Older Adult Dev Quiz 1 Ch.17 Test Bank Docx - Test Bank | Human Development 4e by Wendy L. Dunn. DOCX document preview.
Name_______________________________
Chapter 17—Older Adulthood: Personality and Sociocultural Development—Quick Quiz 1
1. Which of the following is the final stage in Erikson’s theory of the life cycle?
a. integrity versus despair
b. generativity versus self-absorption
c. intimacy versus isolation
d. identity versus identity confusion
2. An elderly widow is angry with her children for telling her she should not live alone in her home anymore, because she fell recently. She blames the fall on inadequate lighting and claims that if her children did some house repairs, she could stay in her house. This woman’s inability to deal with her changed circumstances reflects her difficulty in which of the following processes?
a. making a successful status passage into older adulthood
b. achieving intimacy with herself
c. assimilation
d. accommodation
3. If you were to describe the emotionality of the majority of older adults, the best conclusion to come to would be that, compared to earlier in their lives, their emotionality is ______ complex and their sense of well-being is _________.
a. more; lower
b. more; greater
c. less; lower
d. less; greater
4. Frank says that he doesn’t like having to use a walker, but at least he’s in better shape than his brother, who must use a wheelchair. Frank’s statement exemplifies the basic principle involved in:
a. integrity
b. despair
c. social comparison
d. conflict resolution
5. Generalizing from information presented in the text, in which of the following years would you predict to see the highest proportion of retirements occurring at ages 65 or younger?
a. 1955
b. 1970
c. 1988
d. 2009
6. Questions that assess a person’s best time for retirement provide an index of
a. functional well-being
b. openness to experience
c. retirement maturity
d. emotional health
7. If Julie were the youngest child in her family and the last to leave home, she should expect that the stress her parents feel after she moves away will ______ and their level of marital satisfaction will _______.
a. increase; increase
b. increase; decrease
c. decrease; increase
d. decrease; decrease
8. For men who are ages 75–84, the most common marital status is __________; for women in the age range the most common marital status is ___________.
a. widowed; widowed
b. married; widowed
c. widowed; married
d. married; married
9. According to statistics reported in the text, the fastest-growing segment of the U. S. population is:
a. adults ages 55–64
b. adults ages 65–74
c. adults ages 75–84
d. adults ages 85 and over
10. Who are the Gray Panthers?
a. an activist group that promotes issues important to older adults
b. a political action committee that raises money to support older candidates for public office
c. a group of healthcare workers who lobby for healthcare reform for the elderly
d. retired workers who volunteer to help new businesses and volunteer agencies improve their operations
Name_______________________________
Chapter 17—Older Adulthood: Personality and Sociocultural Development—Quick Quiz 2
1. When she is honest with herself, Judy recognizes that she has wasted many of the opportunities that could have led her to a positive lifestyle. In this respect, Judy is engaging in the developmental task that Erikson thought characterized which of the following periods of the lifespan?
a. adolescence
b. early adulthood
c. middle adulthood
d. later adulthood
2. According to Piaget, if new events and changing circumstances can be absorbed into one’s self-concept, this defines the process called:
a. equilibration
b. accommodation
c. integrity
d. assimilation
3. Suppose you show positive and negative images on a computer screen to younger and older adults. If younger adults remember 25% of the positive images and 25% of the negative images, you would expect that, of the total number of images they remembered, older adults would remember _____ positive images and _____ negative images.
a. more than 25%; more than 25%
b. less than 25%; less than 25%
c. less than 25%; more than 25%
d. more than 25%; less than 25%
4. According to the text, in older adulthood, personality dimensions generally _________ and well-being generally ___________.
a. remain consistent; increases
b. remain consistent; decreases
c. change considerably; increases
d. change considerably; decreases
a. less than half; lower
b. less than half; higher
c. about three-quarters; lower
d. about three-quarters; higher
6. Statistically speaking, in the United States today which of the following individuals is most likely to be poor?
a. a Black older woman
b. a Black older man
c. a White older woman
d. a White older man
7. Rod visited with a retirement counselor who asked him if he had adequate savings and income, a place to live, and other related questions to learn how prepared Rod is to retire. The retirement counselor was most likely trying to estimate Rod’s index of:
a. functional well-being
b. emotional health
c. openness to experience
d. retirement maturity
8. For men who are ages 75–84, the most common marital status is ; for women in the age range the most common marital status is .
a. widowed; widowed
b. married; widowed
c. widowed; married
d. married; married
9. If you conducted a random survey of older people who were living alone after a spouse had died, and of the people you surveyed 100 were men, you should expect that your survey group included about _____ women.
a. 80
b. 120
c. 300
d. 600
10. Mr. Jones has suffered a severe stroke that has left him unable to walk, speak, or dress and feed himself. He needs nursing care for several hours a day, but his wife has died and his adult son lives 1,000 miles away. Which of the following options would most likely be the type of living arrangement that would best serve Mr. Jones’s needs?
a. an adult daycare facility
b. an assisted living facility
c. a nursing home
d. an Elderhostel
Quick Quiz Answers
Quick Quiz 17.1
1. a; 17.1.1
2. d; 17.1.2
3. b; 17.1.3
4. c; 17.2.3
5. c; 17.3
6. c; 17.3.3
7. c; 17.4.1
8. b; 17.4.3
9. d; 17.5.1
10. a; 17.5.3
Quick Quiz 17.2
1. d; 17.1.1
2. d; 17.1.2
3. d; 17.1.3
4. a; 17.2.1
5. c; 17.2.3
6. a; 17.2.1
7. d; 17.3.3
8. b; 17.4.3
9. c; 17.4.3
10. c; 17.5.2
Chapter 17
Older Adulthood: Personality and Sociocultural Development
Learning Objectives:
17.1: Summarize circumstances that lead to positive developmental adjustment
17.2: Differentiate identity changes and consistencies in older adulthood
17.3: Relate life circumstances to older adult adjustment in retirement
17.4: Analyze the social challenges of older adulthood
17.5: Evaluate the effects of U.S. social policy on older adults
Multiple Choice questions:
Personality and Aging
Learning Objective 17.1: Summarize circumstances that lead to positive developmental adjust
17.1. A change in role and social position that occurs as one enters a new developmental stage is the text’s definition of:
a. role reversal
b. lateral transition
c. status passage
d. rite of passage
Module: Chapter Introduction
Learning Objective 17.1
Understand the Concept
Easy
17.2. Max and Toni just had their first child, thereby entering a new period of their lives. According to the text, such a change in role and position would best be considered an example of what is meant by the term:
a. role transfer
b. status passage
c. developmental step
d. developmental integrity
Module: Chapter Introduction
Learning Objective 17.1
Evaluate It
Moderate
Rationale: Status passages refer to the changes in role and social position that occur when a person enters adolescence, becomes a parent, retires, or becomes a widow or widower.
17.3. According to the text, the major difference between the status passage into older adulthood, compared to status passages into earlier stages of the lifespan, is that moving into older adulthood includes:
a. having to deal with grandchildren
b. losses of power, responsibility, and autonomy
c. poorer health
d. more freedom from responsibility
Module: Chapter Introduction
Learning Objective 17.1
Understand the Concept
Moderate
17.4. Although individuals must sometimes deal with losses that occur unexpectedly in their lives, losses are an inevitable part of which of the following stages of the lifespan?
a. adolescence
b. older adulthood
c. early adulthood
d. infancy and toddlerhood
Module: Chapter Introduction
Learning Objective 17.1
Evaluate It
Moderate
Rationale: The text notes that the status passage into older adulthood differs from all others in that it includes dealing with losses, in addition to gains. Earlier status passages typically are characterized by gains in such things as ability, freedom, autonomy, status, and so forth.
17.5. Which of the following is the final stage in Erikson’s theory of the life cycle?
a. integrity versus despair
b. generativity versus self-absorption
c. intimacy versus isolation
d. identity versus identity confusion
Module: 17.1.1: Erikson’s Stage of Integrity Versus Despair
Learning Objective 17.1
Understand the Concept
Easy
17.6. Wilma, age 90, is able to look back and say that her life had meaning and that she has done the best she could under the circumstances. According to Erik Erikson’s theory of the life cycle, Wilma has successfully resolved the conflict called:
a. integrity versus despair
b. generativity versus self-absorption
c. identity versus identity confusion
d. trust versus mistrust
Module: 17.1.1: Erikson’s Stage of Integrity Versus Despair
Learning Objective 17.1
Analyze It
Moderate
Rationale: According to Erikson, integrity versus despair is the final developmental task in the lifespan when people think about how their lives have fulfilled their earlier expectations.
