Chapter 10: Gender and Society

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. In Western culture, girls are generally expected to be passive, whereas boys are generally expected to be aggressive. In complying to these expectations, girls and boys are fulfilling which of the following?

a. gender expressions

b. gender roles

c. heterosexism

d. gender identities

Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain key concepts sociologists use to study sex, gender, and sexuality.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Learning and Performing Gendered Selves in a Gendered World

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Sex is defined as which of the following?

a. norms, roles, and behaviors associated in a given society with being male or female

b. the anatomical or other biological differences between males and females that originate in human genes

c. the attitudes and behaviors considered appropriately masculine or feminine in a particular culture

d. encompassing sexual identity, sexual attraction, and relationships

Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain key concepts sociologists use to study sex, gender, and sexuality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sex and Gender

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Gender is defined as which of the following?

a. the anatomical or other biological differences between males and females that originate in human genes

b. a category assigned to someone depending on how they dress

c. norms, roles, and behaviors associated in a given society with being male or female

d. the socially required identification display that confirms someone’s membership in a given category

Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain key concepts sociologists use to study sex, gender, and sexuality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sex and Gender

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. What is the term for the way in which people construct their sexual desires, attractions, and relationships, including the norms of sexual behavior?

a. sexuality

b. gender expression

c. gender

d. gender roles

Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain key concepts sociologists use to study sex, gender, and sexuality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sex and Gender

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Which of the following is true of gender and sex?

a. Gender is a dynamic concept, but sex is solely biological.

b. Sex is a dynamic concept, but gender is solely biological.

c. Gender and sex are not solely biological; they are both dynamic concepts.

d. Gender and sex are both solely biological.

Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain key concepts sociologists use to study sex, gender, and sexuality.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sex and Gender

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Which term describes beliefs and practices that align with “straightness,” or the assumption that men should only be attracted to women and vice versa?

a. gender roles

b. heteronormativity

c. gender norms

d. cisgenderism

Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain key concepts sociologists use to study sex, gender, and sexuality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Roots of Gender: Families and Gender Role Socialization

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Which term refers to people whose gender identity, expression, or behavior differs from their assigned sex at birth or outside the two gender categories?

a. cisgender

b. bisexual

c. androgynous

d. transgender

Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain key concepts sociologists use to study sex, gender, and sexuality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexuality

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Which term refers to an individual who used surgery and hormones to change their sex to align with their gender identity?

a. transgender

b. homosexual

c. pansexual

d. heterosexual

Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain key concepts sociologists use to study sex, gender, and sexuality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sex and Gender

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Which of the following is sometimes referred to as the factory of gendered personalities?

a. family

b. peer groups

c. religion

d. the workplace

Learning Objective: 10.2: Explain how gender is learned, performed, and structured into families, schools, peers, and media.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Roots of Gender: Families and Gender Role Socialization

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Children’s books tend to promote what type of gender socialization?

a. egalitarian

b. traditional

c. gender-neutral

d. cross-gender

Learning Objective: 10.2: Explain how gender is learned, performed, and structured into families, schools, peers, and media.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Roots of Gender: Families and Gender Role Socialization

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. How early do sociologists believe parents begin socializing their children into gender?

a. at birth, sometimes even in utero

b. when they begin to talk

c. when they begin school

d. in adolescence

Learning Objective: 10.2: Explain how gender is learned, performed, and structured into families, schools, peers, and media.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Roots of Gender: Families and Gender Role Socialization

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Which of the following is true of peer influences in gender socialization?

a. The actions and judgments of our peers have little effect on how we enact gender roles.

b. Friendship patterns and peer pressure tend to challenge gender stereotypes.

c. Peer groups are the place that children first begin to learn gender stereotypes.

d. Playing in same-sex peer groups tends to affirm stereotypes more than playing in mixed peer groups.

Learning Objective: 10.2: Explain how gender is learned, performed, and structured into families, schools, peers, and media.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Peers

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Research on elementary school playgroups has found which of the following?

a. Girls often play in smaller groups, playing games that involve imitation and turn taking.

b. Girls often play in larger groups, playing games that involve imitation and turn taking.

c. Girls often play in smaller groups, playing rule-governed games that occur over larger physical distances.

d. Girls often play in larger groups, playing rule-governed games that occur over larger physical distances.

