Ch.11 Exam Prep Social-emotional development in children

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 1

1) This tendency to respond in relatively consistent ways (i.e. calm, or fussy) by infants throughout the first years of life is called

a. personality

b. extraversion

c. anxiety

d. temperament

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 2

2) Which of the following is not a dimension of temperament proposed by Buss and Plomin (1984)?

a. anxious avoidance

b. effort control

c. negative emotionality

d. extraversion

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 3

3) Which of the following is true regarding sex differences in temperament?

a. girls tend to score more highly on extraversion while boys score high on negative emotionality

b. boys tend to score more highly on extraversion while girls score high on effort control

c. boys score more highly on extraversion while girls score highly on negative emotionality

d. girls score more highly on extraversion while boys score more highly on effort control

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 4

4) An infant that is able to focus or shift attention as needed, inhibit inappropriate behaviour and plan actions will measure high on

a. effortful control

b. negative emotionality

c. secure attachment

d. extraversion

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 5

5) When infants are easily frustrated, fearful, uncomfortable, sad, or unusually fussy, their temperament is high on

a. effortful control

b. negative emotionality

c. secure attachment

d. extraversion

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 6

6) Babies that score highly on this dimension of temperament are the most outgoing and least shy of the bunch

a. effortful control

b. negative emotionality

c. secure attachment

d. extraversion

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 7

7) Which of the following results is true regarding the persistence of temperament dimensions beyond early childhood?

a. Children who were found to be introverted at age three were equally shy in young adulthood.

b. Impulsive children were found to develop into managers and executives at top companies.

c. Sociable and even tempered toddlers were the most likely to seek therapy for adult behaviour problems.

d. Children who lacked emotional control at age three tended to improve as they progressed through elementary education.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 8

8) Most researchers believe that temperament is primarily a(n)

a. phenomenon unrelated to development

b. biologically-based phenomenon

c. phenomenon that predicts personality traits

d. unshared environmental influence

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 9

9) The unique experiences of each infant that contribute to the environmental portion of temperament and other developmental phenomenon are termed the

a. shared environment

b. biological environment

c. non-shared environment

d. ecological environment

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 10

10) Beginning when the infant is about 6 months old, an intimate bond develops between caregivers and infants, called

a. temperament

b. assimilation

c. attachment

d. accommodation

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 11

11) John Bowlby, the father of attachment theory, was influenced by Konrad Lorenz’s research on ______________ in goslings

a. attachment

b. imprinting

c. ambivalence

d. sensitive periods

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 12

12) According to attachment researchers, the child develops an understanding of his or her place in the world and arrives at expectations about the likely behaviour of other people by developing a(n)

a. internal working model

b. expectation system

c. assimilation model

d. attachment paradigm

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 13

13) Mary Ainsworth developed this research strategy to measure individual differences in the quality of infants’ attachments with their caregivers.

a. the strange situation

b. the attachment buffer

c. the diathesis-stress situation

d. the internal working model

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 14

14) In the strange situation task, attachment researchers are most interested in

a. the period of time the mother is away from the child

b. the reaction of the child when the mother returns to the child

c. the influence of the stranger on the child

d. the likelihood that a child will engage in play with the stranger

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 15

15) Two-year old Anna is friendly to strangers if her mother is present, but wary of them when her mother is not around. Anna also reacts with joy when her mother returns home from work even though she may get upset throughout the day. What style of attachment does Anna best represent?

a. secure

b. avoidant

c. insecure-ambivalent

d. unorganized

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 16

16) Eighteen-month old Ezra shows little distress when his mother leaves him with his grandmother, but also shows little interest in interacting with her when she returns. Ezra’s attachment style is

a. secure

b. avoidant

c. insecure-ambivalent

d. unorganized

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 17

17) Three-year old Tatiana is always on high alert. When her mother leaves her in the care of her baby-sitter, she is often unconsoloable, even when her mother returns to try and ease the stress of the situation. Tatiana exhibits this attachment style

a. secure

b. avoidant

c. insecure-ambivalent

d. unorganized

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 18

18) Among the assertions by attachment theorists about the existence of the attachment styles and cultural significance, which of the following is best supported by research?

