Okami Thinking and language Complete Test Bank Chapter 10

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 1

1) The idea that the mind was designed to process and manipulate information is known as the

a. computer metaphor

b. information-processing approach

c. computational theory of mind

d. cognitive theory of mind

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 2

2) This interdisciplinary science that studies the collecting, processing, storing, retrieving, and manipulating of information is called

a. cognitive neuroscience

b. cognitive science

c. behavioural computation

d. computational cognition

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 3

3) Which of the following statements is most consistent with Fodor’s computational theory of mind?

a. The mind is designed exactly like a PC or MAC.

b. People tend to think and act the same as a robot.

c. Computers are better than humans at detecting patterns.

d. The mind operates according to universal rules of processing.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 4

4) Dr. Plant uses laboratory methods to study thinking, learning and memory, and language. Thus, Dr. Plant focuses his study on

a. cognition

b. behaviour

c. mental illness

d. adaptation

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 5

5) Thought can be described as the active process of mentally manipulating information, and is comprised of two primary components:

a. neurons and glia

b. mental images and concepts

c. concepts and schemas

d. mental images and mental logic

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 6

6) When research participants engage in tasks that require the construction of this type of mental representation, they utilize parts of their occipital lobes

a. schema

b. mental image

c. script

d. concept

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 7

7) Which mental representation would we need to utilize to think about abstract words like time, ambivalence, and fatigue?

a. schema

b. script

c. concept

d. mental image

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 8

8) Which of the following concepts most likely has fuzzy boundaries?

a. triangle

b. oxygen

c. life

d. water

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 9

9) One conclusion that can be drawn from the debate about when life begins—with conception or with birth—is that the concept of life has

a. clear boundaries

b. fuzzy boundaries

c. strict rules for inclusion

d. specific starting and ending points

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 10

10) A person is more likely to see the “family resemblance” between an item and other members of a concept if the item matches this representative member of the concept

a. geon

b. prototype

c. exemplar

d. instance

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 11

11) According to Daniel Kahneman, this system of thought is rapid, intuitive, effortless, and automatic.

a. System 1

b. System 2

c. consciousness

d. System B

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 12

12) According to Daniel Kahneman, this system of thought is slow, effortful, and requires attention to work properly

a. System 1

b. System 2

c. consciousness

d. System A

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 13

13) One way to measure the extent to which a person is utilizing System 2 on any mental task is to observe

a. the accuracy of their answers

b. the time it takes for a person to finish the task

c. a change in the galvanic skin response

d. a change in pupil dilation

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 14

14) Which of the following presents the most valid conclusion regarding the existence of Systems 1 and 2?

a. The gorilla suit experiment demonstrates that System 1 and 2 exist in the frontal lobes.

b. Systems 1 and 2 do not physically exist in separate brain areas but are convenient metaphors for complex attention processes.

c. Experiments using the Müller-Lyer illusion demonstrate that System 1 is a part of the occipital lobe.

d. Most cognitive psychologists believe that System 2 is not a part of the function of the frontal lobe.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 15

15) This thought process is characterized by the movement from a situation that exists to a situation that is desired by removing obstacles.

a. decision making

b. problem solving

c. mental representation

d. concept formation

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 16

16) If you forgot the combination to your locker, you might fiddle with it for a while hoping eventually to hit upon the right numbers. This is an example of which basic problem-solving strategy?

a. trial and error

b. insight

c. algorithm

d. heuristic

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 17

17) This problem-solving procedure always remains the same, and will work as long as you input information in the appropriate manner.

a. heuristic

b. algorithm

c. means-end

d. trial and error

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 18

18) This aspect of thinking is a mental shortcut designed to help us make judgments and decisions when all the facts are not known

a. algorithm

b. concept

c. heuristic

d. mental image

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 19

19) This heuristic works by biasing us toward mental information, memories, or images that are more easily “accessible” to our consciousness

a. availability heuristic

b. representativeness heuristic

c. base rate heuristic

d. probability heuristic

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 20

20) When people fear boarding a plane because of a recent terrorist attack, while ignoring the fact that the likelihood of experiencing a terrorist attack while aboard a plane is extremely small, this heuristic is at work

a. availability heuristic

b. representativeness heuristic

c. base rate heuristic

d. probability heuristic

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 21

21) Using this heuristic involves making instantaneous comparisons of the new person or thing with prototypes of various categories until a “match” is found.

a. availability heuristic

b. representativeness heuristic

c. base rate heuristic

d. probability heuristic

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 22

22) Michael Simmons is 5′ 7″ tall, quite slim and not particularly muscular. He likes to read mid-19th-century British poetry and diaries of the authors of literature classics like Jane Austen and Charles Dickens. This heuristic will lead you to believe that Michael is more likely to be an literature professor than a truck driver.