17.7. Gwen looks back over the last 77 years of her life and feels satisfied that her life has had meaning and that she has done the best she could with life’s circumstances. According to Erikson, Gwen will develop a sense of:
a. hope
b. integrity
c. generativity
d. ego transcendence
Module: 17.1.1: Erikson’s Stage of Integrity Versus Despair
Learning Objective 17.1
Analyze It
Moderate
Rationale: According to Erikson, those who can look back and feel satisfied that their lives have had meaning and that they have done the best they could develop a strong sense of personal integrity. Integrity versus despair is the developmental conflict that Erikson believed characterized older adulthood.
17.8. When she is honest with herself, Judy recognizes that she has wasted many of the opportunities that could have led her to a positive lifestyle. In this respect, Judy is engaging in the developmental task that Erikson thought characterized which of the following periods of the lifespan?
a. adolescence
b. early adulthood
c. middle adulthood
d. later adulthood
Module: 17.1.1: Erikson’s Stage of Integrity Versus Despair
Learning Objective 17.1
Analyze It
Difficult
Rationale: Reflecting on one’s lost opportunities is what Erikson defined as despair, which is the negative outcome of the stage of integrity versus despair. Integrity versus despair is the developmental conflict that Erikson believed characterized older adulthood.
17.9. Marie is dying of cancer and she tells her husband that she is “at peace” with the way she lived her life, because she always tried to do her best to be a good wife and mother. Marie’s statement best reflects the meaning of the term:
a. integrity
b. autonomy
c. identity
d. self-esteem
Module: 17.1.1: Erikson’s Stage of Integrity Versus Despair
Learning Objective 17.1
Analyze It
Difficult
Rationale: According to Erikson, those who can look back and feel satisfied that their lives have had meaning and that they have done the best they could develop a strong sense of personal integrity. Integrity versus despair is the developmental conflict that Erikson believed characterized older adulthood.
17.10. Lou is dying of cancer and he is very angry that his life “didn’t work out the way it should have.” In Erik Erikson’s view, Lou’s disappointment is best considered to be an example of:
a. mistrust
b. guilt
c. despair
d. isolation
Module: 17.1.1: Erikson’s Stage of Integrity Versus Despair
Learning Objective 17.1
Analyze It
Difficult
Rationale: Reflecting on one’s lost opportunities, wrong turns, and failures is what Erikson defined as despair, which is the negative outcome of the stage of integrity versus despair. Integrity versus despair is the developmental conflict that Erikson believed characterized older adulthood.
17.11. According to Erikson, older adulthood is ideally a time when:
a. identity has predominated over integrity
b. integrity has predominated over despair
c. identify has predominated over role confusion
d. trust has predominated over mistrust
Module: 17.1.1: Erikson’s Stage of Integrity Versus Despair
Learning Objective 17.1
Apply What You Know
Moderate
Rationale: in Erikson’s view, a satisfactory resolution of the developmental tasks of older adulthood involves accepting that not everything in life has worked out as ideal, yet realizing that one’s life has been of value (i.e., that integrity has predominated over despair).
17.12. According to Piaget, if new events and changing circumstances can be absorbed into one’s self-concept, this defines the process called:
a. equilibration
b. accommodation
c. integrity
d. assimilation
Module: 17.1.2: Maintaining Identity
Learning Objective 17.1
Understand the Concept
Moderate
17.13. According to Piaget, if new events and changing circumstances cannot be absorbed into one’s self-concept, and the self-concept changes in order to adapt to these new events, this defines the process called:
a. equilibration
b. accommodation
c. integrity
d. assimilation
Module: 17.1.2: Maintaining Identity
Learning Objective 17.1
Understand the Concept
Moderate
17.14. Greta has lost her driver’s license because she can no longer pass the vision test. Rather than feeling bad about her lost abilities, she has simply adjusted to this new circumstance by selling her car, getting a bus pass, and using a taxi service for unanticipated trips. Greta’s ability to adjust to her new circumstances without its negatively affecting her self-concept is a good example of:
a. a status passage
b. integrity
c. assimilation
d. generativity
Module: 17.1.2: Maintaining Identity
Learning Objective 17.1
Evaluate It
Difficult
Rationale: Piaget described the process of adaptation, which involves assimilating new events and changing circumstances into one’s existing self-concept.
17.15. An elderly widow is angry with her children for telling her she should not live alone in her home anymore, because she fell recently. She blames the fall on inadequate lighting and claims that if her children did some house repairs, she could stay in her house. This woman’s inability to deal with her changed circumstances reflects her difficulty in which of the following processes?
a. making a successful status passage into older adulthood
b. achieving intimacy with herself
c. assimilation
d. accommodation
Module: 17.1.2: Maintaining Identity
Learning Objective 17.1
Analyze It
Difficult
Rationale: Piaget described the process of adaptation, which involves accommodating (changing) one’s self when major life events cannot be readily assimilated.
17.16. According to Piaget, the best adjustment is characterized by:
a. reliance on assimilation, rather than on accommodation
b. reliance on accommodation, rather than on assimilation
c. a balance between assimilation and accommodation
d. avoiding assimilation and accommodation in favor of association
Module: 17.1.2: Maintaining Identity
Learning Objective 17.1
Evaluate It
Moderate
Rationale: Ideally, according to Piaget’s view, people maintain a balance between assimilation and accommodation. Refusal to accommodate may mean that the person is denying reality. Such a person may be defensive, rigid, and may unjustifiably blame other people. On the other hand, accommodating too readily can make a person hysterical, impulsive, or hypersensitive.
17.17. The text describes a study of older adults who experienced major negative changes to their health and living circumstances. As these people adjusted, they usually did so by:
a. denying that their new circumstances were permanent
b. thinking more about the past than the present
c. becoming very, very angry and bitter
d. giving up and becoming totally dependent on others, to a degree greater than necessary
Module: 17.1.2: Maintaining Identity
Learning Objective 17.1
Analyze It
Difficult
Rationale: Those who were in this study, mostly individuals in their 70s and 80s, who were most successful in adapting managed to do so by maintaining and validating their identities. Despite adversity, they were able to say, “I am who I have always been.” Even while they were being faced with very real shifts in their lives and in their physical abilities, they were able to do this by shifting from thinking about the present to thinking about the past.
17.18. During most of older adulthood, people’s emotional adjustment would be characterized by _________; and at the very end of life, their emotional satisfaction usually __________.
a. emotional growth; remains the same or declines
b. emotional stagnation; remains the same or declines
c. emotional growth; becomes more positive
d. emotional stagnation; becomes more positive
Module: 17.1.2: Maintaining Identity
Learning Objective 17.1
Apply What You Know
Moderate
Rationale: Research suggests that this life stage is usually experienced as one of continued emotional growth. If well-being declines at all, it generally does so only in the period immediately preceding a person’s death when cognitive and physical problems seriously impact a person’s critical areas of functioning.
17.19. In comparison to early stages of adulthood, in older adulthood, adults tend to have _______ friends; during this stage, their friendships tend to be _________ meaningful.
a. more; more
b. fewer; more
c. more; less
b. fewer; less
Module: 17.1.3: Emotional Development in Older Adulthood
Learning Objective 17.1
Apply What You Know
Moderate
Rationale: Older adults may not maintain as many relationships, but the ones they keep do not diminish in intensity. In fact, older people tend to experience more satisfaction with their interpersonal relationships than they have throughout their earlier lives.
17.20. As a young adult, Aaron had many friends, but his friends were not very important to him. In older adulthood, researchers would expect that Aaron would have ______ friends and his friends would __________ to him.
a. even more; still be unimportant
b. fewer; still be unimportant
c. even more friends, more important
d. fewer; more important
Module: 17.1.3: Emotional Development in Older Adulthood
Learning Objective 17.1
Analyze It
Difficult
Rationale: Older adults may not maintain as many relationships, but the ones they keep do not diminish in intensity. In fact, older people tend to experience more satisfaction with their interpersonal relationships than they have throughout their earlier lives.
17.21. According to research presented in the text, you would expect that in older adulthood adults would experience all of the following changes EXCEPT:
a. a reduced capacity to feel positive emotions
b. fewer mood swings
c. less agitation
d. a greater ability to control emotions
Module: 17.1.3: Emotional Development in Older Adulthood
Learning Objective 17.1
Evaluate It
Moderate
Rationale: In studies across cultures, older adults consistently reported fewer mood swings, less agitation, and a greater ability to control their emotions than did young adults, which contributes to a greater sense of well-being.
17.22. According to the text, the positivity effect is best described as:
a. older adults’ increased ability to look on the “bright side” of health-related problems
b. the peace that they feel as they assume fewer responsibilities for caring for others
c. older adults’ decrease in intellectual flexibility such that they feel more positive they are right
d. the tendency to remember positive information better than negative information
Module: 17.1.3: Emotional Development in Older Adulthood
Learning Objective 17.1
Understand the Concept
Moderate
17.23. Jane is surprised to learn that her income for most of her career was quite low, because when she thinks back she remembers making more money than she actually did. Jane’s memory distortion is best considered to be an example of:
a. the positivity effect
b. the negativity effect
c. state-dependent memory
d. episodic drift
Module: 17.1.3: Emotional Development in Older Adulthood
Learning Objective 17.1
Evaluate It
Difficult
Rationale: The positivity effect refers to the well-documented finding that older adults seem to attend more to positive information than negative information; they remember positive information better as well.