a. A child who is securely attached at one age will remain that way throughout life.

b. Forming attachment relationships in infancy is a universal human tendency.

c. The internal working model based on an infant’s attachment with his or her mother is the only template for further social development.

d. Avoidant attachment styles lead to a greater likelihood that a child will develop behaviour problems.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 19

19) Which of the following statements is true regarding the results of the longitudinal study of childcare conducted by the National Institute of Child Health and Development?

a. High-quality day care appears to be good for very young children’s cognitive-intellectual development.

b. Children who experienced high-quality day care (but not low-quality care) showed lower levels of math achievement test scores.

c. High-quality day care appears to be good for very young children’s social and emotional development.

d. Day-care quality had a greater impact on cognitive development than did parenting quality.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 20

20) To developmental psychologists, the term attachment describes the intimate bond that develops between an infant and

a. the hospital staff that deliver the baby

b. It’s siblings

c. It’s caregivers

d. other infants the same age

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 21

21) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an attachment

a. pleasure at reunion

b. proximity-seeking

c. separation distress

d. neglect

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 22

22) Lorenz (1937) showed that if he and not the mother goose were present during the critical post-hatching imprinting period, then

a. The goslings would always follow their mother

b. The goslings ignored their actual mother and followed Lorenz

c. The goslings would follow Lorenz on land and their mother on water

d. The goslings did not form an attachment

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 23

23) A secure attachment is also referred to as a

a. type B attachment

b. type C attachment

c. secondary attachment

d. type A attachment

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 24

24) An avoidant attachment is also referred to as a

a. type B attachment

b. type C attachment

c. secondary attachment

d. type A attachment

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 25

25) An insecure ambivalent attachment is also referred to as a

a. type B attachment

b. type C attachment

c. secondary attachment

d. type A attachment

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 26

26) Some researchers, for example Jay Belsky have argued that extensive experience of day care outside the home

a. Improves children’s educational achievement

b. Leads to insecure attachments

c. Leads to more secure attachments

d. Leads to happier children

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 27

27) Andersson (1996) followed up 128 Swedish children who had experiences day care in early childhood and found

a. These children were more likely to have insecure attachments

b. These children had higher educational achievement and social skills

c. These children were more likely to be avoidant

d. These children were malnourished

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 28

28) In his work examining the effects of early institutionalization, Ruttler found

a. Institutionalization did not influence cognitive development

b. Orphans experience normal stimulation and human contact

c. The longer period of institutionalization the greater the extent of cognitive impairment

d. There was no recovery within the first two years of adoption after institutionalization

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 29

29) Which of the following statements is TRUE of peer relations in children

a. The importance of peer relationships decrease throughout childhood

b. Peer relationships are not important if the relationships with the family are enriched

c. By mid-adolescents most young people have greater intimacy with family than friends

d. The importance of peer relationships increase throughout childhood

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 30

30) Children have been found to show interest in their peers from as young as

a. 1 year

b. 4 weeks

c. 6 months

d. 3 years

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 2, Question 31

31) Hinde et al (1985) defined friends as children who choose to play together more than

a. 33% of the time

b. 50% of the time

c. 10% of the time

d. 67% of the time

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 32

32) O’Brien and Bierman (1988) asked American children and adolescents to describe the nature of friendship groups. Which of the following is NOT true of what they found

a. Adolescents defined friendship as belonging to a group with shared values and appearance

b. Younger participants tended to define friendship groups behaviourally

c. Adolescents tended to define friendship groups behaviourally

d. Younger participants defined friendships groups as those who engaged in activities together

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 33

33) Coie and Dodge (1983) identified five categories of _, used to examine individual differences in children’s popularity.

a. extraversion groups

b. friendship groups

c. sociometric status

d. status differentiation groups

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 34

34) Coie and Dodge (1983) asked children to categorise their peers as

a. ‘friendly’ or ‘not friendly’

b. ‘older’ or ‘younger’

c. ‘male’ or ‘female’

d. ‘liked most’ or ‘liked least’

