Infection And Pathogenicity Chapter.35 Verified Test Bank

Prescott's Microbiology, 11e (Willey)

Chapter 35 Infection and Pathogenicity

1) In which of the following situations did disease develop due to vertical transmission of the pathogen?

A) A fetus develops listeriosis after unpasteurized cheese infected with Listeria bacteria is consumed by the mother during pregnancy

B) A traveler develops gastroenteritis after drinking water that is contaminated with Escherichia coli bacteria

C) A dog develops rabies after being scratched during a fight with a raccoon that carries the virus

D) A hospitalized patient develops MRSA bacteria in a wound following surgery 

2) A person ingests a pathogen, but fails to develop signs or symptoms of disease. The pathogen likely has a ________ infectious dose and/or a ________ replication rate.  

A) high; low

B) low; high

C) low; low

D) high; high

3) Colonization specifically refers to the multiplication of a pathogen on or within a host, and includes the resulting tissue invasion and damage.

4) An inanimate object that may be contaminated with a pathogen is called a ________.

A) vector

B) fomite

C) zoonoses

D) None of the choices are correct.

5) Which of the following is a facultative, rather than obligate, intracellular pathogen?

A) Brucella abortus

B) Chlamydia spp.

C) Rickettsia rickettsii

D) All of the choices are correct.

6) A(n) ________ is an organism that transfers pathogens from one host to another.

7) One example of infectious disease transmission by a fomite is ________.

A) a baby born with congenital syphilis from an infected mother

B) a child developing a cold after playing with a toy that harbored rhinovirus

C) a teenager with severe acne due to propionibacteria growing in sebaceous glands

D) None of the choices are correct.

8) ________ bacteria are more susceptible to antibiotics, antibodies, and phagocytes than bacteria in biofilms.

9) Which of the following features of a pathogen is not considered to be a virulence factor when establishing infection within a host?

A) Pigment production

B) Attachment fimbriae

C) Slime layer

D) Protein spikes

10) The term "sexually transmitted infection" is more accurate than "sexually transmitted disease" because a sexually transmitted pathogen may colonize host tissues without causing further damage to the host.

11) All of the following situations are passive modes of penetration for the invasion of host tissues by opportunistic pathogens EXCEPT ________.

A) a child falling and scraping her knee

B) a firefighter receiving third-degree burns on the skin

C) a hiker being bitten by a tick

D) a bacterium adhering to intravenous tubing, forming a biofilm

12) Because LPS is bound to the surface of bacteria, it is called a(n) ________.

13) A neutralizing antibody against a toxin is called a(n) ________.

14) Many bacteria are pathogenic because they carry large segments of DNA called ________ ________, which were acquired by horizontal gene transfer, and which carry genes responsible for virulence.

15) Once a pathogen has infected the host, ________ is a measure of the pathogen's ability to spread to adjacent or other tissues.

16) While exotoxin production is most generally associated with Gram-positive bacteria, some Gram-negative bacteria also produce exotoxins.

17) Macrophages are phagocytic cells.

18) Fever response can be triggered by an endogenous pyrogen called interleukin-1.

19) Generally, exotoxins tend to be more heat stable than endotoxins.

20) The only organisms to produce endotoxins are Gram-negative bacteria.

21) Listeria monocytogenes propels itself through mammalian host cells using ________.

A) a modified form of gliding motility

B) host cell actin and other cytoskeletal proteins

C) periplasmic flagella

D) fimbriae-based twitching motility

22) The toxic component of lipopolysaccharide is called ________.

A) lipid A

B) exotoxin

C) hemolysin

D) O-antigen

23) The characteristics of a pathogen that determine its virulence include which of the following?

A) Pathogenicity

B) Invasiveness

C) Infectivity

D) All of the choices are correct.

24) Which of the following is not a biological effect associated with endotoxin?

A) Coagulation

B) Paralysis

C) Fever

D) Fibrinolysis

25) Endotoxin is released when ________.

A) Gram-negative pathogens lyse or divide

B) cells are starved for iron

C) cells are lysogenic for the beta phage

D) All of the choices are correct.

26) Which of the following is not a characteristic of lipid A?

A) Heat stable

B) Toxic in nanogram amounts

C) Weakly immunogenic

D) Neurotoxic

27) Endotoxins include which of the following?

A) Diphtheria toxin

B) Lipopolysaccharide

C) Tetanus toxin

D) Botulinum toxin

28) Bacteria within biofilms exchange ________.

A) plasmids

B) quorum-sensing molecules

C) nutrients

D) All of the choices are correct.

29) The capacity of an organism to produce a toxin is called ________.

30) Place the events associated with each stage of infectious disease in the correct order with regard to time.

_____ Prodromal stage

_____ Incubation period

_____ Illness period

_____ Convalescence

31) The term ________ refers to the degree or intensity of pathogenicity.

32) Virulence may be measured experimentally at the host level by the ________ ________ ________, which measures the number of pathogens that kills 50% of an experimental group of hosts within a specified amount of time.

33) Infectious diseases passed from animals to humans are called ________.

34) Transfer of pathogens from host to environment and then to another host are said to be transmitted ________.

35) Inanimate materials involved in pathogen transmission are called reservoirs.

36) The condition in the host that results from a microorganism growing and multiplying within or on the host is called ________.

A) an infection

B) an infectious disease

C) pathogenesis

D) All of the choices are correct.

37) The final outcome of most host-pathogen relationships depends on ________.

A) the number of organisms present in or on the host

B) the virulence of the organism

C) the host's defenses

D) All of the choices are correct.

38) Direct contact transmission can be accomplished by all the following EXCEPT _________.

A) nursing mothers

B) sexual contact

C) vehicles

D) vectors

39) A(n) ________ pathogen can cause disease in a host with impaired resistance.

40) When a pathogen is transferred from a water source to an animal before being transferred to a human, the animal is called a(n) ________ agent.

A) reservoir

B) endoparasitic

C) transfer

D) intermediate

41) Which of the following must a pathogen possess in order for it to be successful at causing infectious disease?

A) Ability to be transported initially to the host

B) Ability to adhere to, colonize, or invade the host

C) Ability to damage the host

D) All of the choices are correct.

42) Before bacteria can establish an infection, they must be able to overcome resident microorganisms in direct competition for space and nutrients.

43) One way microbes like the influenza virus overcome a host’s immune response is to change their surface ________ by mutation or recombination.

44) What effect does host cell fusion have on viruses?

A) Minimizes their exposure to host defenses

B) Prevents their spread to uninfected cells

C) Provides the virus greater access to essential nutrients

D) Produces viral proteins that serve as decoys to bind antimicrobial proteins

45) Which of the following is NOT a virulence factor encoded by a pathogenicity island?

A) Ability to capture iron from host tissues

B) Lysozyme

C) Proteins associated with cell surface adhesion

D) Superantigens

46) Hemolysins help pathogens compete with host cells for ________, a chemical element that is essential for both bacterial cell growth and human cell growth.