Biochemistry Of The Genome Verified Test Bank Chapter 10

Chapter 10: Biochemistry of the Genome

= Correct answer

Multiple Choice

1. Gregor Mendel conducted his revolutionary work on patterns of inheritance using which organism?

A. fruit flies
B. pea plants

C. roundworms

D. snapdragons

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Which best describes true-breeding organisms?

A. They are heterozygous at multiple loci.
B. They have been produced through hybridization.
C. They produce offspring identical to themselves when self-fertilized.

D. They produce offspring of the same species when self-fertilized.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. In a monohybrid cross, the first generation of offspring is called which of the following?

A. dihybrid generation
B. first filial generation

C. parental generation
D. second filial generation

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. When Mendel published his work, most people believed which of the following about inheritance?
   A. A fully formed, miniature human was transmitted from the father.
   B. Blending of traits from both parents produces the traits of the offspring.
   C. Genes are transmitted in DNA.
   D. Information from the mother provides the entire blueprint for the offspring.
   

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. A DNA nucleotide contains which of the following?

A. a deoxyribose sugar and a nitrogenous base
B. a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base

C. a ribose sugar and a nitrogenous base

D. a ribose sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. A nucleoside contains which of the following components?

A. a phosphate and a base
B. a phosphate and a sugar
C. a sugar and a base

D. a sugar, a phosphate, and a base

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Which of the following is a name for nitrogenous bases with a double-ring structure?

A. nucleosides

B. nucleotides

C. purines
D. pyrimidines

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Where in the DNA structure do DNA-binding proteins generally bind?

A. in the center of the helix, between the bases
B. in the major grooves
C. in the minor grooves

D. in the major and minor grooves

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Which of the following is not an example of an organism’s phenotype?

A. a behavioral response to certain conditions

B. an organism’s observable characteristics
C. the DNA sequence of a cellular genome
D. which enzymes are being synthesized

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Who identified the nucleotide bases of DNA and RNA?

A. Richard Altmann

B. Albrecht Kossel

C. Gregor Mendel

D. Friedrich Miescher

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Mendel published his work in which of the following books?

A. Experiments in Plant Hybridization

B. On the Origin of Species

C. The Double Helix
D. The Physical Basis of Heredity

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Whose work provided the first experimental evidence for the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance?

A. Theodor Boveri’s work with sea urchins

B. Barbara McClintock’s work with maize
C. Gregor Mendel’s work with pea plants

D. Thomas Hunt Morgan’s work with Drosophila

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Which alga provided an important model to demonstrate the location of genetic information in the nucleus?

A. Acetabularia

B. Chlamydomonas
C. Ulva

D. Volvox

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. The one gene–one enzyme hypothesis that developed into the one gene–one polypeptide hypothesis was proposed by which of the following?

A. George Beadle, Edward Tatum, and colleagues

B. Gregor Mendel
C. Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl

D. Thomas Hunt Morgan

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Evidence that DNA was the genetic material rather than protein was provided by which of the following?

A. Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty
B. George Beadle, Edward Tatum, and colleagues
C. Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

D. Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Who first demonstrated horizontal transmission of genetic information?

A. Oswald Avery

B. Frederick Griffith
C. Barbara McClintock
D. Thomas Hunt Morgan

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Which of the following correctly describes the number and type of bond(s) that stabilize an adenine–thymine base pair?

A. one hydrogen bond

B. one phosphodiester bond

C. two hydrogen bonds

D. three hydrogen bonds

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Which of the following describes the relationship in which the amount of adenine equals the amount of thymine, and the amount of guanine equals the amount of cytosine in double-stranded DNA?

A. Chargaff’s rules

B. Griffith’s rules

C. Mendel’s laws
D. Pauling’s principles

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Which researchers published the first description of DNA as a double helix?

A. Francis Crick and Linus Pauling
B. Rosalind Franklin and Linus Pauling

C. Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins

D. James Watson and Francis Crick

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Which researcher produced X-ray diffraction images of DNA that were critical to determining its structure but did not receive a Nobel prize with colleagues because it is not awarded posthumously?

A. Francis Crick
B. Rosalind Franklin

C. James Watson

D. Maurice Wilkins

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. One strand of DNA runs from 5′ to 3′ and the opposing strand runs 3′ to 5′, meaning that the strands are oriented in which way?

A. antiparallel
B. conservative

C. helical

D. semiconservative

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. The rejoining of two previously separated strands of DNA is called which of the following?

A. denaturation

B. hydrogenation

C. reannealing

D. semiconservative replication

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. DNA strands are often denatured in the laboratory using which method?

A. adding restriction enzymes

B. freezing the sample

C. raising the temperature

D. using a cold calcium chloride solution

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Transmission of genetic information from parent to offspring is called which of the following?

A. horizontal gene transfer

B. phage transfer

C. transposition
D. vertical gene transfer

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Which of the following is not a difference between DNA and RNA?

A. DNA is used for shorter-term functions than RNA.

B. DNA is usually double stranded and RNA is usually single stranded.

C. RNA contains uracil and DNA contains thymine.

D. RNA is usually less stable than DNA.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Which process produces an RNA copy of a DNA molecule?

A. replication

B. transcription
C. transformation
D. translation

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. In which cellular location in a eukaryote do rRNA synthesis and ribosome assembly occur?