17.24. If you looked at MRI results of brain activity of younger and older adults while viewing positive images, you would expect that brain activity would be relatively ___________ for older adults in the area of the brain called the ____________.
a. lower; amygdala
b. lower; prefrontal cortex
c. higher; amygdala
d. higher; prefrontal cortex
Module: 17.1.3: Emotional Development in Older Adulthood
Learning Objective 17.1
Analyze It
Difficult
Rationale: The book describes a research study in which, relative to younger adults, older adults were found to experience greater neural activation for positive images than negative ones in the amygdala, an area in the brain involved in the processing of emotional responses.
17.25. Suppose you show positive and negative images on a computer screen to younger and older adults. If younger adults remember 25% of the positive images and 25% of the negative images, you would expect that, of the total number of images they remembered, older adults would remember _____ positive images and _____ negative images.
a. more than 25%; more than 25%
b. less than 25%; less than 25%
c. less than 25%; more than 25%
d. more than 25%; less than 25%
Module: 17.1.3: Emotional Development in Older Adulthood
Learning Objective 17.1
Analyze It
Difficult
Rationale: The book describes a research study in which, relative to younger adults, older adults were found to experience greater neural activation for positive images than negative ones in the amygdala, an area in the brain involved in the processing of emotional responses.
17.26. If you were to describe the emotionality of the majority of older adults, the best conclusion to come to would be that, compared to earlier in their lives, their emotionality is ______ complex and their sense of well-being is _________.
a. more; lower
b. more; greater
c. less; lower
d. less; greater
Module: 17.1.3: Emotional Development in Older Adulthood
Learning Objective 17.1
Analyze It
Moderate
Rationale: As people grow older, their sense that time is fleeting usually deepens and makes for more complex emotionality. A greater ability to negotiate the conflicts between what they believe they should do and what they want to do contributes to a greater sense of well-being.
Continuity and Change in Older Adulthood
Learning Objective 17.2: Differentiate identity changes and consistencies in older adulthood
17.27. According to the text, the major difference between stage theories and continuity theories that describe adult development is the degree to which they:
a. focus on emotional development
b. focus on physical changes
c. see changes as being dramatic or cumulative
d. view behavior as being the result of hereditary versus environmental forces
Module: 17.2: Continuity and Change in Older Adulthood
Learning Objective 17.2
Evaluate It
Difficult
Rationale: Stage theorists emphasize the idea that people pass through discrete stages, changing in some dramatic ways in the passage from one stage to another. Continuity theorists emphasize the role of smaller, continuous adjustments as people respond to aging, which allows people to maintain a stable sense of who they are over the lifespan.
17.28. According to the text, in older adulthood, personality dimensions generally _________ and well-being generally ___________.
a. remain consistent; increases
b. remain consistent; decreases
c. change considerably; increases
d. change considerably; decreases
Module: 17.2.1: Continuity and Change in Personality
Learning Objective 17.2
Understand the Concept
Moderate
17.29. Which of the following in NOT one of the six components of adult well-being, as identified by Carol Ryff?
a. self-acceptance
b. personal growth
c. autonomy
d. parenthood
Module: 17.2.1: Continuity and Change in Personality
Learning Objective 17.2
Understand the Concept
Moderate
17.30. According to research conducted by Carol Ryff, which of the following statements describe a person who scores LOW on the “autonomy” component of adult well-being?
a. relies on judgments of others to make important decisions
b. evaluates self by personal standards
c. is able to resist social pressures to think and act in certain ways
d. regulates behavior from within
Module: 17.2.1: Continuity and Change in Personality
Learning Objective 17.2
Analyze It
Moderate
Rationale: Table 17.1 describes the characteristics of high- and low-scorers on the six components of adult well-being. The table describes low-scorer on autonomy as a relying on judgments of others to make important decisions.
17.31. According to the text, as men age, they typically become:
a. less conscientious
b. less agreeable
c. less open to new experiences
d. less extroverted
Module: 17.2.1: Continuity and Change in Personality
Learning Objective 17.2
Analyze It
Moderate
Rationale: The text notes that as men age, they become more introverted. From Chapter 15, in which the Big Five personality traits are discussed, students should have learned that introversion is the opposite end of the trait of extroversion.
17.32. According to the text, in comparison to the coping styles used by younger adults, older adults are more likely to use coping styles that are more:
a. passive and focused on specific problems
b. passive and focused on emotions
c. active and focused on specific problems
d. active and focused on emotions
Module: 17.2.3: Successful Aging
Learning Objective 17.2
Understand the Concept
Moderate
a. less than half; lower
b. less than half; higher
c. about three-quarters; lower
d. about three-quarters; higher
Module: 17.2.3: Successful Aging
Learning Objective 17.2
Evaluate It
Moderate
Rationale: In a recent national survey of older Americans, about three-quarters of adults age 65 and older rated their health and well-being as good to excellent. Figure 17.1 shows that the percentage of non-Hispanic Black respondents who rated their health as good to excellent was consistently lower than the percentage of non-Hispanic White respondents who did so (in the 65–74 age range, for example, the percentages of Black and White respondents providing this rating were 83 and 68, respectively).
17.34. According to research cited in the text, which of the following groups of people age 65 and older would be expected to report the highest levels of healthiness?
a. White Americans
b. Black Americans
c. Hispanic Americans
d. White Americans and Hispanic Americans would report equally high levels of healthiness, which would be higher than that reported by Black Americans.
Module: 17.2.3: Successful Aging
Learning Objective 17.2
Evaluate It
Moderate
Rationale: In a recent national survey of older Americans, about three-quarters of adults age 65 and older rated their health and well-being as good to excellent. Figure 17.1 shows that the percentage of non-Hispanic White respondents who rated their health as good to excellent was consistently higher than the percentage of non-Hispanic Black or Hispanic respondents who did so.
17.35. A study of Americans 65 or older found that about ____ rated their health and well-being as good to excellent:
a. 10%
b. 25%
c. 50%
d. 75%
Module: 17.2.3: Successful Aging
Learning Objective 17.2
Understand the Concept
Moderate
17.36. Frank says that he doesn’t like having to use a walker, but at least he’s in better shape than his brother, who must use a wheelchair. Frank’s statement exemplifies the basic principle involved in:
a. integrity
b. despair
c. social comparison
d. conflict resolution
Module: 17.2.3: Successful Aging
Learning Objective 17.2
Analyze It
Moderate
Rationale: When people use social comparison, they evaluate themselves and their own situation against the experiences of others they perceive to be similar. Using social comparison can allow older adults to maintain a positive outlook despite their failing health and declining abilities.
17.37. According to the text, which of the following is the most important determinant of satisfaction in older adulthood?
a. money
b. marital status
c. amount of social interaction
d. health
Module: 17.2.3: Successful Aging
Learning Objective 17.2
Understand the Concept
Easy
Retirement
Learning Objective 17.3: Relate life circumstances to older adult adjustment in retirement
17.38. Generalizing from information presented in the text, in which of the following years would you predict to see the highest proportion of retirements occurring at ages 65 or younger?
a. 1955
b. 1970
c. 1988
d. 2009
Module: 17.3: Retirement
Learning Objective 17.3
Analyze It
Difficult
Rationale: According to the text, retirement at the traditional age of 62 or 65 seems to have peaked in the 1980s or early 1990s.
17.39. About what percent of workers in 2012 chose to retire “in the traditional sense”—to quit working entirely at age 65?
a. 10%
b. 25%
c. 33%
d. 50%
Module: 17.3: Retirement
Learning Objective 17.3
Understand the Concept
Easy
17.40. Maria, who worked full-time for her entire adult life, has recently retired. However, she misses her friends at work and she feels lonely and bored. According to Robert Atchley, she is in which stage of retirement?
a. retirement routine
b. disenchantment
c. reorientation
d. termination of retirement
Module: 17.3.1: The Stages of Retirement
Learning Objective 17.3
Analyze It
Moderate
Rationale: A table in the text outlines Atchley’s six stages of retirement. Maria’s response is characteristic of Phase 3: Disenchantment.
17.41. Which of the following situations would be LEAST likely to predict a negative adjustment to retirement?
a. when the retiree loved her job
b. when retirement is accompanied by a substantially reduced standard of living
c. when the transition to retirement has been anticipated for a long period of time
d. when the retiree’s self-concept is dependent upon her job role and job status
Module: 17.3.1: The Stages of Retirement
Learning Objective 17.3
Analyze It
Moderate
Rationale: According to the text, if the shift to retirement is sudden and dramatic, if the person’s standard of living is compromised, or if an individual’s identity has been closely tied to an occupational role, the transition may be very difficult.