a. availability heuristic

b. representativeness heuristic

c. base rate heuristic

d. probability heuristic

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 23

23) Most errors in judgment that people make due to the use of heuristics stem from the tendency to ignore

a. base rates

b. distinctive features

c. prior experience

d. System 2

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 24

24) To say that the base rate of being American with depression is 5 percent, whereas the base rate of having the first name “John” is 20 percent, it means that

a. it is more likely for an American to be depressed than to be named John

b. it is less likely for an American to be depressed than to be named John

c. the likelihood of meeting a depressed person named John is about one in five

d. the probability that John and Kate are both depressed is very high

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 25

25) This problem-solving phenomenon begins with an impasse, and is often accompanied by feelings of pleasure and confidence that one has truly solved the problem.

a. availability heuristic

b. mental logic

c. insight

d. creativity

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 26

26) Problem solvers who experience insight must have first experienced an obstacle that seemed to not be passable, called a(n)

a. impasse

b. road block

c. heuristic

d. algorithm

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 27

27) One reason that people reach impasses in problem solving is that prior experience results in being “stuck” in a specific way of mentally representing a problem. This is known as

a. functional fixedness

b. cognitive bias

c. fixation

d. rapid encoding

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 28

28) Which of the following best describes the conclusions drawn from neuroscientific studies of insight conducted by Jung-Beeman and his colleagues?

a. The insight experience is not evident in any areas of the brain related to thought.

b. The insight experience is characterized by two separate brain waves in EEG data.

c. Insight cannot be prepared by thinking with one’s left brain.

d. The right inferior temporal gyrus is involved in solving most insight problems.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 29

29) Which of the following is NOT an aspect of creativity as defined by psychologists?

a. originality

b. utility

c. flexibility

d. fixation

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 30

30) Systematic distortions in thinking, memory, and perception are referred to as

a. heuristics

b. cognitive biases

c. algorithms

d. mental hops

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 2, Question 31

31) This term refers to the tendency to pay more attention and accord more weight to evidence that is consistent with what we already believe

a. experimenter bias

b. availability heuristic

c. confirmation bias

d. satisficing

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 32

32) As much as it feels as though the odds are stronger with each new toss of heads that the next toss will be tails, this is an illusion, known as the

a. consistency bias

b. confirmation bias

c. gambler’s fallacy

d. evidence fallacy

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 33

33) The gambler’s fallacy is most related to which of the following cognitive biases?

a. representativeness heuristic

b. availability heuristic

c. confirmation bias

d. fixation

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 34

34) This area of language research is most interested in characterizing human language according to the properties of generativity, recursion, and displacement.

a. cultural psychology

b. cognitive science

c. symbiotics

d. linguistics

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 35

35) The quality of language that allows a person to use the relatively small number of words and grammatical structures of a language to compose a theoretically infinite number of sentences is called

a. generativity

b. recursion

c. displacement

d. fixation

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 36

36) Which of the following demonstrates the generativity of language?

a. Honeybees use a dance-like system to alert each other about the location of food.

b. Macaques use vocalizations to lure members of the opposite sex.

c. There are over one hundred ways for English speakers to talk about money.

d. Birds use several birdsongs to signal each other during mating, and to avoid danger.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 37

37) In linguistics, this term refers to the fact that any sentence can be extended indefinitely by embedding clauses or phrases within or following it.

a. generativity

b. recursion

c. displacement

d. fixation

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 38

38) Humans are relatively unique because we are able to use language to converse about things that do not exist, are abstract, or have yet to occur. This is called

a. generativity

b. recursion

c. displacement

d. fixation

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 39

39) According to Noam Chomsky and other linguists, humans inherit partly specialized neural circuitry (“hard wiring”) in the brain and cognitive structures of the mind designed

a. inferior temporal system

b. internal language faculty

c. mirror neuron system

d. specialized grammar faculty

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 40

40) In linguistic theory, children can assimilate the language of their parents and community, by automatically applying the rules of

a. the internal language faculty

b. universal grammar

c. specific grammar

d. functional syntax

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 41

41) Universal grammar is considered by its advocates to be

a. acquired through experience with one’s native language

b. an innate capacity that drives language learning in humans

c. a shared aspect of all social animal communication systems

d. a universal property of English language grammar

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 42

42) According to Noam Chomsky, what is most puzzling about the ease with which children acquire language?

a. Children born in any place in the world learn the language of that place.

b. Children imitate the speech of their adult caregivers exactly.

c. Children learn language despite the impoverished nature of the stimulus.

d. Children tend to make the same mistakes in grammar that are made by their caregivers.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 43

43) Why is it so interesting to linguists that children say things like “taked” instead of “took” or “badder” instead of “worse”?

a. because children only make these mistakes early in their language acquisition period

b. because children are explicitly taught the rules of universal grammar

c. because children persist in making these grammatically logical mistakes even after being corrected

d. because it is evidence of the influence of direct instruction on speaking by caregivers

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 44

44) This theory denies the existence of the language faculty and instead asserts that the mechanisms of the mind are “plastic” in the sense of being highly flexible and adaptable

a. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

b. connectionism

c. constructivism

d. linguistic relativity

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 45

45) The grammar that one learns in school, which reflects standards in ways of speaking, is called

a. universal grammar

b. specific grammar

c. prescriptive grammar

d. standardized grammar

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 46

46) Which of the following was NOT among the insights about fixed rules for prescriptive grammar outlined by John McWhorter?

