development. Which force controls our moral limits?
a) Id
b) Superego
c) Ego
d) Unconscious
Section Ref: Psychodynamic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of psychodynamic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
39. Which of the following is primarily associated with consciousness?
a) The libido
b) The id
c) The superego
d) The ego
Section Ref: Psychodynamic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of psychodynamic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
40. Which of the following is FALSE about the id?
a) It has the ability to delay gratification when necessary.
b) It is present from birth.
c) It operates on the pleasure principle.
d) It is fueled by the libido.
Section Ref: Psychodynamic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of psychodynamic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
41. The __________ operates on the reality principle; the _________operates on the morality principle; the __________operates on the pleasure principle.
a) id; ego; superego
b) ego; superego; id
c) superego; ego; id
d) ego; id; superego
Section Ref: Psychodynamic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of psychodynamic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
42. Mary is preparing for an important interview. She receives a last-minute invitation to a party. Eventually, she decides to meet her friends and go to the party despite she knows that the best option would be that of staying home and resting before the interview. The part of the personality that most influenced her decision is the:
a) unconscious
b) ego
c) id
d) superego
Section Ref: Psychodynamic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of psychodynamic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
43. Lee sees a sexually appealing person. Lee’s id wants to engage in a sexual relationship with the person. Which of the following will Lee’s ego likely “say” to the id?
a) Great idea – let’s do it!
b) No. You can’t do it.
c) Wait a minute; we have to go on a few dates first.
d) Shame on you; what are you thinking?
Section Ref: Psychodynamic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of psychodynamic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Hard
44. In a healthy personality, Freud believed that:
a) The superego chooses the best course of action, taking into account the reality of the situation.
b) The ego stops the id from satisfying its impulses.
c) The id, ego, and superego are equally powerful.
d) the ego acts as a mediator between the id and the superego.
Section Ref: Psychodynamic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of psychodynamic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Hard
45. Which part of the personality operates on the reality principle?
a) conscience
b) id
c) ego
d) superego
Section Ref: Psychodynamic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of psychodynamic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Easy
46. The reality principle states that:
a) it is not always possible or acceptable to have all desires met.
b) the ego’s job is to keep the personality from losing touch with reality.
c) unconscious forces are realistically always going to have an effect on personality.
d) having to deal with other people is a reality of human existence.
Section Ref: Psychodynamic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of psychodynamic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Hard
47. Stephanie snooped through her boyfriend’s phone because she thought he was cheating on her. She didn’t find anything suspicious and wished she hadn’t done it. Now, Stephanie is having trouble sleeping. Which part of the personality is keeping Stephanie awake?
a) Id
b) Ego
c) Superego
d) It’s hard to say, since the behaviour is unconscious
Section Ref: Psychodynamic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of psychodynamic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Hard
48. According to Freud, defense mechanisms are used to:
a) protect us from anxiety.
b) resolve conflicts between the id and the superego.
c) prevent us from becoming fixated at various stages.
d) help us resolve our unconscious conflicts.
Section Ref: Psychodynamic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of psychodynamic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
49. Which of the following people is most clearly using the defense mechanism projection?
a) Carolyn, who yells at her husband after she had a bad day at work.
b) Cody, who justifies his problem drinking by saying “I’m just being sociable.”
c) Matthew, who is wrestling with his own sexual identity and makes derogatory remarks about any man he suspects of being gay.
d) Jasmine, who yells and gestures at other drivers who are “in her way.”