17.42. According to the text, about what percent of retired U. S. adults over age 65 rely to a significant degree on Social Security as a source of income?
a. about 25%
b. about 45%
c. about 66%
d. about 90%
Module: 17.3.2: Adjusting to Retirement
Learning Objective 17.3
Understand the Concept
Moderate
17.43. According to the text, about what percent of retired U. S. adults over age 65 rely on Social Security as virtually their only source of income?
a. about 8%
b. about 15%
c. about 31%
d. about 40%
Module: 17.3.2: Adjusting to Retirement
Learning Objective 17.3
Understand the Concept
Moderate
17.44. According to the text, about what percent of America’s elderly live below the poverty line?
a. 7%
b. 13%
c. 24%
d. 46%
Module: 17.3.2: Adjusting to Retirement
Learning Objective 17.3
Understand the Concept
Moderate
17.45. Statistically speaking, in the United States today an older adult from which of the following groups is LEAST likely to live in poverty?
a. White man
b. White woman
c. Black woman
d. Hispanic woman
Module: 17.3.2: Adjusting to Retirement
Learning Objective 17.3
Analyze It
Moderate
Rationale: The text notes that those suffering the discrimination that typically comes with being both female and a member of a minority group are the most likely to be poor. Therefore men and White adults are least likely to live in poverty.
17.46. Statistically speaking, in the United States today which of the following individuals is most likely to be poor?
a. a Black older woman
b. a Black older man
c. a White older woman
d. a White older man
Module: 17.3.2: Adjusting to Retirement
Learning Objective 17.3
Analyze It
Moderate
Rationale: The text notes that those suffering the discrimination that typically comes with being both female and a member of a minority group are the most likely to be poor: About 23% of older African American women are impoverished.
17.47. Generalizing from information presented in the text, which of the following persons would adjust best to retirement?
a. a healthy man who wanted to retire
b. a healthy man who did not want to retire
c. an unhealthy man who wanted to retire
d. an unhealthy man who did not want to retire
Module: 17.3.2: Adjusting to Retirement
Learning Objective 17.3
Evaluate It
Moderate
Rationale: The adjustment to retirement is easier when people are prepared. One of the most important considerations in how people fare after retirement is whether they actually choose to retire, as opposed to being forced to retire because of their age, because of being squeezed out by a younger person, or because of corporate downsizing.
17.48. According to a study reported in the text, which of the following groups has the largest proportion of its members in the U.S. work force?
a. men, ages 65–69
b. men, ages 70 and older
c. women, ages 65–69
d. women, ages 70 and older
Module: 17.3.3: Retirement Options
Learning Objective 17.3
Analyze It
Moderate
Rationale: Figure 17.2 shows the percentage of older men and women in the U.S. labor force by age. This figure shows that in both age groups men are more likely to work than women, and also that men in the younger age group are more likely to work than men in the older age group.
17.49. According to research presented in the text, about what percent of people who retire report that their mental and physical health DECLINED during the period immediately after retirement?
a. about 83%
b. about 50%
c. about 33%
d. about 17%
Module: 17.3.3: Retirement Options
Learning Objective 17.3
Analyze It
Difficult
Rationale: The text reports the results of a study that found that 33% of retirees report an improvement in their mental and physical health in the period immediately after retirement and another 50% report no change. Thus, 17% reported a decline in their health.
17.50. Questions that assess a person’s best time for retirement provide an index of:
a. functional well-being
b. openness to experience
c. retirement maturity
d. emotional health
Module: 17.3.3: Retirement Options
Learning Objective 17.3
Understand the Concept
Easy
17.51. How prepared a person is to retire is known as an index of:
a. retirement maturity
b. emotional health.
c. openness to experience
d. functional well-being
Module: 17.3.3: Retirement Options
Learning Objective 17.3
Understand the Concept
Easy
17.52. Rod visited with a retirement counselor who asked him if he had adequate savings and income, a place to live, and other related questions to learn how prepared Rod is to retire. The retirement counselor was most likely trying to estimate Rod’s index of:
a. functional well-being
b. emotional health
c. openness to experience
d. retirement maturity
Module: 17.3.3: Retirement Options
Learning Objective 17.3
Evaluate It
Moderate
Rationale: Considerations such as how long the potential retiree has worked and if the retiree has adequate savings, income, a place to live, and plans for further work or activities after retirement constitute an index of retirement maturity—how prepared a person is to retire.
The Interpersonal Contexts of Family and Friends
Learning Objective 17.4: Analyze the social challenges of older adulthood
17.53. According to the text, all of the following are trends taking place in U. S. society EXCEPT:
a. people are retiring at younger ages
b. divorce and remarriage are more common
c. there is a wider range of single lifestyles
d. kinship relationships with grandchildren are more complex
Module: 17.4: The Interpersonal Contexts of Family and Friends
Learning Objective 17.4
Understand the Concept
Moderate
17.54. After children leave home, parents generally experience ______ stress and ______ feelings of satisfaction and harmony.
a. more; more
b. less; less
c. less; more
d. more; less
Module: 17.4.1: When Parenting Is Over
Learning Objective 17.4
Understand the Concept
Easy
17.55. Ruth and John have just entered the “empty nest” phase of their lives. You would expect that the amount of stress that Ruth feels would ______ and the amount than John feels would ______.
a. decrease; decrease
b. decrease; increase
c. increase; decrease
d. increase; increase
Module: 17.4.1: When Parenting Is Over
Learning Objective 17.4
Analyze It
Moderate
Rationale: Although there may be some initial difficulty in adjusting to each other as a couple, most empty nest couples report decreased stress.
17.56. If Julie were the youngest child in her family and the last to leave home, she should expect that the stress her parents feel after she moves away will ______ and their level of marital satisfaction will _______.
a. increase; increase
b. increase; decrease
c. decrease; increase
d. decrease; decrease
Module: 17.4.1: When Parenting Is Over
Learning Objective 17.4
Analyze It
Moderate
Rationale: Although there may be some initial difficulty in adjusting to each other as a couple, most empty nest couples report decreased stress and increased feelings of satisfaction and harmony; on average, older married couples report being more satisfied with their marriage after their children leave home.
17.57. In comparison to marriages that have not been happy, marriages that are happy tend to be more _________ in older adulthood.
a. traditional in terms of religion
b. egalitarian
c. organized along gender lines
d. stressful
Module: 17.4.1: When Parenting Is Over
Learning Objective 17.4
Understand the Concept
Moderate
17.58. Generally speaking, older adults who become grandparents generally feel _________ about this role and those who become great-grandparents generally feel _________ about this role.
a. negative; positive
b. positive; negative
c. negative; negative
d. positive; positive
Module: 17.4.1: When Parenting Is Over
Learning Objective 17.4
Understand the Concept
Easy
17.59. The text reports that in 1980, 2.3 million grandchildren lived in a grandparent-maintained household and that by 2014 this number was:
a. 2.1 million
b. 3.5 million
c. 4.7 million
d. 16 million
Module: 17.4.1: When Parenting Is Over
Learning Objective 17.4
Understand the Concept
Moderate
17.60. In 2012, about what percent of U. S. children under the age of 18 lived in a household that included one or more grandparents?
a. about 28%
b. about 16%
c. about 10%
d. about 3%
Module: 17.4.1: When Parenting Is Over
Learning Objective 17.4
Understand the Concept
Moderate
17.61. The text cites two reasons why the percent of grandparent-maintained families are becoming more predominant. These factors are:
a. economic conditions are worsening and grandparents are living longer
b. economic conditions are getting better and divorce rates are rapidly declining
c. more children are being born to younger and younger parents and grandparents are living longer
d. more children are being born to younger and younger parents and grandparents are more likely to be divorced
Module: 17.4.1: When Parenting Is Over
Learning Objective 17.4
Understand the Concept
Moderate
17.62. Among older married couples, if one partner becomes seriously ill, that person’s most likely caregiver is:
a. a spouse
b. a sibling
c. a grandchild
d. a son
Module: 17.4.2: Caring for an Ill Spouse or Partner
Learning Objective 17.4
Understand the Concept
Easy
17.63. For men who are age 65–74, the most common marital status is __________; for women in the age range the most common marital status is ___________.
a. widowed; widowed
b. married; widowed
c. widowed; married
d. married; married
Module: 17.4.3: Widows and Widowers
Learning Objective 17.4
Analyze It
Difficult
Rationale: Figure 17.3 shows the marital status of the U.S. population age 65 and over, by age group and gender. According to this figure, 74% of men and 58% of women ages 65–74 are married.
