Methods for Cognitive Neuroscience Full Test Bank Chapter.3

Multiple Choice

1. True or false: Electroencephalography (EEG) offers superior temporal resolution relative to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
   1. True
   2. False
2. Let’s say that a cognitive neuroscientist has “discovered” that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) targeting the posterior region of the left inferior frontal gyrus produces a deficit in speech production. Which of the following additional experiments would NOT help to assess the specificity of this finding?
   1. Apply rTMS to the right inferior frontal gyrus while subjects perform a verbal working memory task
   2. Apply rTMS to the right inferior frontal gyrus while subjects perform the same speech production task
   3. Apply rTMS to the left inferior frontal gyrus while subjects perform a verbal working memory task
3. Which method offers the highest resolution for noninvasively applying focal stimulation to just one area on the surface of the brain?
   1. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
   2. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
   3. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS)
   4. Positron emission tomography (PET)
4. For which of the following can magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) NOT be used?
   1. To measure electrical activity in the brain
   2. To measure the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal
   3. To measure the volume of a particular brain structure
   4. To assess the integrity of white matter tracts
5. Which of the following methods, when used alone, could support inferring the necessity of a brain region’s contribution to the behavior being studied?
   1. Neuropsychology
   2. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
   3. electroencephalography (EEG)
   4. magnetoencephalography (MEG)
6. Measures of phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) assess the extent to which

A brief epochs of elevated power at high frequencies (typically gamma and/or high-gamma) occur at a specific phase of a lower-frequency component of the signal (often in the delta, theta, or alpha band)

B brief epochs of elevated power at low frequencies (often in the delta, theta, or alpha band) occur at a specific phase of a higher-frequency component of the signal (typically gamma and/or high-gamma)

C LFPs in different brain regions are synchronized

7 At the level of cellular physiology, the process responsible for the largest proportion of activity-related changes in the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal (as measured, for example, with functional magnetic resonance imaging [fMRI]) is:

A Reestablishing the neurons ^chemical gradie^{nt via t}he Na+/K+ pump.

B Generation of the action potential at the axon hillock.

C The enzymatic breakdown of neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft.

D Neurotransmitter synthesis.

8 As a general rule, parallel distributed processing (PDP) models are used to evaluate ideas about cognitive processing at an abstract level, whereas deep neural network (DNN) models can be used to test hypotheses about circuit-level computations.

1. A True
2. B False

9 Graph theoretic analysis of resting state functional correlation (RSFC) data have shown that neurologically healthy aging is associated with:

1. A A weakening of community segregation
2. B A strengthening of community segregation
3. C An increase in core-periphery structure
4. D A decrease in core-periphery structure
5. In what way are H₂¹⁵0 PET imaging and fMRI similar?
   1. Both can be used to measure changes in brain activity in response to performing a cognitive task
   2. Both can be used to measure brain anatomy
6. In what way are H₂¹⁵0 PET imaging and fMRI different?
   1. PET is typically based on measuring an intrinsic signal, blood oxygenation, whereas fMRI is based on the uptake of a contrast agent
   2. fMRI is typically based on measuring an intrinsic signal, blood oxygenation, whereas PET is based on the uptake of a contrast agent

Short Answer / Fill-in-the-blank

1. With electroencephalography (EEG) data, trial-averaging is performed prior to data analysis for the _________ technique, whereas a spectral transform is performed prior to a __________ analysis.
2. For invasive electrical recordings from patients undergoing presurgical planning, ___________ provides measurements of field potentials with grid or strip electrodes placed on the cortical surface.
3. The approach of transfecting neurons with DNA that codes for light-sensitive ion channels is known as _____________.
4. The MRI data used to assess the density of tissue with voxel-based morphometry are _____-weighted images, whereas the MRI data used to assess activity are _____-weighted images.
5. Resting state functional correlation (RSFC) is a method for measuring _________ connectivity, whereas diffusion-tensory imaging (DTI) is a method for measuring _________ connectivity

Essay / Longer Answer

1. Describe a strength and a weakness of the ERP technique for analyzing EEG data; describe a strength and a weakness of spectral analysis of EEG data.
2. In the context of the scalp EEG, what is the inverse problem and how does it constrain the interpretation of EEG data?
3. How do the sluggish (i.e., lowpass filter) properties of the BOLD response constrain the design of fMRI experiments? Specifically, what are the critical factors when designing an event-related fMRI study?
4. What do the results from positron emission tomography (PET) data tell us about the magnitude of brain activity related to a cognitive event (such as reading a word) versus the magnitude of activity of the brain “at rest.”
5. Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of block designs for neuroimaging studies.
6. Can a neural network model (such as a parallel distributed processing (PDP) model) prove how a computation is carried out by the brain? If your answer is ‘yes,’ justify your reasoning; if your answer is ‘no,’ explain a scientist would invest the time and effort of carrying out a simulation with a neural network model.
7. Summarize the differences between PDP models and deep neural network (DNN) models.