Section Ref: Psychodynamic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of psychodynamic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Hard
50. Maryann forgot her dentist’s appointment, even though the dentist’s office reminded her the day before. Maryann is most clearly using:
a) repression
b) intellectualization
c) denial
d) rationalization
Section Ref: Psychodynamic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of psychodynamic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Hard
True/False
51. The unconscious is the deepest level of the mind.
Section Ref: Psychodynamic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of psychodynamic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Easy
Fill-in-the-blank
52. The id is __________-seeking and therefore impatient, irrational and intolerant.
Section Ref: Psychodynamic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of psychodynamic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Essay
53. Describe how Freud conceptualized the ego.
Section Ref: Psychodynamic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of psychodynamic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
54. Name and describe our most basic defense mechanism according to Freud.
Section Ref: Psychodynamic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of psychodynamic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Short answer
55. According to Freud, what are defense mechanisms?
Section Ref: Psychodynamic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of psychodynamic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
56. What defense mechanism consists of refusing to acknowledge reality?
Section Ref: Psychodynamic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of psychodynamic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
57. What phenomenon describes the tendency to seek relief from a stressful situation by using strategies that used to bring comfort at an earlier stage of development?
Section Ref: Psychodynamic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of psychodynamic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
58. Name at least three behaviours associated with oral pessimism.
Section Ref: Psychodynamic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of psychodynamic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Fill-in-the-blank
59. People with resilient egos are able to respond flexibly to new and challenging circumstances. People with less resilient egos tend to be either ____________ (i.e. dominated by their superego’s excessive expectations), or _____________ (i.e. dominated by their id’s unchecked impulsivity).
Section Ref: Psychodynamic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of psychodynamic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
60. The __________ is a measure of the authoritarian personality. For example, ________ scores on this scale are associated to people who are highly respectful of authority and hostile to anyone who is not.
Section Ref: Psychodynamic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of psychodynamic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Multiple choice
61. Which of the following statements describes a key weakness of the psychoanalytic theory?
a) None of Freud’s patients were ever helped.
b) It generalizes to everyone.
c) It is derived from Freud’s belief that only women can experience mental health problems.
d) It lacks predictive power.
Section Ref: Psychodynamic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of psychodynamic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
62. Much of the criticism of Freud’s theory stems from the fact that
a) he spent too much time talking about sexual issues.
b) his theory is difficult to test.
c) Freud overestimated how much influence parents had on child development.
d) most psychologists do not believe in unconscious processes.
Section Ref: Psychodynamic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of psychodynamic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
63. Which of the following psychologists/theorists is associated with the trait personality theory?
a) Freud
b) Eysenck
c) Rogers
d) Maslow
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Easy
64. ___________ describes regularity of behaviour across time.
a) Consistency
b) Generality
c) Universality
d) Dimensionality
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
65. ___________ describes regularity of behaviour across different situations.
a) Consistency
b) Generality
c) Universality
d) Dimensionality
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
66. On most traits most people obtain scores that fall in the _____________ of the score distribution.
a) lower extreme
b) middle
c) higher extreme
d) mid-high range
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
67. Traits describe _____________ in people’s behaviour.
a) anomalies
b) irregularities
c) regularities
d) idiosyncrasies
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
68. Which of the following dimensions is part of Eysenck’s Big Two model of personality?
a) Emotional stability vs. neuroticism
b) Openness vs. closeness
c) Honesty vs. dishonesty
d) Rationality vs. irrationality
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Easy
69. According to Eysenck’s Big Two model, a person who is impulsive tends to:
a) score high on ‘introversion’ and high on ‘neuroticism’.
b) score high on ‘extraversion’ and somewhat high on ‘neuroticism’.
c) score high on ‘extraversion’ and low on ‘neuroticism’.
d) score high on ‘introversion’ and somewhat low on ‘neuroticism’.
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Hard
70. Julia is moderately introverted and emotionally stable. According to Eysenck’s Big Two model, Julia is very likely to be a(n) ___________ person.
a) anxious
b) moody
c) aggressive
d) reliable
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
71. According to Eysenck’s Big Two model, ‘optimistic’, ‘active’, and ‘outgoing’ are all characteristics associated with high scores on ____________.
a) neuroticism
b) introversion
c) extraversion
d) emotional stability
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
72. According to Eysenck’s Big Two model, ‘calm’, ‘reliable’, and ‘leader-like’ are all characteristics associated with high scores on ____________.
a) neuroticism
b) introversion
c) extraversion
d) emotional stability
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Fill-in-the-blank
73. Manifest traits can vary in their ___________ and in their ____________, depending on the extent to which they describe regularities of behaviour across time and different situations, respectively.