Learning Objective: 10.2: Explain how gender is learned, performed, and structured into families, schools, peers, and media.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Peers

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Sociologist C. J. Pascoe found in her ethnography of teenage boys that they reinforced norms of masculinity and heterosexuality by doing which of the following?

a. challenging each other in fights and physical altercations

b. disciplining behavior deemed inappropriate or “unmanly” by using homophobic slurs

c. daring one other to engage in dangerous physical stunts

d. discussing sexual exploits involving teenage girls who attended their school

Learning Objective: 10.2: Explain how gender is learned, performed, and structured into families, schools, peers, and media.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Peers

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Which generation is most likely to think of gender in nonbinary terms?

a. Baby Boomers

b. Generation Z

c. Silent Generation

d. Millennials

Learning Objective: 10.2: Explain how gender is learned, performed, and structured into families, schools, peers, and media.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sex and Gender

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Which generations are most likely to think of gender in binary terms?

a. Millennials and Generation X

b. Generation X and Generation Z

c. Generation Y and Baby Boomers

d. Baby Boomers and the Silent Generation

Learning Objective: 10.2: Explain how gender is learned, performed, and structured into families, schools, peers, and media.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sex and Gender

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Which of the following is true regarding screen time among young people?

a. On average, the time young people spend in front of screens has decreased.

b. On average, children under 7 spend more time in front of a screen than children ages 8–12.

c. On average, among children under 7, playing video games makes up the largest share of screen time.

d. On average, children are spending more time watching television and social media than in the past.

Learning Objective: 10.2: Explain how gender is learned, performed, and structured into families, schools, peers, and media.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Television and Movies

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. Which of the following is true of Disney movies?

a. Contemporary Disney movies have mostly abandoned stereotypical images of men and women.

b. Female characters in contemporary Disney movies are more likely to seek romantic fulfillment.

c. Female characters in contemporary Disney movies speak less than in previous Disney movies.

d. Disney has made an effort to incorporate nonbinary gender characters in their movies.

Learning Objective: 10.2: Explain how gender is learned, performed, and structured into families, schools, peers, and media.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Television and Movies

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Media images often portray women as ______.

a. aggressive

b. analytical

c. stereotypical

d. strong

Learning Objective: 10.2: Explain how gender is learned, performed, and structured into families, schools, peers, and media.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Television and Movies

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. One way that researchers study women in media is through linguistic analysis. Which of the following findings would be the result of a linguistic analysis of films?

a. Women of color were protagonists in only 2% of 2018 films.

b. Women spoke 40% as often as men in all 2016 films.

c. Women in same-sex relationships were unrepresented in most 2014 films.

d. Women were shown in management positions in 25% of 2020 films.

Learning Objective: 10.2: Explain how gender is learned, performed, and structured into families, schools, peers, and media.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Television and Movies

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. A study in 2018 about the top 100 popular films demonstrated which of the following?

a. Females are overrepresented in leading roles.

b. Diverse characters are extremely underrepresented.

c. Nonbinary characters are overrepresented.

d. None of these films had any LGTBQ+ characters

Learning Objective: 10.2: Explain how gender is learned, performed, and structured into families, schools, peers, and media.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Television and Movies

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. Of children ages 2–17, ______ play video games.

a. the vast majority

b. slightly more than half

c. just under half

d. about a quarter

Learning Objective: 10.2: Explain how gender is learned, performed, and structured into families, schools, peers, and media.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Music, Gaming, Fantasy Sports

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. Which of the following is true of video games?

a. The majority of gamers are female.

b. The percentage of players among the very young has decreased.

c. Studies suggest that popular video games consistently convey stereotypical gender images.

d. Studies suggest that popular video games are less likely to convey stereotypical gender images than other forms of media

Learning Objective: 10.2: Explain how gender is learned, performed, and structured into families, schools, peers, and media.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Music, Gaming, Fantasy Sports

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. Which of the following is the best example of the hidden curriculum?

a. students’ career prospects

b. the values promoted by administrators and teachers

c. textbooks and other classroom materials

d. teaching to the test

Learning Objective: 10.2: Explain how gender is learned, performed, and structured into families, schools, peers, and media.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Schools

Difficulty Level: Hard

25. Teachers who discourage shyness in boys but not in girls are contributing to ______.

a. the hidden curriculum

b. peer influences

c. the factory of gendered personalities

d. idealization

Learning Objective: 10.2: Explain how gender is learned, performed, and structured into families, schools, peers, and media.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Schools

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. Which of the following is true of pre–K and elementary teaching?

a. It is still largely male dominated.

b. It is still largely female dominated.

c. It is male dominated, but decreasingly so.

d. It is gender balanced.