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 35

35) Which of the following is not a category of sociometric status identified by Coie and Dodge (1983)

a. neglected

b. popular

c. unpopular

d. average

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 36

36) Children identified as belonging to the ‘neglected’ sociometric status group are

a. frequently categorized as ‘liked most’ and rarely as ‘liked least’

b. rarely categorized as ‘liked most’ or ‘liked least’

c. moderately and equally likely to be ‘liked most’ or ‘liked least’

d. frequently categorized both as ‘liked most’ and ‘liked least.’

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 37

37) Children identified as belonging to the ‘controversial’ sociometric status group are

a. frequently categorized as ‘liked most’ and rarely as ‘liked least’

b. rarely categorized as ‘liked most’ or ‘liked least’

c. moderately and equally likely to be ‘liked most’ or ‘liked least’

d. frequently categorized both as ‘liked most’ and ‘liked least.’

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 38

38) Children identified as belonging to the ‘average’ sociometric status group are

a. frequently categorized as ‘liked most’ and rarely as ‘liked least’

b. rarely categorized as ‘liked most’ or ‘liked least’

c. moderately and equally likely to be ‘liked most’ or ‘liked least’

d. frequently categorized both as ‘liked most’ and ‘liked least.’.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 39

39) Children identified as belonging to the ‘popular’ sociometric status group are

a. frequently categorized as ‘liked least’ and rarely as ‘liked most’

b. rarely categorized as ‘liked most’ or ‘liked least’

c. moderately and equally likely to be ‘liked most’ or ‘liked least’

d. often ‘liked most’ and seldom ‘liked least’

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 40

40) Children identified as belonging to the ‘rejected’ sociometric status group are

a. frequently categorized as ‘liked most’ and rarely as ‘liked least’

b. rarely categorized as ‘liked most’ or ‘liked least’

c. frequently categorized as ‘liked least’ and rarely as ‘liked most’

d. frequently categorized both as ‘liked most’ and ‘liked least.’.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 41

41) Which is a form of learning that occurs rapidly during a critical period and which the animal is biologically prepared to acquire

a. Operant conditioning

b. Imprinting

c. Lorenz

d. Classical conditioning

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 42

42) Atypical attachments have been recognised in major systems of psychiatric classification and are referred to as

a. Secure disorders

b. Unorganised disorders

c. Attachment disorders

d. Mood disorders

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 43

43) Which attachment disorder is characterised by lack of comfort-seeking and unexplained fear of sadness during interaction with adults.

a. Disinhibited social engagement disorder

b. Generalized anxiety disorder

c. Social anxiety disorder

d. Reactive attachment disorder

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 44

44) This attachment disorder is characterised by lack of usual inhibitions in interacting with strangers

a. Disinhibited social engagement disorder

b. Generalized anxiety disorder

c. Social anxiety disorder

d. Reactive attachment disorder

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 45

45) __ is the ability of the primary caregiver to detect and respond to non-verbal cues with which the infant signals its need

a. Distress reduction

b. Reactive attachment

c. Sensitive responsiveness

d. Ambivalent responsiveness

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 46

46) The term prequelae means

a. What comes after

b. What happens alongside

c. What comes before

d. What happens in the distant future

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 47

47) The term sequelae means

a. What comes after

b. What happens alongside

c. What comes before

d. What happens in the distant future

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 48

48) Which of the following statements is NOT true

a. Secure attachment predicts good peer relations throughout childhood

b. Secure attachment is associated with low rates of delinquency in adolescence

c. Secure attachment is associated with hypermentalizing

d. Insecure attachment is associated with hypermentalizing

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 49

49) Which of these attachment types has been proposed as a risk factor for depression

a. Avoidant attachment

b. Insecure attachment

c. Secure attachment

d. Ambivalent attachment

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Part 4, Chapter 11, Question 50