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
74. Manifest trait scores are dimensional and indicate ___________ differences.
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Short answer
75. What are the two independent dimensions of Eysenck’s Big Two model?
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
76. What additional dimension was added in the Big Three model by Eysenck and Eysenck (1976) which did not feature in the previous model?
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
77. How is Eysenck and Eysenck’s (1976) Big Three model also called?
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
True/False
78. The extremes of the three traits in the Big Three model are psychoticism, extraversion, and agreeableness.
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Easy
79. The FFM by Costa and McCrae identifies four big personality dimensions.
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Easy
Essay
80. Describe Eysenck’s three factors of personality described in the PEN model.
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Hard
81. Using the five-factor model, analyze your own personality by specifying how you believe your friends may label you for each of the five attributes.
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Hard
Short answer
82. What acronym is useful for remembering the components of the five-factor model, and what does each letter stand for?
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Multiple choice
83. Shane is often described as a person who is critical, suspicious, and uncooperative. He often makes those around him feel uncomfortable. Shane would most likely obtain a particularly low score on which of the following five personality factors?
a) Agreeableness
b) Extraversion
c) Neuroticism
d) Introversion
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
84. Blake’s friends describe him as outgoing, sociable, assertive, and impulsive. Which of Eysenck’s factors does he most likely possess?
a) Extraversion
b) Introversion
c) Neuroticism
d) Psychoticism
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
85. Eysenck’s three factors are:
a) extraversion, sociability, and psychoticism.
b) psychoticism, extraversion, and neuroticism.
c) introversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism.
d) neuroticism, assertiveness, and extraversion.
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
86. Eysenck’s trait of impulsivity is related to which superfactor?
a) Lie
b) extraversion
c) sociability
d) assertiveness
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
87. Which of the following lists corresponds to the five-factor model (FFM) of personality?
a) introversion, neuroticism, sociability, openness, psychoticism
b) openness, introversion, practicality, punctuality, conscientiousness
c) neuroticism, extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness
d) extraversion, emotionality, impulsivity, neuroticism, agreeableness
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
88. Which of the following is NOT one of traits from the five-factor theory?
a) openness
b) conscientiousness
c) agreeableness
d) psychoticism
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
89. Factor analysis is:
a) a statistical method for analyzing correlations between variables.
b) a list of the five factors central to trait theory.
c) a scale for assessing people’s personality traits.
d) an analysis of the correlation between personality traits and underlying biological tendencies.
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Easy
90. How are specific traits encompassed by the big factors often called?
a) Facets
b) Minor traits
c) Components
d) Features
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
91. Trust, altruism, compliance, and modesty are all facets of:
a) neuroticism
b) extraversion
c) agreeableness
d) conscientiousness
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
92. How many factors compose the HEXACO model of personality?
a) 3
b) 5
c) 6
d) None of the above
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Easy
93. In the HEXACO model of personality which of the FFM traits is split into two additional components?
a) Openness
b) Conscientiousness
c) Extraversion
d) Agreeableness
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
94. In the HEXACO model, the letter E stands for:
a) extraversion
b) emotionality
c) excitability
d) experience
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
95. According to DeYoung, Quilty, and Peterson (2007), which trait of the FFM could be split into ‘politeness’ and ‘compassion’?
a) Extraversion
b) Openness
c) Agreeableness
d) Neuroticism
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Fill-in-the-blank
96. According to DeYoung, Quilty, and Peterson (2007), the trait conscientiousness can be split into ____________ and ___________.