17.64. For men who are ages 75–84, the most common marital status is __________; for women in this age range the most common marital status is ___________.
a. widowed; widowed
b. married; widowed
c. widowed; married
d. married; married
Module: 17.4.3: Widows and Widowers
Learning Objective 17.4
Analyze It
Difficult
Rationale: Figure 17.3 shows the marital status of the U.S. population age 65 and over, by age group and gender. According to this figure, 74% of men ages 75–84 are married and 43% of women ages 75–84 are widowed.
17.65. For men who are age 85 and over, the most common marital status is __________; for women in the age range the most common marital status is ___________.
a. widowed; widowed
b. married; widowed
c. widowed; married
d. married; married
Module: 17.4.3: Widows and Widowers
Learning Objective 17.4
Analyze It
Difficult
Rationale: Figure 17.3 shows the marital status of the U.S. population age 65 and over, by age group and gender. According to this figure, 59% of men 85 and older are married and 73% of women 85 and older are widowed.
17.66. Today, in the United States, there were ___ times more widows than widowers.
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 6
Module: 17.4.3: Widows and Widowers
Learning Objective 17.4
Understand the Concept
Moderate
17.67. If you conducted a random survey of older people who were living alone after a spouse had died, and of the people you surveyed, 100 were men, you should expect that your survey group included about _____ women.
a. 80
b. 120
c. 300
d. 600
Module: 17.4.3: Widows and Widowers
Learning Objective 17.4
Analyze It
Difficult
Rationale: Today, in the United States the total number of older adult women who were widows was more than 3 times the number of older adult men who were widowers.
17.68. According to the text, of U. S. women over the age of 85, about ____ are widows.
a. 40%
b. 50%
c. 75%
d. 90%
Module: 17.4.3: Widows and Widowers
Learning Objective 17.4
Understand the Concept
Moderate
17.69. If you conducted a survey of 1,000 women over the age of 85 and asked them if they were widows, you should expect that about how many of them would answer “yes.”
a. 500
b. 620
c. 730
d. 880
Module: 17.4.3: Widows and Widowers
Learning Objective 17.4
Analyze It
Moderate
Rationale: Figure 17.3 shows the marital status of the U.S. population age 65 and over, by age group and gender. According to this figure, 73% of women 85 and older are widowed.
17.70. Which of the following is NOT a reason why older women are more likely to be widows than older men are to be widowers?
a. Women live longer than men.
b. Men are more likely to marry younger women than women are likely to marry younger men.
c. Women have higher incomes in older adulthood so they don’t have to remarry for financial reasons.
d. Women live longer after being widowed than men do.
Module: 17.4.3: Widows and Widowers
Learning Objective 17.4
Evaluate It
Moderate
Rationale: Older women are more likely than older men to live in poverty.
17.71. In the United States today, are more likely to live with their spouse and are more likely to live alone.
a. men; men
b. men; women
c. women; men
d. women; women
Module: 17.4.3: Widows and Widowers
Learning Objective 17.4
Analyze It
Moderate
Rationale: Figure 17.4 shows that the percent of men and women living with their spouse is 70% for men and 45% for women; the percent living alone is 20% for men and 36% for women.
17.72. If all of the following men were living in the United States and were over the age of 65, who would be MOST likely to be living alone?
a. Greg, who is White
b. Rodney, who is Black
c. Mark, who is Asian
d. Fred, who is Hispanic
Module: 17.4.3: Widows and Widowers
Learning Objective 17.4
Analyze It
Difficult
Rationale: Figure 17.5 shows the living arrangements of the U.S. population age 65 and over. This figure indicates that 30% of Black men over the age of 65 live with alone, a higher percentage than for White (20%), Asian (10%), or Hispanic (15%) men.
17.73. If all of the following women were living in the United States and were over the age of 65, who would be LEAST likely to be living alone?
a. Wanda, who is White
b. Renee, who is Black
c. Melinda, who is Asian
d. Fauna, who is Hispanic
Module: 17.4.3: Widows and Widowers
Learning Objective 17.4
Analyze It
Difficult
Rationale: Figure 17.5 shows the living arrangements of the U.S. population age 65 and over. This figure indicates that 20% of Asian women over the age of 65 live alone, a lower percentage than for White 371%), Black (43%), or Hispanic women (23%).
17.74. If all of the following men were living in the United States and were over the age of 65, who would be LEAST likely to be living alone?
a. Greg, who is White
b. Rodney, who is Black
c. Mark, who is Asian
d. Fred, who is Hispanic
Module: 17.4.3: Widows and Widowers
Learning Objective 17.4
Analyze It
Difficult
Rationale: Figure 17.5 shows the living arrangements of the U.S. population age 65 and over. This figure indicates that 10% of Asian men over the age of 65 live alone, a lower percentage than for White (20%), Black (30%), or Hispanic (15%) men.
17.75. If all of the following women were living in the United States and were over the age of 65, who would be MOST likely to be living alone?
a. Wanda, who is White
b. Renee, who is Black
c. Melinda, who is Asian
d. Fauna, who is Hispanic
Module: 17.4.3: Widows and Widowers
Learning Objective 17.4
Analyze It
Difficult
Rationale: Figure 17.5 shows the living arrangements of the U.S. population age 65 and over. This figure indicates that 43% of Black women over the age of 65 live alone, a higher percentage than for White (37%), Asian (20%), or Hispanic (23%) women.
17.76. According to the text, widows typically are ______ likely than widowers to experience depression in the time just before their spouse’s death, in part because ________ generally have better social support networks.
a. more; widows
b. more; widowers
c. less; widows
d. less; widowers
Module: 17.4.3: Widows and Widowers
Learning Objective 17.4
Understand the Concept
Moderate
17.77. According to the text, which of the following would LEAST likely be called on to help manage long-term responsibilities associated with caring for an older adult who has lost a spouse?
a. a child
b. a brother
c. a sister
d. a friend
Module: 17.4.3: Widows and Widowers
Learning Objective 17.4
Evaluate It
Moderate:
Rationale: The prevailing view is that friends will help in an immediate emergency, such as a sudden illness, but kin (i.e., relatives) should handle long-term responsibilities.
U. S. Social Policy and Older Adulthood
Learning Objective 17.5: Evaluate the effects of U.S. social policy on older adults
a. 4
b. 6
c. 8
d. 10
Module: 487
Learning Objective 17.5
Understand the Concept
Moderate
17.79. In the United States in 1900, about 1 in ___ people in the general population were older adults; in 2014, about 1 in ___ people belong to this group; and by 2060 this group is expected to comprise 1 of every ___ U. S. residents.
a. 50; 20; 10
b. 25; 12; 6
c. 25; 7; 4
d. 25; 20; 25
Module: 17.5: U.S. Social Policy and Older Adulthood
Learning Objective 17.5
Understand the Concept
Moderate
17.80. Of the older adult population living in the Unites States in 2014, about ____ percent were White; in 2050, the percentage of White older adults is expected to be about ____.
a. 92%; 50%
b. 78%; 55%
c. 55%; 65%
d. 55%; 45%
Module: 17.5: U.S. Social Policy and Older Adulthood
Learning Objective 17.5
Understand the Concept
Moderate
17.81. As a proportion of the total population of the United States, by 2060 we should expect that there will be _____ older adults and of the older adults, ______ will be White.
a. more; more
b. more; less
c. less; more
d. less; less
Module: 17.5: U.S. Social Policy and Older Adulthood
Learning Objective 17.5
Analyze It
Moderate
Rationale: There were 46 million older adults in 2014, which is about 1 in every 7 people. By 2060, the number of older adults in the population is expected to grow to 98 million people and to represent 1 in every 4 people. By 2050, the percentage of White older adults is expected to decline from its 2014 level of 78% to 55%.
17.82. Social Security is essentially ________ program.
a. an insurance
b. a pension
c. a tax on the elderly
d. a health care
Module: 17.5.1: Social Security and Medicare
Learning Objective 17.5
Evaluate It
Moderate:
Rationale: Social Security is a pension program because it forces people to save for retirement by taxing wages, and then paying these taxes back to older adults upon reaching a certain minimum age.
17.83. Healthcare services are provided to older adults in the United States by a government program called:
a. Medicare
b. Medicaid
c. Social Security
d. Government Funded Health Assistance for Adults (GFHAA)
Module: 17.5.1: Social Security and Medicare
Learning Objective 17.5
Understand the Concept
Easy
17.84. Medicare–Part D is a government program that helps older adults pay for:
a. physician visits to preventative healthcare check-ups
b. nursing home care
c. hospitalization costs
d. prescription medicines
Module: 17.5.1: Social Security and Medicare
Learning Objective 17.5
Understand the Concept
Moderate
17.85. According to the text, what is the biggest concern that most people have regarding Medicare?
a. It does not pay for wellness-related doctor visits.
b. It requires treatment in hospitals, rather than doctor’s offices and clinics.
c. It may not have enough money and will become bankrupt.
d. It does not pay for prescription drugs, which many older adults require.
