Microbial Metabolism Full Test Bank Chapter.8

Chapter 8: Microbial Metabolism

= Correct answer

Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following refers to the term metabolism?

A. all the reactions in a cell or organism

B. all the reactions in a cell that break down molecules only

C. all the reactions in a cell that build new molecules only

D. all the reactions in a cell that decompose molecules only

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Which of the following best describes an endergonic reaction?
2. absorbs energy from the environment
3. is coupled with another reaction

C. is involved in biosynthesis

D. releases energy into the environment

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Chemotrophs obtain their energy from which of the following?

A. inorganic chemical reactions only

B. light energy

C. organic chemical reactions only

D. organic and inorganic chemical reactions

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 11

1. Which of the following describes a molecule that had an electron removed?
   A. anabolized

B. electronated

C. oxidized

1. reduced

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Which of the following best describes the subcomponents of pyrophosphate?

A. two inorganic phosphate molecules

B. two organic phosphate molecules

C. three inorganic phosphate molecules

D. three organic phosphate molecules

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Which molecule is often called the cell’s energy currency?

A. adenosine triphosphate

B. flavin adenine dinucleotide

C. nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

D. nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Which site on an enzyme is where substrates bind?

A. the activation site

B. the active site

C. the catalyst site

D. the lock and key site

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Which of the following are inorganic molecules that bind to enzymes?
2. apoenzymes
3. coenzymes
4. cofactors

D. holoenzymes

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Which of the following best describes catabolic pathways?

A. They always absorb energy.

B. They break down large molecules into smaller components.

C. They build up large molecules from smaller components.

D. They must be coupled with the breakdown of ATP.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Which group comprises all lithotrophs?

A. algae

B. autotrophs

C. microbes

D. plants

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 11, 20, 22

1. Which is a common electron acceptor in catabolic reactions?
2. ATP

B. FADH₂

C. NAD⁺

D. NADPH

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. The reaction that breaks down ATP to form ADP and inorganic phosphate is classified as which of the following?

A. endergonic

B. exergonic

C. nonspontaneous

D. reduction

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Which of the following is an inhibitor that binds to the active site of an enzyme?

A. a competitive inhibitor

B. a noncompetitive inhibitor

C. an allosteric inhibitor

D. an uncompetitive inhibitor

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Glycolysis produces a net gain of which of the following?

A. two ATP, two NADH, and two pyruvates

B. two ATP, two NADH, and four pyruvates

C. two ATP, four NADH, and two pyruvates

D. four ATP, two NADH, and two pyruvates

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Which of the following is a pathway that breaks down glucose in some microbes?
2. the Calvin cycle
3. the Entner-Doudoroff pathway
4. the Krebs cycle
5. the tricarboxylic acid cycle

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 11, 22

1. Which of the following best describes a transition reaction?

A. a reaction that converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA with the release of carbon dioxide

B. a series of reactions that convert citric acid to oxaloacetate

C. an optional reaction that transports pyruvate into the mitochondrion

D. the reaction that converts glucose to glucose-6-phosphate in glycolysis

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Which of the following is not a product of the Krebs cycle?

A. carbon dioxide

B. GTP, which is converted to ATP

C. NADH

D. pyruvate

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 20, 22

1. The Krebs cycle begins with the addition of acetyl CoA to which of the following?
2. citric acid

B. oxaloacetate

C. ribulose bisphosphate

D. succinate dehydrogenase

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: NA

1. Which of the following is the step in which CO₂ enters the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle)?
2. fixation

B. reduction

C. regeneration

D. transition

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 20, 22

1. Carotenoids are pigments that are which of the following colors?
2. blue/green

B. green/orange

C. orange/yellow/red

D. purple/blue

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Which of the following are enzymes that break down proteins?
2. amylases
3. oxidases

C. oxygenases

D. proteases

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Fatty acids are often degraded using which set of reactions?

A. β-oxidation

B. glycolysis

C. photophosphorylation

D. the tricarboxylic acid cycle

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Triglycerides are broken down by which of the following?

A. lipases

B. nitrogenases

C. phospholipases

D. proteases

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. During the Krebs cycle, FAD is reduced to which of the following?

A. FADH

B. FADH₂

C. NADH

D. NADH₂

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Which of the following is the purpose of fermentation?

A. to produce carbon dioxide

B. to produce large quantities of additional energy

C. to regenerate NAD⁺

D. to regenerate oxygen

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 11, 20, 22

1. ATP is produced through oxidative phosphorylation when which of the following occurs?

A. FADH₂ donates electrons to succinate dehydrogenase

B. H⁺ moves through ATP synthase

C. NADH donates electrons to NADH dehydrogenase

D. the light-independent reactions fix CO₂

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Each pyruvate molecule contains how many carbon atoms?
2. two
3. three
4. four
5. six

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. When is the pentose phosphate pathway favored over other pathways to break down glucose?

A. when biosynthesis is not needed

B. when phospholipids are needed

D. when the cell has a severe energy deficit and needs energy rapidly

C. when the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins is needed

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: 11, 22

1. Which of the following occurs when molecules are broken down using β-oxidation?
2. Carbon dioxide is removed.

B. Three carbon propyl groups are removed.

C. Two carbon acetyl groups are removed.

D. Two carbon acyl groups are removed.

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Which of the following best defines chemiosmosis?

A. the disruption of the inner mitochondrial membrane, which dissipates energy

B. the movement of electrons from one acceptor to another

C. the movement of hydrogen ions through ATP synthase

D. the series of reactions that regenerate oxaloacetate

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Which of the following is the most acidic location in a mitochondrion?