50) This type of study involves following people up after a significant early event and seeing how they develop

a. Experimental study

b. Prospective study

c. Cross-sectional study

d. Diagnostic study

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 11 - Question 51

51) If an infant has a caregiver who provides consistently kind and responsive treatment, he or she may develop a working model that suggests that the world is an unfriendly and noxious place.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 11 - Question 52

52) When the mother returns in the strange situation, the insecure-ambivalent infant may rush back to her, but is equally likely to resist her attempts at soothing.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 11 - Question 53

53) Apart from parenting style, parents may have an influence on their children’s personality and social development indirectly by influencing the choices the children make regarding peers.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 11 - Question 54

54) According to research, as children become adolescent, their friendships become less intimate and supportive, with more emphasis on belonging to a large group.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 11 - Question 55

55) According to the five categories of sociometric status, children who are rarely categories as ‘liked most’ or ‘liked least’ by their peers belong to the neglected popularity type.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 11 - Question 56

56) Higher levels of sensitive responsiveness have been associated with insecure attachment types

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 11 - Question 57

57) According to Bowlby (1969), infants develop an external working model of the social world

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 11 - Question 58

58) According to research by Coi and colleagues (1982), children rated highest for attractiveness are most often categorised as ‘most liked’

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 11 - Question 59

59) Imprinting refers to a form of learning that occurs rapidly during a critical period, often referring to the first 6 months of life in animals.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 11 - Question 60

60) Reactive attachment disorder is characterised by lack of normal inhibitions in interacting with strangers. Children with this disorder may actively approach and interact with strangers indiscriminately.

a. True

b. False

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 11 - Question 61

61) __ infants show friendliness toward strangers if the mother is present, but wariness if the mother is absent.

a. Securely attached

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 11 - Question 62

62) __ is the dimension of temperament that describes the extent to which an infant or child is able to focus or shift attention, plan actions constructively and inhibit inappropriate behaviour.

a. Effortful control

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 11 - Question 63

63) _ is a form of learning that occurs rapidly during a _ period and which the animal is biologically prepared to acquire.

a. Imprinting; critical

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 11 - Question 64

64) __ is the ability of the primary carer to detect and respond to the non-verbal cues with which the infant signals its needs.

a. Sensitive responsiveness

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 11 - Question 65

65) According to Coi and Dodge’s _ categories of sociometric status. Children who are frequently categorised both as ‘liked most’ and ‘liked least’ belong to the _ popularity type.

a. Five; controversial

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 11 - Question 66

66) _ security in infants can be measured using a controlled observation called the __.

a. Attachment; Strange situation

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 11 - Question 67

67) In younger children friendship can only be defined using __.

a. Observable behaviour

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 11 - Question 68

68) Bowlby (1969) suggested that an infant develops an ___ of the social world based largely on their early _.

a. Internal working model; relationships

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 11 - Question 69

69) Children as young as __ appear to show interest in their peers, and by __ they help each other; for example, reaching for objects that another toddler cannot reach

a. 6 months; 18 months

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 11 - Question 70

70) O’Brien and Bierman (1988) asked American children and adolescents aged 9, 13, and 16 to describe the nature of friendship groups. The younger participants tended to define friendship groups _. By adolescence the criterion for belonging to a friendship group had shifted to __ and appearance.

a. Behaviourally; shared values

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 11, Question 71

71) Attachment is a well-researched part of social development. Describe the strange situation task pioneered by Mary Ainsworth, and describe the three different attachment styles that might be observed in a strange situation.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 11, Question 72

72) The importance of peer relationships increases throughout childhood. Describe the development of peer relations, and describe factors that may affect sociometric status in children, making reference to how individual differences in children’s sociometric status is often measured.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 11, Question 73

73) Psychologist Arnold Buss and Geneticist Robert Plomin believed that temperament can be summarised along three dimensions of behaviour. Describe what these three dimensions are, use research to support your answer.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 11, Question 74

74) According to the Department for Education (2017) there are just over 3,000 000 registered child care places in the UK. Describe and evaluate research examining the potential benefits and negative effects of day-care.