Module: 17.5.1: Social Security and Medicare
Learning Objective 17.5
Evaluate It
Moderate
Rationale: Medicare does pay for doctor visits, for treatment in hospitals and clinics, and for part of the cost of prescription drugs. However, the major concern is that these costs are growing faster than Medicare may be able to sustain.
17.86. According to the text, what is the primary reason that Medicare is severely challenged financially?
a. The costs per person for health care are increasing dramatically.
b. The average life expectancy is increasing in the United States.
c. The sheer number of older adults is increasing dramatically.
d. There are many more people living past the age of 90.
Module: 17.5.1: Social Security and Medicare
Learning Objective 17.5
Analyze It
Difficult
Rationale: Although healthcare costs per person are increasing, the average life expectancy is increasing, and there are more people living past the age of 90, and these factors do contribute to the costs paid by Medicare. The PRIMARY reason for the financial challenge that Medicare is facing is that the sheer number of older adults covered by this plan is increasing so dramatically.
17.87. During which period of the lifespan are health care costs typically the highest?
a. between ages 55 and 64
b. between the ages of 85 and 90
c. in the first 2 years of life
d. in the last 2 years of life, at whatever age death occurs
Module: 17.5.1: Social Security and Medicare
Learning Objective 17.5
Analyze It
Moderate
Rationale: A figure in the text clearly shows that healthcare expenditures are much higher in the period just before death, at whatever age death occurs.
17.88. According to statistics reported in the text, the fastest-growing segment of the U.S. population is:
a. adults ages 55–64
b. adults ages 65–74
c. adults ages 75–84
d. adults ages 85 and over
Module: 17.5.1: Social Security and Medicare
Learning Objective 17.5
Understand the Concept
Moderate
17.89. According to the text, about what percent of the U. S. population age 65 and over resides in nursing homes?
a. about 4%
b. about 6%
c. about 9.9 %
d. about 14%
Module: 17.5.2: Lifestyle Options for Older Adults
Learning Objective 17.5
Understand the Concept
Moderate
17.90. In comparison to the percentage of people age 85 and over who were cared for in nursing homes in 1985, the percentage in 2013 was:
a. about the same
b. slightly higher
c. much higher
d. somewhat lower
Module: 17.5.2: Lifestyle Options for Older Adults
Learning Objective 17.5
Analyze It
Moderate
Rationale: Figure 17.8 shows the percentage of people in the U.S. ages 65 and older living in nursing homes in the years 1985 and 2013. According to this figure, a higher percentage of older adults lived in nursing homes in 1985 as compared to in 2007, 22.0% in 1985 versus 14.7% in 2013.
17.91. Mr. Jones has suffered a severe stroke that has left him unable to walk, speak, or dress and feed himself. He needs nursing care for several hours a day, but his wife has died and his adult son lives 1,000 miles away. Which of the following options would most likely be the type of living arrangement that would best serve Mr. Jones’s needs?
a. an adult daycare facility
b. an assisted living facility
c. a nursing home
d. an Elderhostel
Module: 17.5.2: Lifestyle Options for Older Adults
Learning Objective 17.5
Evaluate It
Moderate
Rationale: Needs that can be served through a nursing home are most acute for individuals who lack the social support of family or friends, who display unusual behavior patterns, or who have trouble with self-care. Nursing homes provide an important and needed alternative for caring for those with substantial needs, such as Mr. Jones who needs nursing care for several hours each day.
17.92. Mrs. Brown, a widow, has suffered a stroke which has left her unable to walk, although she can feed herself and still likes to read and play cards. Her adult daughter lives in the same town and would like to care for Mrs. Brown, but she can’t afford to quit her job in order to do so. Which of the following options would likely provide the best alternative to the care that Mrs. Brown needs and that her daughter is willing to provide:
a. an Elderhostel
b. a nursing home
c. an adult daycare facility
d. an assisted-living facility
Module: 17.5.2: Lifestyle Options for Older Adults
Learning Objective 17.5
Evaluate It
Difficult
Rationale: Daycare centers provide an option for older adults who require some assistance in living. The text provides an example of a 77-year-old stroke victim who lived with her daughter and son-in-law, but she spent her days in a daycare center where she received therapy, kept busy, and made new friends. Her morale and temperament improved dramatically after only a few weeks of attendance, which made her family’s burden of care much lighter.
17.93. The text mentions a facility called the Life Center operated by the Quakers in Philadelphia. The main way in which this center is different from most other assisted living facilities or retirement communities is that it:
a. is federally funded under the National Endowment for the Arts
b. includes mandatory religious services for all residents, who come from many different religious traditions
c. has seniors living in the same complex as people of other ages, including students
d. requires people who live there to be widows or widowers
Module: 17.5.2: Lifestyle Options for Older Adults
Learning Objective 17.5
Evaluate It
Difficult
Rationale: The text describes the Life Center operated by the Quakers in Philadelphia in which older people live in a large converted house with students and people in other age groups. Costs, housework, and meals are shared, and the resulting sense of community keeps older adults in the mainstream of life rather than segregated into age-defined groups.
17.94. Although only about of people over the age of 65 live in nursing homes today, this percentage increases to about for those age 85 and over.
a. 4%; 15%
b. 4%; 33%
c. 14%; 29%
d. 14%; 33%
Module: 17.5.2: Lifestyle Options for Older Adults
Learning Objective 17.5
Analyze It
Difficult
Rationale: The text states that just under 4% of the people over age 65 reside in nursing homes; Figure 17.8 shows that in 2013 14.7% of those age 85 and over do so.
17.95. If you were to choose one word to describe adults in the period defined by the text as “older adulthood,” the best choice would be:
a. frail
b. depressed
c. diverse
d. backward-focused
Module: 17.5.3: Goals for the Care of Older Adults
Learning Objective 17.5
Evaluate It
Moderate
Rationale: The chapter has frequently made the point that adulthood is a long period, spanning 40 or more years, and that younger and healthy adults in this period are very different from older or sicker older adults. It also has dispelled the negative ageist stereotypes that portray older adults as frail, unhealthy, depressed, or interested only in the past. Thus, “diverse” is the best word to describe adults in this period of the lifespan.
17.96. Who are the Gray Panthers?
a. an activist group that promotes issues important to older adults
b. a group of politicians money to support older candidates for public office
c. a group of healthcare workers who lobby for health care reform for the elderly
d. retired workers who volunteer to help new businesses and volunteer agencies improve their operations
Module: 17.5.3: Goals for the Care of Older Adults
Learning Objective 17.5
Apply What You Know
Moderate
Rationale: The Gray Panthers is a coalition of older and younger people that work to advance the issues that are especially important to older adults. This group began organizing to combat the stereotypes of rocking-chair seniors and raise awareness of this group’s needs, and now they often speak out on behalf of other social groups as well.
17.97. The text includes a list of 3 goals for social programs that address the needs of older adults. Which of the following is NOT one of these three goals?
a. to keep older adults engaged in meaningful activities
b. to control costs of elder-care programs
c. to expand the lifespan for most older adults, helping more to live to age 90 and beyond
d. to devise programs to help caregivers avoid burnout
Module: 17.5.3: Goals for the Care of Older Adults
Learning Objective 17.5
Analyze It
Moderate
Rationale: The text lists the goals for social programs that address the needs of older adults. The goals that are listed are to do as much as possible to keep older adults integrated in society while at the same time trying to improve the quality of their lives and the care they receive, to recognize the burdens and stresses experienced by caregivers and devise programs to help avoid caregiver burnout, and to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of elder-care programs, thereby limiting costs.
Current Issues: Psychological Well-Being in Later Adulthood
17.98. According to Carol Ryff, psychological well-being is best studied by focusing on:
a. illness
b. stress
c. grief
d. positive adjustment
Module: 17.2.1: Continuity and Change in Personality
Learning Objective 17.4
Understand the Concept
Easy
17.99. According to the results of the MIDUS study reported in the text, the psychological well-being of which of the following groups was generally found to be LOWEST?
a. White Americans
b. Black Americans
c. Hispanic Americans
d. Black and Hispanic Americans were equally low, and were lower than White Americans on reported well-being
Module: 17.2.1: Continuity and Change in Personality
Learning Objective 17.2
Understand the Concept
Moderate
17.100. Generalizing from results of the MIDUS study reported in the text, you would expect which of the following people to report the highest level of personal growth and purpose?
a. Aaron, who is a younger, White adult
b. Bob, who is a younger, Black adult
c. Rich, who is an older, White adult
d. Terry, who is an older, Black adult
Module: 17.2.1: Continuity and Change in Personality
Learning Objective 17.2
Analyze It
Difficult
Rationale: The results of the MIDUS study found that White Americans scored lowest on ratings of psychological well-being, and that young adults scored higher on measures of personal growth and purpose than did older adults.