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
97. In the six-trait HEXACO model of personality, the letter ‘X’ stands for ___________.
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Short answer
98. What are the six traits described in the HEXACO model?
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
99. Name one big limitation and one big advantage of models of personality with larger numbers of traits.
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Hard
True/False
100. If a person is highly extroverted then she/he will always be extroverted across a range of situations.
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
101. Personality traits are good predictors of people’s behaviour.
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Easy
Essay
102. Discuss how behavioural signatures reverse a trend in trait research.
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Hard
Multiple choice
103. Which of the following r coefficients represents the highest behavioural consistency?
a) 0.86
b) 0.11
c) 0.48
d) 0.96
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Easy
104. Which of the following traits can only be used to describe chimpanzees’ behaviour, but not other animals’ behaviour according to Gosling and John (1999)?
a) Openness
b) Conscientiousness
c) Extraversion
d) Neuroticism
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
105. “Different causes can have different effects”, this is also known as the principle of:
a) latency
b) underdetermination
c) equifinality
d) consilience
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
106. Which category of people did Oliner and Oliner (1992) study that led to the development of a theory on the altruistic personality?
a) Religious leaders
b) Rescuers of Jews during World War II
c) People involved in voluntary work
d) Nurses
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Easy
107. Forty years after the war, past rescuers relative to past bystanders:
a) had stronger family attachments
b) had fewer Jewish friends
c) had fewer social commitments
d) were less likely to take responsibility for their actions
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Easy
108. According to Oliner and Oliner (1992), rescuers’ enduring predisposition to act selflessly on behalf of others develops:
a) in adulthood
b) late in life
c) during adolescence
d) early in life
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
109. Which of the following theoretical frameworks posits that most behaviours result from the interplay of many causal factors?
a) Situationism
b) Interactionism
c) Nativism
d) Empiricism
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
True/False
110. Contemporary trait models give little guidance about healthy development.
Section Ref: Trait Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of trait personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
111. According to the humanistic personality theory, people are creatures full of positive potential.
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Easy
112. Secondary needs are needs that are necessary for physical survival.
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Easy
Fill-in-the-blank
113. Food, water, and air are all example of _________ needs.
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
114. To Murray, while primary needs are essential for physical survival, secondary needs are necessary for _________ growth.
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Short answer
115. Provide three examples of secondary needs referring to Henry Murray’s theoretical framework.
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
116. What is the one fundamental need that people have according to Carl Rogers?
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
117. How did Rogers call the willingness of humans to trust the self and their natural inclinations?
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Essay
118. Describe the concept Rogers termed as “unconditional positive regard”.
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Hard
Multiple choice
119. Which of the following is NOT a primary need according to Murray?
a) Water
b) Sex
c) Power
d) Food
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Easy
120. Which of the following is the fundamental need according to Carl Rogers?
a) Self-esteem
b) Self-determination
c) Self-actualization
d) Self-direction
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
121. The full use and exploitation of talents, capacities, and potentialities is called:
a) peak experience
b) self-concept
c) unconditional positive regard
d) self-actualization
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Easy
122. According to Carl Rogers, we need __________ in order to develop a healthy self-concept.
a) conditions of worth
b) positive psychology
c) unconditional positive regard
d) self-actualization
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Hard
Fill-in-the-blank
123. Conditional _________ regard occurs when people show disapproval of others because of what they do.
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
124. By expressing conditional regard, people imply ___________ of worth.
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
125. ____________ regard undermines organismic valuing.
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Short answer
126. According to Rogers, what makes people congruent?
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
127. What concept used by Rogers describes people that are congruent and act on their own decisions?
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Multiple choice
128. People that are congruent, in tune with their impulses, and do what they want to do exhibit:
a) self-regulation
b) self-determination
c) self-esteem
d) self-actualization
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
129. When people are _________ they are aware of their true inclinations and reactions.
a) consistent
b) congruent
c) determined
d) conditioned
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
130. Which of the following statements regarding Rogers’ view on people maturity is INACCURATE?
a) As people mature they become increasingly proud of their own choices.
b) As people mature they are more concerned about meeting the expectations of others.
c) As people mature they come to appreciate others for what they are.
d) As people mature deep relationships are positively valued.