Learning Objective: 10.2: Explain how gender is learned, performed, and structured into families, schools, peers, and media.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Schools

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. In their book Failing at Fairness, David Sadker and Myra Sadker provide evidence to support which of the following statements?

a. Family influences reflect gender power and position.

b. Peer influences reflect gender power and position.

c. Media influences reflect gender power and position

d. Classroom materials reflect gender power and position.

Learning Objective: 10.2: Explain how gender is learned, performed, and structured into families, schools, peers, and media.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Schools

Difficulty Level: Medium

28. Which sociologist argued that the social self is a product of social interaction?

a. Emile Durkheim

b. Erving Goffman

c. Max Weber

d. Karl Marx

Learning Objective: 10.2: Explain how gender is learned, performed, and structured into families, schools, peers, and media.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Learning and Performing Gendered Selves in a Gendered World

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. Which of the following best represents an example of performing stereotypical gender norms?

a. a young man choosing not to appear smarter than his female date

b. a young man choosing to think the best of his female date

c. a young woman choosing not to appear smarter than her male date

d. a young woman choosing to think the best of her male date

Learning Objective: 10.2: Explain how gender is learned, performed, and structured into families, schools, peers, and media.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Sociology of Masculinities

Difficulty Level: Hard

30. According to West and Zimmerman, gender is which of the following?

a. a fixed identity

b. something most people ignore

c. biological

d. something we do

Learning Objective: 10.2: Explain how gender is learned, performed, and structured into families, schools, peers, and media.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Learning and Performing Gendered Selves in a Gendered World

Difficulty Level: Medium

31. A person’s ______ is the socially required identification display that confirms his or her membership in a given category.

a. gender identity

b. sex role

c. gender category

d. sex category

Learning Objective: 10.2: Explain how gender is learned, performed, and structured into families, schools, peers, and media.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Learning and Performing Gendered Selves in a Gendered World

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. Which of the following is true of findings from anthropological studies of gender and society?

a. There are many societies in which women have greater control over economic and political resources, exercise greater power and authority, or enjoy more prestige than men.

b. No women are equal to men economically, politically, and socially.

c. Most women are equal to men economically, politically, and socially.

d. Almost all known societies, past and present, favor men over women.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Identify social inequalities of gender and sexuality in families, education, and work settings.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender Inequalities: Family, School, and Work

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. Many sociologists explain gender inequality in society by noting that women ______.

a. are physically weaker than men

b. are less aggressive than men

c. alone can give birth to and nurse infants

d. tend to have little interest in business pursuits

Learning Objective: 10.3: Identify social inequalities of gender and sexuality in families, education, and work settings.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender and Family Life

Difficulty Level: Medium

34. Which of the following is true of housework and childcare in the United States?

a. Fewer than 5% of husbands do as much housework as their wives.

b. Attitudes and practices regarding housework and childcare have remained the same since World War II.

c. Women still do the disproportionate share of housework and childcare.

d. Men and women do an equal share of housework and childcare.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Identify social inequalities of gender and sexuality in families, education, and work settings.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender and Family Life

Difficulty Level: Medium

35. According to research, which of the following household tasks is most likely to be performed by the male partner in a heterosexual couple?

a. cleaning the shower

b. packing lunches

c. mopping the floors

d. fixing the sink

Learning Objective: 10.3: Identify social inequalities of gender and sexuality in families, education, and work settings.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Gender and Family Life

Difficulty Level: Medium

36. Karyn works as a school administrator and comes home to cook and clean for her family every day. Which term describes the work she does at home?