Changing Perspectives: Assisted Living – The In-Between Choice for Frail, Older Adults
17.101. John is recently widowed and decides to sell his house and move to a condominium complex for seniors. John is looking forward to having his meals prepared and served in a community dining room, and also to having staff available to help him with chores such as shopping, housekeeping, and laundry. The type of facility that John is moving into would best be considered a(n):
a. nursing home
b. lifestyle condo
c. assisted-living facility
d. senior daycare center
Module: 17.5.2: Lifestyle Options for Older Adults
Learning Objective 17.5
Evaluate It
Moderate
Rationale: ALFs (assisted-living facilities) typically provide small individual apartments or condominiums, meals in a common dining room, some management of medications as needed, housekeeping and laundry services, and transportation to doctors’ visits or for shopping.
17.102. Typically, assisted-living facilities provide ______ care than a nursing home and ______ care than living in one’s own home.
a. more; more
b. more; less
c. less; more
d. less; less
Module: 17.5.2: Lifestyle Options for Older Adults
Learning Objective 17.5
Understand the Concept
Easy
17.103. Mabel is thinking about selling her home and moving to an assisted-living facility. She completes a screening interview, in which a nurse evaluates how much help she needs in bathing, dressing, toileting, feeding, grooming, and physical mobility. The behaviors the nurse evaluated are usually called:
a. activities of daily living
b. instrumental activities of daily living
c. core abilities for older adults (CAOA)
d. assisted-living quotient (AQ)
Module: 17.5.2: Lifestyle Options for Older Adults
Learning Objective 17.5
Evaluate It
Moderate
Rationale: To help determine the level of support required, healthcare professionals typically assess how well a person can manage two types of daily activities. One type is activities of daily living, which includes six basic self-maintenance capabilities such as bathing, dressing, toileting, feeding, grooming, and physical mobility.
17.104. Carl is thinking about selling his home and moving to an assisted-living facility. He completes a screening interview, in which a nurse evaluates how much help he needs in shopping, housekeeping, laundering his clothes, preparing his meals, managing his medications and finances, and transportation. The behaviors the nurse evaluated are usually called:
a. activities of daily living
b. instrumental activities of daily living
c. non-core abilities for older adults (NCAOA)
d. assisted-living quotient (AQ)
Module: 17.5.2: Lifestyle Options for Older Adults
Learning Objective 17.5
Evaluate It
Difficult
Rationale: To help determine the level of support required, healthcare professionals typically assess how well a person can manage two types of daily activities. One type is instrumental activities of daily living, which includes areas of functioning such as telephoning, shopping, housekeeping, laundering, food preparation, transportation, and managing one’s own medications and finances.
17.105. In comparison to older adults who reside in nursing homes, older adults who live in assisted-living facilities for high-income people fair _______, and those who live in assisted-living facilities for low-income people fair ________.
a. better; better
b. better; worse
c. better; about the same
d. about the same; worse
Module: 17.5.2: Lifestyle Options for Older Adults
Learning Objective 17.5
Evaluate It
Moderate
Rationale: The text notes that research on the outcomes associated with ALFs usually reveals favorable results, and these positive outcomes are found in both expensive ALFs and those provided for low-income adults.
Short Answer questions:
Personality and Aging
Learning Objective 17.1: Summarize circumstances that lead to positive developmental adjust
17.106. Describe how the status passage into older adulthood differs from those at other transition points in the lifespan.
Module: Chapter Introduction
Learning Objective 17.1
Apply What You Know
Moderate
17.107. Define what Erik Erikson meant by the term “integrity,” as he used it to describe the final developmental challenge in the lifespan.
Module: 17.1.1: Erikson’s Stage of Integrity Versus Despair
Learning Objective 17.1
Apply What You Know
Moderate
17.108. Give an example for how a wife might assimilate her husband’s retirement into her own life. Give an example of how she might accommodate this situation.
Module: 17.1.1: Erikson’s Stage of Integrity Versus Despair
Learning Objective 17.1
Analyze It
Difficult
17.109. Describe the research summarized in the text that supports the “positivity effect.”
Module: 17.1.3: Emotional Development in Older Adulthood
Learning Objective 17.1
Apply What You Know
Moderate
17.110. Describe two general shifts that usually take place in older adulthood regarding friendships by describing how the friends and friendship patterns change as adults grow older.
Module: 17.1.3: Emotional Development in Older Adulthood
Learning Objective 17.1
Evaluate It
Difficult
Continuity and Change in Older Adulthood
Learning Objective 17.2: Differentiate identity changes and consistencies in older adulthood
17.111. How does a “stage” theory of adult development differ from a “continuity” theory?
Module: 17.2: Continuity and Change in Older Adulthood
Learning Objective 17.2
Evaluate It
Moderate
17.112. Using Carol Ryff’s theory as a guide, identify and briefly describe four factors that contribute an older adult’s sense of psychological well-being.
Module: 17.2.1: Continuity and Change in Personality
Learning Objective 17.2
Apply What You Know
Moderate
17.113. Identify one of the coping styles that older adults use to help them deal with aging, and provide an example of his coping strategy.
Module: 17.2.2: Coping Styles
Learning Objective 17.2
Apply What You Know
Moderate
17.114. Describe how an older adult might use social comparison as a mean of adjusting to diminished capabilities, such as limitations that might accompany a stroke.
Module: 17.2.3: Successful Aging
Learning Objective 17.2
Analyze It
Moderate
Retirement
Learning Objective 17.3: Relate life circumstances to older adult adjustment in retirement
17.115. Describe 2 ways in which retirement patterns today are different from those experienced by the typical worker 50 years ago.
Module: 17.3: Retirement
Learning Objective 17.3
Apply What You Know
Moderate
17.116. Using Atchely’s stage theory about retirement, identify the typical path that most adults experience as they make this transition.
Module: 17.3.1: The Stages of Retirement
Learning Objective 17.3
Apply What You Know
Moderate
17.117. Identify 3 factors that help explain why some workers make an easy and positive adjustment to retirement and others do not.
Module: 17.3.2: Adjusting to Retirement
Learning Objective 17.3
Analyze It
Moderate
17.118. In comparison to adults who remain in the work force, how do the net worth and income level of retired individuals compare?
Module: 17.3.3: Retirement Options
Learning Objective 17.3
Evaluate It
Moderate
17.119. How important are Social Security benefits to older, retired workers in the United States today? Cite statistics to support your answer.
Module: 17.3.3: Retirement Options
Learning Objective 17.3
Evaluate It
Difficult
17.120. In comparison to the proportion of people still working at age 65 in 1950, how have retirement patterns in the United States changed in the years since then?
Module: 17.3.3: Retirement Options
Learning Objective 17.3
Apply What You Know
Moderate
17.121. Describe how financial circumstances and employment options are both influencing the retirement patterns of older adults in the United States today.
Module: 17.3.3: Retirement Options
Learning Objective 17.3
Analyze It
Moderate
The Interpersonal Contexts of Family and Friends
Learning Objective 17.4: Analyze the social challenges of older adulthood
17.122. How well do most couples adjust to the “empty nest”? Explain how this event in the life cycle of the family affects marital satisfaction and stress.
Module: 17.4.1: When Parenting Is Over
Learning Objective 17.4
Evaluate It
Moderate
17.123. Describe 2 factors that are responsible for the finding that more children are being cared for in grandparent-maintained homes in the Unites States today than in previous decades.
Module: 17.4.1: When Parenting Is Over
Learning Objective 17.4
Analyze It
Moderate
17.124. The text suggests that the future of family caregiving for an older, ill family member may be facing a “perfect storm.” Describe two factors that seem likely to make family caregiving more difficult in the future than at the present.
Module: 17.4.2: Caring for an Ill Spouse or Partner
Learning Objective 17.4
Apply What You Know
Moderate
17.125. Identify and briefly describe two reasons why older women are more likely to be widows than older men are likely to be widowers.
Module: 17.4.3: Widows and Widowers
Learning Objective 17.4
Analyze It
Moderate
17.126. Describe two reasons why women typically have an easier time adjusting to widowhood than do men.
Module: 17.4.3: Widows and Widowers
Learning Objective 17.4
Analyze It
Moderate
17.127. For what types of help do older adults more typically depend on friends and for what types of help do they usually depend on family members for assistance?
Module: 17.4.3: Widows and Widowers
Learning Objective 17.4
Apply What You Know
Moderate
U. S. Social Policy and Older Adulthood
Learning Objective 17.5: Evaluate the effects of U.S. social policy on older adults
17.128. How has the U. S. population changed since 1900 with respect to the proportion of older adults?
Module: 17.5: U.S. Social Policy and Older Adulthood
Learning Objective 17.5
Analyze It
Moderate
17.129. How is Social Security funded, and what is its primary goal?
Module: 17.5.1: Social Security and Medicare
Learning Objective 17.5
Apply What You Know
Moderate
17.130. What is Medicare and what is its primary goal?
Module: 17.5.1: Social Security and Medicare
Learning Objective 17.5
Apply What You Know
Moderate
17.31. Why would Social Security and Medicare programs be of great interest to older adults in the United States? Cite statistics to support your conclusion.