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
131. According to Rogers, congruent people:
a) try to control others
b) tend to be unhealthy
c) distrust other people
d) are happy citizens
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
132. Which of the following is a sign of a person’s maturity according to Rogers?
a) Self-direction
b) Sensitivity to others
c) Deep relationships
d) All of the above
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Easy
133. What type of therapy did Rogers develop?
a) Systemic therapy
b) Cognitive-behavioural therapy
c) Person-centred counselling
d) Holistic therapy
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Easy
134. Which of the following statements regarding Rogers’ psychotherapy is INACCURATE?
a) The therapist gives the client encouragement to behave in a certain way.
b) The therapy is person-centred.
c) The client is put in touch with their organismic valuing process.
d) The client is encouraged to develop unconditional positive regard for themselves.
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
135. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of person-centred therapy?
a) Unconditional positive regard
b) Congruence
c) Empathy
d) Conditional positive regard
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Fill-in-the-blank
136. __________ refers to the ability of understanding others’ thoughts and feelings.
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Easy
Short answer
137. What are the three main skills required by a psychotherapist that wants to adopt a person-centred approach?
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
138. Who developed the famous hierarchy of needs?
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
139. Name one of the 21 people who were selected by Maslow as examples of people who had fulfilled their potential and become all they could be.
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Easy
140. Name the six dimensions of well-being proposed by Ryff (1989).
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Essay
141. With reference to the six dimensions of well-being proposed by Ryff (1989), discuss how you would score on the dimension of ‘environmental mastery’.
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Hard
142. Describe Maslow’s concept of “self-actualization”.
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
True/False
143. Maslow viewed self-actualization as an outcome of successful self-development.
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Easy
144. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, physiological needs are only a concern after safety needs are satisfied.
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Easy
Multiple choice
145. Unlike Freud, Maslow believed that we could learn a great deal about human behaviour by studying which group?
a) Depressed individuals
b) Well-adjusted people
c) Children
d) Women
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
146. ___________ believed that we can learn the most about the human condition by studying healthy well-adjusted people.
a) Freud
b) Rogers
c) Maslow
d) Murray
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
147. Which of the following is NOT a deficiency need in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
a) Safety
b) Belongingness
c) Aesthetic
d) Esteem
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
148. What is the need at the very top of the pyramid in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
a) Aesthetic need
b) Affiliation need
c) Self-actualization
d) Need to know and understand
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
149. According to Maslow’s theoretical framework, when people have become all they can be:
a) they are more inclined to go beyond their own needs and start serving others.
b) their development reaches stagnation.
c) they go back to the primary needs.
d) they develop selfish personalities.
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
150. Which of the following sequences corresponds to the correct order of needs from the bottom to the top of Maslow’s pyramid of needs?
a) Physiological needs; safety needs; esteem needs; affiliation needs
b) Safety needs; physiological needs; esteem needs; affiliation needs
c) Physiological needs; safety needs; affiliation needs; esteem needs
d) Physiological needs; affiliation needs; safety needs; esteem needs
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Short Answer
151. What need lies at the very top of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
152. What needs lie at the bottom of Maslow’s pyramid? Provide an example.
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Easy
153. With reference to humanistic personality theories, what is the prerequisite for a person to be able to integrate self-interest with other-interest and display altruistic behaviour?
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Fill-in-the-blank
154. According to Maslow, only when all four ____________ needs are satisfied people become aware of and motivated by the needs for self-actualization.
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
155. The need for ____________ can be described as a series of needs for belongingness and love.
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
156. The four deficiency needs in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs from the bottom are: __________, __________, __________, and __________.
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
True/False
157. According to most humanistic personality theorists, people can voluntarily serve others and manifest altruistic behaviour without necessarily being self-actualized. In fact, what’s really necessary is the satisfaction of affiliation needs.