a. A language is always on its way to changing into a new one.

b. Any language is actually a bundle of dialects.

c. No language changes in a way that contradicts basic logic.

d. Languages are becoming less grammatical as time passes.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 47

47) The view that the specific grammar of a language determines the way in which native speakers construct their realities is called the

a. linguistic relativity hypothesis

b. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

c. critical period hypothesis

d. universal grammar hypothesis

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 48

48) The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis began to lose favour in psychology throughout the 1970s because

a. the original research results were largely faked

b. evidence to dispute the claims was steadily mounting

c. Benjamin Whorf conceded that he had misheard the Hopi speakers

d. the Inuit languages actually had many more words for snow than there are in English

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 49

49) In 1998, this gorilla, trained in American Sign Language, became the first nonhuman to conduct a live Internet chat session.

a. Nim

b. Koko

c. Kanzi

d. Matata

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 3, Chapter 10, Question 50

50) Pollick & de Waal found that the arm and hand gestures in different species of nonhuman primates were flexible in their content. That result provides evidence in favour of the hypothesis that language evolved fro

a. facial signals

b. vocalizations

c. gestures

d. signs

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 10 - Question 51

51) When research subjects engage in tasks that require the construction of mental images, they utilize areas of the occipital cortex normally associated with vision

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 10 - Question 52

52) In Kahneman’s theory, System 1 comes into play when we try to write a term paper or article, judge whether or not a logical argument has merit, or decide whom to invite to a party with an eye toward avoiding conflict among the guests.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 10 - Question 53

53) Most researchers believe that Systems 1 and 2 are supported by activity in the frontal lobe of the cortex.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 10 - Question 54

54) When solving a problem, the greater the number of possible solutions, the less efficient trial and error will be.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 10 - Question 55

55) In general, computers are quite good at using algorithms to perform tasks human beings find very difficult, such as the simultaneous computation of large amounts of data

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 10 - Question 56

56) The representativeness heuristic is stimulated by the fact that most representative events are reported nationally because they are both unusual and horrific

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 10 - Question 57

57) No one claims that the internal language faculty resides in some specific anatomical location of the brain.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 10 - Question 58

58) The generativity of human language demonstrates that language is open-ended, unlike other animal communication systems.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 10 – Question 59

59) Researchers have shown that infants prefer the sounds of spoken language as much as any other similar sounds that they hear at birth.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 10 - Question 60

60) Because of the egocentric bias, when gathering evidence, people are often simply “building a case” for what they already believe rather than actively attempting to discover the truth.

a. True

b. False

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 10 - Question 61

61) Fuzzy boundaries are features of most concepts, occurring when it is not precisely clear where a concept _ and _.

a. Begins; ends

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 10 - Question 62

62) According to Kahneman, _ thought is rapid, intuitive, effortless, and automatic. It is generally not under voluntary control. However, if a task requires concentration, or full attention to perform well, we have to use _ thought.

a. System 1; System 2

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 10 - Question 63

63) A(n) _ is a mental shortcut designed to help us make judgments and decisions when all the facts are not known. In contrast, a(n)_ is a step-by-step system that can solve any problem of a given type.

a. Heuristic; algorithm

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 10 - Question 64

64) Unfortunately, most people do not take __ information into account when they make judgments of the likelihood of some event.

a. base rate

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 10 - Question 65

65) When faced with baldly disconfirming evidence, a person may engage in mental gymnastics to play down its relevance or credibility, a process known as __.

a. belief perspective

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 10 - Question 66

66) _ is the quality of language that allows a person to use the relatively small number of words and grammatical structures of a language to compose a theoretically infinite number of sentences expressing an infinite number of new thoughts and ideas.

a. Generativity

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 10 - Question 67

67) The rules for __ are expressed by linguists in this way: “If a language has X (e.g., some particular way of placing a verb) it will also have Y (some way of utilizing nouns).”

a. universal grammar

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 10 - Question 68

68) According to the __ hypothesis, language is one of many factors affecting the way people construe reality.

a. Linguistic relativity

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 10 - Question 69

69) _ occurs when a person has reached an impasse in attempts to solve a problem and then suddenly and effortlessly arrives at a solution

a. Insight

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 10 - Question 70

70) The ___ allows children to learn language effortlessly, even though they are exposed to only a few of the words and constructions possible in the language.

a. Internal language faculty

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 10, Question 71

71) Daniel Kahneman’s metaphorical Systems 1 and 2 describe the various degrees of complexity of our thoughts and thought processes. Briefly characterize each system and illustrate how they might be at work while humans solve problems using heuristics

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 10, Question 72

72) Characterize the strengths of the evidence for an innate capacity for human language. In your answer, describe Noam Chomsky’s theories, including the internal language faculty. Discuss two examples of research that support Chomsky’s views

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 10, Question 73

73) Several studies have examined the linguistic abilities of nonhuman primates. Pick two such cases and describe the aspects of human language that primates can learn. Also, describe the limits of such research on nonhuman language learning.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 10, Question 74

74) Evaluate the notions of linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity with regard to the examples of cross-cultural variations and universals in concepts