A. at ribosomes attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum
B. in the cytoplasm
C. in the nucleolus

D. in the pores of the nuclear envelope

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Which of the following is located on the 5′ end of a DNA strand?

A. a phosphate group

B. the amino group of a nitrogenous base
C. the hydroxyl group of a deoxyribose sugar

D. the hydroxyl group of a ribose sugar

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: N/A

1. What happens to pyrophosphate released during phosphodiester bond formation?

A. It forms hydrogen bonds with nitrogenous bases.
B. It forms phosphodiester bonds with RNA.
C. It is hydrolyzed to release energy.

D. It is immediately joined to another nucleotide.

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Who suggested that the DNA molecule may have three strands?

A. Francis Crick
B. Rosalind Franklin

C. Linus Pauling

D. James Watson

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Streptococcus mutans only expresses the genes for slime-layer production when which of the following occurs?

A. constitutive genes are activated

B. sucrose is present
C. the environment is strongly acidic

D. the temperature is sufficiently high

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: 17, 20, 22

1. Which enzymes help prevent supercoiling?

A. histones

B. polymerases

C. primases

D. topoisomerases

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Which describes a stable change in gene expression without changing the base sequence?

A. epigenetics

B. mutation

C. replication

D. transformation

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Which term best describes the DNA in chloroplasts?

A. extrachromosomal
B. noncoding

C. single stranded

D. viral

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Which best describes the mitochondrial DNA chromosome?

A. It is circular.

B. It is identical to chloroplast DNA.

C. It is viral.

D. It lacks thymine.

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: 34

True/False

1. DNA is important contributor to the physical structure of components throughout the cell.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Extrachromosomal DNA can be viral.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. The presence of double-stranded RNA suggests a viral infection.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. An organism’s genotype describes its appearance and genetic makeup.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Noncoding DNA appears to have very few functions and is known as “junk DNA.”

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Prokaryotes are generally haploid.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Ribosomal RNA is shorter than messenger RNA and transfer RNA.

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: N/A

1. The peptidyl transferase enzymatic activity of ribosomes is due to rRNA.

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: N/A

Matching

1. Match each scientist or scientists with their work.

Answers: A. iv., B. iii., C. ii., D. i.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Match each type of RNA with the best description.

Answers: A. i., B. iii., C. ii.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Match the scientist with his work.

Answers: A. iv., B. i., C. iii., D. ii.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Match each molecule with its description.

Answers: A. iv., B. iii., C. ii., D. i.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Match each base with the best description.

Answers: A. ii., B. iv., C. i., D. iii.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Match each scientist with his or her work.

Answers: A. iii., B. ii., C. iv, D. v., E. i.

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: N/A

Fill in the Blank

1. The type of chemical bonds that hold together the two strands of a DNA double helix are called ________ bonds.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Thomas Hunt Morgan worked with the model organism ________ ________.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. ________ are a type of topoisomerase in prokaryotes.

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. ________ is a purine that forms three hydrogen bonds with its complementary pyrimidine.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. The DNA nucleotides in a single strand of DNA are connected by a type of covalent bond called a ________.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. ________ are also known as jumping genes.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. The alga that was useful in determining that the genetic material is located in the nucleus is ________.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Frederick Griffith showed that horizontal gene transfer can occur through a process he called ________.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. A molecule with a sugar and base but no phosphate is called a ________.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Ribose has five carbons, so it is referred to as a ________ sugar.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 20

1. Hershey and Chase showed that DNA carries genetic information using the ________ bacteriophage.

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: 11, 20, 22

Short Answer

1. Why is it important that Mendel used true-breeding plants?

Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. What are proteases, such as the proteases used by Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty?
   Sample

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. What are phages? Why are they useful for genetic studies?
   Sample

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. What are transposons?

Sample

Difficulty: Easy

ASM Standard: N/A

1. What is the difference between the rough and smooth strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae and what is the significance of this difference in the virulence of S. pneumoniae?

Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. The “one gene–one enzyme” hypothesis was later modified. Give an example of something encoded by a gene that is not an enzyme.

Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. If you radioactively labeled the phosphorus in a cell, would RNA become radioactive?

Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. DNA replication is semiconservative. What does this mean?
   Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Explain complementary base pairing in DNA and RNA.
   Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Prokaryotic cells are generally haploid. How does this affect their utility as model organisms to study inheritance patterns, such as those studied by Mendel?

Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Compare the amount of noncoding DNA in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: N/A

1. How would an antibiotic that targeted a gyrase kill a bacterial cell?

Sample

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 14

1. Think carefully about the structure of DNA, including that in viruses. Does the amount of adenine always equal the amount of thymine in a DNA sample? Explain.
   Sample

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: N/A

1. How are epigenetic changes able to influence phenotypes without changing the sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA?

Sample

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: N/A

Brief Essay

Essay Question Rubric

Assume rating/grading scale for the question ranges from 0 to 3 points.

1. What are some reasons that fruit flies, pea plants, and microbes such as Acetabularia are good model systems for studying genetics?

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 25

1. Compare and contrast the pros and cons of using bacteria versus fruit flies for genetic studies.

Difficulty: Moderate

ASM Standard: 25

1. How would the results of Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty’s experiment have differed if RNA had been the molecule of inheritance instead of DNA?

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: N/A

1. Explain how some disease-causing microbes may cause epigenetic changes that can help protect them from the host’s immune system. Give at least one specific example.

Difficulty: Difficult

ASM Standard: 23

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