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Easy
158. Rogers’ personality theory allows more obvious specification of testable hypotheses compared to Freud’s theory.
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
159. Rogers proposed that personality improvement requires people to dig into their past and re-experience traumatic situations.
Section Ref: Humanistic Personality Theory
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of humanistic personality theory.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Multiple choice
160. Social cognitive theories of personality have their roots in:
a) functionalism
b) behaviourism
c) positivism
d) cognitivism
Section Ref: Social Cognitive Personality Theories
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of social cognitive personality theories.
Difficulty Level: Medium
161. Which of the following items is considered a form of associative learning?
a) Instrumental conditioning
b) Classical conditioning
c) Operant conditioning
d) All of the above
Section Ref: Social Cognitive Personality Theories
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of social cognitive personality theories.
Difficulty Level: Medium
162. What is instrumental conditioning also called?
a) Classical conditioning
b) Associative conditioning
c) Operant conditioning
d) Test-error conditioning
Section Ref: Social Cognitive Personality Theories
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of social cognitive personality theories.
Difficulty Level: Medium
163. Which of the following pairs CORRECTLY represents the association of a theorist with his discovery?
a) Skinner – instrumental conditioning
b) Pavlov – instrumental conditioning
c) Skinner – classical conditioning
d) Pavlov – operant conditioning
Section Ref: Social Cognitive Personality Theories
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of social cognitive personality theories.
Difficulty Level: Medium
164. Which of the following theorists is associated with a social cognitive theory of personality?
a) Freud
b) Bandura
c) Rogers
d) Maslow
Section Ref: Social Cognitive Personality Theories
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of social cognitive personality theories.
Difficulty Level: Easy
165. Select the CORRECT statement.
a) Only humans can learn associations.
b) Only humans and chimpanzee can learn associations.
c) Only humans and other mammals can learn associations.
d) All animals can learn associations.
Section Ref: Social Cognitive Personality Theories
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of social cognitive personality theories.
Difficulty Level: Medium
166. After a hungry dog is presented many times with the ring of a bell just before food, the dog will:
a) stop salivating when it’s presented with the same food.
b) salivate when it hears a bell.
c) salivate when it hears any sound.
d) salivate only when the bell is followed by food, but never in the absence of food.
Section Ref: Social Cognitive Personality Theories
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of social cognitive personality theories.
Difficulty Level: Medium
167. Which of the following sequences represents the CORRECT temporal sequence of events of a famous classical conditioning experiment?
a) Food – bell – salivation
b) Salivation – food – bell
c) Bell – food – salivation
d) Salivation – bell – food
Section Ref: Social Cognitive Personality Theories
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of social cognitive personality theories.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Short answer
168. What type of association does the animal make in instrumental learning?
Section Ref: Social Cognitive Personality Theories
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of social cognitive personality theories.
Difficulty Level: Medium
169. Who discovered classical conditioning?
Section Ref: Social Cognitive Personality Theories
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of social cognitive personality theories.
Difficulty Level: Easy
Fill-in-the-blank
170. Instrumental conditioning is based on the fact that animals seek ___________ and avoid __________.
Section Ref: Social Cognitive Personality Theories
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of social cognitive personality theories.
Difficulty Level: Medium
171. Both classical conditioning and instrumental conditioning are forms of ____________ learning.
Section Ref: Social Cognitive Personality Theories
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of social cognitive personality theories.
Difficulty Level: Medium
172. While all animals are capable of learning associations by experience, only some animals are also capable of _____________ learning.
Section Ref: Social Cognitive Personality Theories
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of social cognitive personality theories.
Difficulty Level: Medium
True/False
173. Pavlov’s discovery of classical conditioning was founded on his early research on children.
Section Ref: Social Cognitive Personality Theories
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of social cognitive personality theories.