Module: 17.5.1: Social Security and Medicare
Learning Objective 17.5
Evaluate It
Difficult
17.132. What is the primary reason that Medicare funding is under considerable strain in the United States today?
Module: 17.5.1: Social Security and Medicare
Learning Objective 17.5
Evaluate It
Moderate
17.133. Describe two reasons why older adults typically dread the possibility of spending their final years in a nursing home.
Module: 17.5.2: Lifestyle Options for Older Adults
Learning Objective 17.5
Analyze It
Moderate
17.134. Is there a larger, or a smaller, proportion of older adults living in nursing homes today, compared to 20 years ago? Explain what factors account for this trend in living arrangements for the elderly.
Module: 17.5.2: Lifestyle Options for Older Adults
Learning Objective 17.5
Analyze It
Difficult
17.135. Describe how the services provided in a nursing home would typically differ from those provided in an assisted-living facility.
Module: 17.5.2: Lifestyle Options for Older Adults
Learning Objective 17.5
Evaluate It
Moderate
17.136. Who are the Gray Panthers and what is their purpose?
Module: 17.5.3: Goals for the Care of Older Adults
Learning Objective 17.5
Apply What You Know
Moderate
17.137. What is the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) and what is its purpose?
Module: 17.5.3: Goals for the Care of Older Adults
Learning Objective 17.5
Apply What You Know
Moderate
17.138. Identify three goals for the care of elderly adults, as discussed in the text.
Module: 17.5.3: Goals for the Care of Older Adults
Learning Objective 17.5
Apply What You Know
Moderate
Essay questions:
Personality and Aging
Learning Objective 17.1: Summarize circumstances that lead to positive developmental adjust
17.139. What did Erik Erikson mean when he identified the critical conflict of older adulthood as one of integrity versus despair?
Module: 17.1.1: Erikson’s Stage of Integrity Versus Despair
Learning Objective 17.1
Evaluate It
Difficult
17.140. How do older adults use the processes of assimilation and accommodation to adjust to their changing circumstances and capabilities? Provide an example of each type of process that demonstrates a positive adaptation to an age-related limitation, such as losing the ability to drive a car.
Module: 17.1.1: Erikson’s Stage of Integrity Versus Despair
Learning Objective 17.1
Analyze It
Moderate
17.141. Explain how older adults adjust as they maintain a positive sense of their own identity and emotionality.
Module: 17.1.2: Maintaining Identity; 17.1.3: Emotional Development in Older Adulthood
Learning Objective 17.1
Apply What You Know
Difficult
17.142. Generally speaking, are older adults more satisfied, or less satisfied, at this stage of the lifespan, compared to earlier in adulthood? Explain your answer.
Module: 17.1.3: Emotional Development in Older Adulthood
Learning Objective 17.1
Evaluate It
Moderate
17.143. Define the “positivity effect” and describe how this effect helps explain how older adults are able to cope effectively with their declining health and independence.
Module: 17.1.3: Emotional Development in Older Adulthood
Learning Objective 17.1
Evaluate It
Moderate
Continuity and Change in Older Adulthood
Learning Objective 17.2: Differentiate identity changes and consistencies in older adulthood
17.44. List and briefly describe the six components of adult well-being identified by Carol Ryff and colleagues. What are the differences between people who score high versus low on each component?
Module: 17.2.1: Continuity and Change in Personality
Learning Objective 17.2
Evaluate It
Difficult
17.145. The text concludes that both continuity and change characterize adjustment in older adulthood. Give an example of how this period is characterized by change, and how it also is a time of continuity.
Module: 17.2.1: Continuity and Change in Personality
Learning Objective 17.2
Analyze It
Moderate
17.146. Describe three ways in which older adults cope and adapt in order to maintain, or even increase, their life satisfaction in this stage of life. In your answer, note how the process of social comparison can assist in this process.
Module: 17.2.2: Coping Styles
Learning Objective 17.2
Apply What You Know
Difficult
17.147. Describe how an older adult might use social comparison to cope with a health setback, such as being confined to a wheelchair. How can this strategy be considered a positive coping mechanism?
Module: 17.2.3: Successful Aging
Learning Objective 17.2
Evaluate It
Moderate
Retirement
Learning Objective 17.3: Relate life circumstances to older adult adjustment in retirement
17.148. According to the text, what changes—good and bad—does retirement typically bring?
Module: 17.3: Retirement
Learning Objective 17.3
Evaluate It
Moderate
17.149. The text notes that a person’s attitude toward work, economic status, and health all influence adjustment to retirement. For each of these, identify the key factors that influence the likelihood of a person’s making a good, versus a bad, retirement adjustment.
Module: 17.3.2: Adjusting to Retirement
Learning Objective 17.3
Evaluate It
Difficult
17.150. Is it true that older adults have less money after retirement than before retirement? In your answer, discuss how both net worth and income contribute to an answer to this question.
Module: 17.3.3: Retirement Options
Learning Objective 17.3
Evaluate It
Moderate
17.151. The text notes that women and members of some minority groups are more likely to experience economic hardship following retirement. Describe three reasons that help explain this result.
Module: 17.3.3: Retirement Options
Learning Objective 17.3
Analyze It
Difficult
17.152. Are more, or fewer, people retiring at age 65 today, compared to previous decades? Describe three factors that help explain this trend.
Module: 17.3.3: Retirement Options
Learning Objective 17.3
Analyze It
Moderate
17.153. What is “retirement maturity,” how is it measured, and of what use is it?
Module: 17.3.3: Retirement Options
Learning Objective 17.3
Apply What You Know
Moderate
The Interpersonal Contexts of Family and Friends
Learning Objective 17.4: Analyze the social challenges of older adulthood
17.154. Describe why kinship patterns are described in the text as being more complex now than in former generations. What impact do the changes you identify have on the typical experience of becoming a grandparent?
Module: 17.4: The Interpersonal Contexts of Family and Friends
Learning Objective 17.4
Analyze It
Moderate
17.155. Why is it especially difficult to care for a spouse that has Alzheimer’s disease?
Module: 17.4.2: Caring for an Ill Spouse or Partner
Learning Objective 17.4
Analyze It
Moderate
17.156. Do widows or widowers typically have an easier time adjusting to the loss of their spouse? Identify three reasons why this is typically the case.
Module: 17.4.3: Widows and Widowers
Learning Objective 17.4
Analyze It
Difficult
17.157. Describe how race and gender affect the likelihood that a widow or widower will remarry.
Module: 17.4.3: Widows and Widowers
Learning Objective 17.4
Apply What You Know
Moderate
17.158. What role do friendships play in the lives of older adults? How do our friendships change as we age?
Module: 17.4.3: Widows and Widowers
Learning Objective 17.4
Evaluate It
Moderate
U. S. Social Policy and Older Adulthood
Learning Objective 17.5: Evaluate the effects of U.S. social policy on older adults
17.159. Discuss how the population of older adults is expected to change in the coming decades. How is the size of this group expected to change with respect to the size of the overall population in the United States, and how is the racial/ethnic composition of this group expected to change?
Module: 17.5: U.S. Social Policy and Older Adulthood
Learning Objective 17.5
Analyze It
Difficult
17.160. What are the goals of the Social Security and the Medicare programs? What specific challenges do both of these programs face in the decades to come?
Module: 17.5.1: Social Security and Medicare
Learning Objective 17.5
Evaluate It
Difficult
17.161. Explain what is incorrect about the following statement: “The major problem with Medicare today is that adults are living longer.” In your answer, provide a more correct analysis of the problem that lies at the core of funding challenge regarding Medicare.
Module: 17.5.1: Social Security and Medicare
Learning Objective 17.5
Analyze It
Difficult
17.162. Describe three different lifestyle options usually available to families when older adults need assistance in living. What are the advantages and disadvantaged typically associated with each option?
Module: 17.5.2: Lifestyle Options for Older Adults
Learning Objective 17.5
Evaluate It
Moderate
17.163. List and describe five services that most communities provide to citizens who are elderly but wish to stay in their own homes. Which of these do you think is the most critically important service, and why do you think this is the case?
Module: 17.5.2: Lifestyle Options for Older Adults
Learning Objective 17.5
Evaluate It
Moderate
17.164. Why have groups such as the Gray Panthers and the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) formed? In today’s world, do you think these groups continue to have a reason to exist? Is so, what are those reasons; if not, why not?
Module: 17.5.3: Goals for the Care of Older Adults
Learning Objective 17.5
Evaluate It
Difficult