A. the intermembrane space

B. the matrix

C. within the outer membrane

D. within the thylakoid

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Which of the following is not a common electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration?

A. Fe₃⁺

B. H₂S

C. NO₃^–

D. PO₄^3–

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Why is the actual ATP yield of aerobic respiration often less than the maximum possible yield of 38 ATP?
2. Aerobic respiration competes with anaerobic respiration for energy.
3. Aerobic respiration competes with fermentation for energy.

C. In eukaryotes, energy is used to move molecules across membranes.

D. No organisms complete all parts of aerobic respiration.

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: N/A

1. How can enteropathogenic O157:H7 E. coli strain be recognized from other E. coli strains?

A. Unlike other E. coli, it cannot ferment lactose.

B. Unlike other E. coli, it cannot ferment mannose.

C. Unlike other E. coli, it cannot ferment pyruvate.

D. Unlike other E. coli, it cannot ferment sorbitol.

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: 34

True/False

1. Glycolysis cannot occur in an anaerobic environment.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 20, 22

1. Nitrogen is fixed to ammonia by cyanobacteria and other microbes.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 11, 20, 22, 23, 24

1. The light reactions of photosynthesis include an electron transport chain.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Fermentation is necessary because it provides additional energy compared with glycolysis alone.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. E. coli can be distinguished from some if its close gram-negative relatives because it can ferment lactose.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 11, 34

1. Oxygen is necessary for an electron transport chain to function.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Mycobacterium tuberculosis can degrade cholesterol, making it more virulent.

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: 11, 23

1. Cyclic photophosphorylation produces only ATP, but noncyclic photophosphorylation produces ATP and NADH.

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: N/A

Matching

1. Match each description with the best definition.

Answers: A. ii., B. iv., C. i., D. iii.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 11, 20, 22

1. Match each term with its best example.

Answers: A. ii., B. i., C. iii., D. iv.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 11, 20, 22

1. Match each word with the best definition.

Answers: A. iii., B. iv., C. i., D. ii.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Match each reaction with the place that it occurs in eukaryotic cells.

Answers: A. iv., B. ii., C. v., D. i., E. iii.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 11, 20, 22

1. Match each process with the best definition.

Answers: A. iii., B. i., C. ii.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 11, 20, 22

1. Match each type of fermentation with some of its end products.

Answers: A. iv., B. iii., C. ii., D. i.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 11, 20, 22

1. Match each type of fermentation with a microbe that uses it.

Answers: A. iv., B. i., C. iii., D. v., E. ii.

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: 11

Fill in the Blank

1. Another name for the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway is ________.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Cyclic photophosphorylation produces ________.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 23

1. In oxygenic photosynthesis, oxygen is released because ________is split to provide an electron to replace one that absorbs a photon of light.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis are also known as the ________.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Cyclic photophosphorylation uses only photosystem ________.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. The enzyme that brings CO₂ into the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis, catalyzing the first reaction, is ________.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. ________ are bacteria and archaea that use methane as a carbon source.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 11, 20, 22

1. Approximately 78% of the atmosphere is ________.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Rhizobia are bacteria that live in the root nodules of plants known as ________.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 11, 20

1. The ________ is another name for the flow of electrons in noncyclic photophosphorylation.

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Acetate fermentation is used by ________.

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: 11, 20, 22

Short Answer

1. Provide a basic overview of the major steps of the sulfur cycle.

Sample

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 24

1. What characteristics cause an organism to be classified as a chemoheterotroph?

Sample

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. What are xenobiotics?

Sample

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. In terms of water and electron donors, what is the difference between oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis?

Sample

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 11, 20, 22

1. Describe an example of a microbe being used for bioremediation.

Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 11, 26, 23, 31

1. Compare the energy produced by fermentation with that produced by aerobic respiration.

Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 11, 20, 22

1. Compare the photosystems used in cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation, as well as the products of each.

Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 11

1. What is produced by the light-independent reactions (the Calvin cycle) of photosynthesis?

Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. During glycolysis, how many ATP molecules are consumed and how many are produced?

Sample

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 11

1. What are the electron carrier molecules that deliver electrons to the electron transport chain in aerobic respiration?

Sample

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: 11

1. What electron carrier in the electron transport chain can be used to distinguish similar bacterial species?

Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 11, 34

1. Where does the transition reaction occur in prokaryotic cells, compared with eukaryotic cells?

Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 9, 11, 20, 22

1. In prokaryotic cells, where does the electron transport chain of aerobic respiration take place?

Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 9, 11, 22

1. The figure shows a chemical reaction. Explain whether the reaction is endergonic or exergonic.

Sample

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Based on what you know about different metabolic types of microbes, what would be the carbon, energy, and electron requirements for a chemoorganoautotroph?

Sample

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: 20, 22

1. Explain redox potential and why it is important in understanding the electron transport chain.

Sample

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: N/A

Brief Essay

Essay Question Rubric

Assume rating/grading scale for the question ranges from 0 to 3 points.

1. Compare the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas, Entner-Doudoroff, and pentose phosphate pathways for breaking down glucose.

Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 11

1. Explain the difference between substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation.

Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Explain at least three reasons why some cells may not use aerobic respiration even though it produces more energy than other forms of respiration.

Sample

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: 11, 20, 22

1. Describe some ways that differences in metabolic abilities can be used to identify microbes.

Sample

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: 22, 33, 34

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