Difficulty Level: Easy
174. Monkeys are capable of observational learning as shown in a study on fear conditioning.
Section Ref: Social Cognitive Personality Theories
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of social cognitive personality theories.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Multiple choice
175. In Mineka, Davidson, Cook, and Kleir (1984), rhesus monkeys learned an intense and enduring fear response to snakes after:
a) being exposed to dangerous snakes.
b) being bitten by a snake.
c) observing intense reactions by their parents to snakes.
d) receiving an electric shock every time they saw a snake.
Section Ref: Social Cognitive Personality Theories
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of social cognitive personality theories.
Difficulty Level: Medium
176. Humans have the ability to learn about the consequences of others’ behaviour. This capacity is also known as:
a) vicarious conditioning
b) associative learning
c) instrumental conditioning
d) social learning
Section Ref: Social Cognitive Personality Theories
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of social cognitive personality theories.
Difficulty Level: Easy
177. Which of the following theorists is associated with studies on social learning?
a) Rogers
b) Bandura
c) Maslow
d) Skinner
Section Ref: Social Cognitive Personality Theories
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of social cognitive personality theories.
Difficulty Level: Medium
178. In the famous study conducted by Bandura (1965), what did Rocky do with Bobo doll?
a) Rocky gave candies to the doll.
b) Rocky played with the doll.
c) Rocky was physically and verbally aggressive towards the doll.
d) Rocky showed signs of fear towards the doll.
Section Ref: Social Cognitive Personality Theories
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of social cognitive personality theories.
Difficulty Level: Medium
179. Bandura’s (1965) experiment also known as ‘the Bobo doll experiment’:
a) showed significant gender differences in children’s behaviour.
b) did not show gender differences in children’s behaviour.
c) showed that girls were more likely to imitate Rocky’s behaviour.
d) showed that boys and girls rarely imitated Rocky’s behaviour, even when encouraged to do so.
Section Ref: Social Cognitive Personality Theories
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of social cognitive personality theories.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Essay
180. Describe Bandura’s (1965) ‘Bobo doll experiment’ and discuss its main findings.
Section Ref: Social Cognitive Personality Theories
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of social cognitive personality theories.
Difficulty Level: Hard
Fill-in-the-blank
181. In his study known as the Bobo doll experiment, Bandura illustrated the implications of ___________ learning in children.
Section Ref: Social Cognitive Personality Theories
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of social cognitive personality theories.
Difficulty Level: Medium
182. In Bandura’s (1965) ‘Bobo doll’ experiment, across all three conditions _________ copied Rocky much less than _______ did until they were offered incentives to do so.
Section Ref: Social Cognitive Personality Theories
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of social cognitive personality theories.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Short answer
183. What were the three conditions in Bandura’s (1965) ‘Bobo doll’ experiment?
Section Ref: Social Cognitive Personality Theories
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of social cognitive personality theories.
Difficulty Level: Medium
184. What did in Bandura’s (1965) ‘Bobo doll’ experiment increase the chance of children imitatating Rocky’s behaviour?
Section Ref: Social Cognitive Personality Theories
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of social cognitive personality theories.
Difficulty Level: Medium
185. What are self-efficacy beliefs?
Section Ref: Social Cognitive Personality Theories
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of social cognitive personality theories.
Difficulty Level: Medium
True/False
186. According to the self-efficacy beliefs, learning that someone else obtained a reward for a certain behaviour will always lead to imitation of that behaviour, even if a person believes that they are incapable of acting in the same way or of obtaining similar rewards.
Section Ref: Social Cognitive Personality Theories
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of social cognitive personality theories.
Difficulty Level: Medium
187. People high in self-efficacy beliefs have ambitious goals and show greater persistence in pursuit of those goals.
Section Ref: Social Cognitive Personality Theories
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of social cognitive personality theories.
Difficulty Level: Easy
Multiple choice
188. The ability of people to reward and punish themselves is also known as:
a) Self-efficacy
b) Self-belief
c) Self-regulation
d) Self-actualization
Section Ref: Social Cognitive Personality Theories
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of social cognitive personality theories.
Difficulty Level: Medium
189. In social cognitive therapeutic interventions:
a) people are encouraged to acknowledge and follow their intimate needs and wants.
b) dysfunctional beliefs that people have acquired are identified and changed.
c) people are asked to dig into their past traumatic experiences.
d) people are guided towards the pursuit of self-actualization.
Section Ref: Social Cognitive Personality Theories
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of social cognitive personality theories.
Difficulty Level: Hard
190. Which of the following explanations of chronic anxiety is the most likely to emerge from a social cognitive approach?
a) Chronic anxiety is caused by the dysfunctional belief that the world is a dangerous place and that the person doesn’t have the ability to cope effectively in difficult situations.
b) Chronic anxiety stems from the repression of traumatic past experiences that try to re-emerge from the unconscious.
c) Chronic anxiety is caused by genetic factors that predispose the person to develop certain symptoms.
d) Chronic anxiety occurs when people stop looking at themselves honestly and lose touch with their real needs.
Section Ref: Social Cognitive Personality Theories
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of social cognitive personality theories.
Difficulty Level: Hard
191. ‘Many people reach a level of maturity whereby they can actively choose for themselves what morality means for them and how moral they want to be’. This statement accords well with:
a) Psychodynamic theories
b) Social cognitive theories
c) Humanistic theories
d) Positive theories
Section Ref: Social Cognitive Personality Theories
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of social cognitive personality theories.
Difficulty Level: Hard
192. In 2002 Aquino and Reed developed a measure of the extent to which people:
a) believe they are moral.
b) can be moral.
c) are moral.
d) want to be moral.
Section Ref: Social Cognitive Personality Theories
Learning Objective: Discuss the background, claims, and key features of social cognitive personality theories.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Fill-in-the-blank
193. While trait theories merely attempt to _________ regularities in psychological characteristics, other theories try to explain such regularities.
Section Ref: Conclusions and Future Directions
Learning Objective: Critically evaluate the models used to understand and study personality and possible future research and directions within the field.
Difficulty Level: Medium
194. ________ theories of personality are the only ones that don’t have an explanation of why people behave the way they do.
Section Ref: Conclusions and Future Directions
Learning Objective: Critically evaluate the models used to understand and study personality and possible future research and directions within the field.
Difficulty Level: Medium
195. __________ theory is not supported by empirical data and it’s very difficult to identify exactly what it might predict in many circumstances.
Section Ref: Conclusions and Future Directions
Learning Objective: Critically evaluate the models used to understand and study personality and possible future research and directions within the field.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Short answer
196. What theories of personality are more closely aligned to dominant approaches to mental health intervention and are also committed to scientific development?
Section Ref: Conclusions and Future Directions
Learning Objective: Critically evaluate the models used to understand and study personality and possible future research and directions within the field.
Difficulty Level: Medium
True/False
197. Freud’s theory is less likely to change than more recent theories whose contents have been determined largely by empirical findings.
Section Ref: Conclusions and Future Directions
Learning Objective: Critically evaluate the models used to understand and study personality and possible future research and directions within the field.
Difficulty Level: Medium
198. The vast majority of psychotherapists adhere to only one theory of personality and use that approach across a range of different circumstances and for different reasons.
Section Ref: Conclusions and Future Directions
Learning Objective: Critically evaluate the models used to understand and study personality and possible future research and directions within the field.
Difficulty Level: Medium
199. According to your textbook, trait theories of personality are without doubt the most scientifically supported.
Section Ref: Conclusions and Future Directions
Learning Objective: Critically evaluate the models used to understand and study personality and possible future research and directions within the field.
Difficulty Level: Medium
200. Relative to other theories of personality, trait theories lack detailed accounts of personality change and any close association with particular approaches to counselling.
Section Ref: Conclusions and Future Directions
Learning Objective: Critically evaluate the models used to understand and study personality and possible future research and directions within the field.
Difficulty Level: Medium