a. the second shift

b. overemployment

c. stereotype threat

d. the glass escalator

Learning Objective: 10.3: Identify social inequalities of gender and sexuality in families, education, and work settings.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Gender and Family Life

Difficulty Level: Hard

37. Which of the following is true of the household division of labor?

a. Women are no longer primarily responsible for domestic work in most two-parent households.

b. Unmarried women who live with men do more domestic work than married women.

c. Geography has little effect on the household division of labor.

d. The household division of labor is more likely to be equal among lesbian and gay couples.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Identify social inequalities of gender and sexuality in families, education, and work settings.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender and Family Life

Difficulty Level: Medium

38. In states where women have more labor power, married men ______.

a. are spending less time on domestic tasks than married men in other states

b. spend equal time on domestic tasks as married men in other states

c. are spending more time on domestic tasks than married men in other states

d. are spending more time on domestic tasks than women

Learning Objective: 10.3: Identify social inequalities of gender and sexuality in families, education, and work settings.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender and Family Life

Difficulty Level: Medium

39. Which of the following is true of gender and education?

a. More men than women leave high school with a diploma.

b. The so-called hidden curriculum mostly benefits young women.

c. The idea of the so-called brain–womb conflict still exists.

d. As a group, more women than men enroll in college.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Identify social inequalities of gender and sexuality in families, education, and work settings.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Gender and Higher Education

Difficulty Level: Medium

40. Which of the following best describes the so-called brain–womb conflict?

a. Women should focus on mothering and pursuing an education.

b. Pursuing both an education and becoming a mother is not feasible.

c. Women are not as good in math as men.

d. Women have a biological inclination not to pursue traditional male jobs.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Identify social inequalities of gender and sexuality in families, education, and work settings.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender and Higher Education

Difficulty Level: Medium

41. Which of the following is true of higher education?

a. Higher education is highly correlated with income.

b. Higher education is highly correlated with diversity.

c. Higher education has a negative correlation with gender bias.

d. Higher education enrollment has dropped due to the “brain–womb” conflict.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Identify social inequalities of gender and sexuality in families, education, and work settings.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender and Higher Education

Difficulty Level: Medium

42. Regarding gender and higher education, which of the following is true?

a. Today, more men than women hold bachelor’s degrees.

b. College enrollment for younger students is predominantly male.

c. Female bachelor’s degree holders are increasing at a faster pace than male bachelor’s degree holders.

d. Females enroll in college in greater numbers, but fall behind males in obtaining bachelor’s degrees.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Identify social inequalities of gender and sexuality in families, education, and work settings.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender and Higher Education

Difficulty Level: Medium

43. Which of the following is one reason that women were discouraged from pursuing higher education in decades and centuries past?

a. Scholars argued that women’s reproductive organs reduced their intellectual capacity.

b. Women had no interest in pursuing higher education at this time.

c. Women typically did not have high enough test scores to apply to college.

d. Nearly all higher institutions explicitly barred women from applying.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Identify social inequalities of gender and sexuality in families, education, and work settings.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender and Higher Education

Difficulty Level: Medium

44. Which term describes the ideology that states that women’s sexual organs are more important than their minds?

a. brain–womb conflict

b. ovary conundrum

c. biological determinism

d. sexism

Learning Objective: 10.3: Identify social inequalities of gender and sexuality in families, education, and work settings.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender and Higher Education

Difficulty Level: Easy

45. What landmark legislation required gender equity for men and women in every educational program receiving federal funding?

a. Equal Rights Amendment

b. Roe v. Wade

c. Civil Rights Act of 1964

d. Title IX

Learning Objective: 10.3: Identify social inequalities of gender and sexuality in families, education, and work settings.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender and Higher Education

Difficulty Level: Easy

46. One of the goals of Title IX was to ______ women’s access to athletic teams and academic clubs.

a. prevent

b. increase

c. restrict

d. regulate

Learning Objective: 10.3: Identify social inequalities of gender and sexuality in families, education, and work settings.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender and Higher Education

Difficulty Level: Medium

47. Which of the following is a reason for the college enrollment gap?

a. More men than women leave high school with adequate knowledge.

b. Young women have greater cognitive abilities than young men.

c. Women perceive college as a stepping-stone to a desired job.

d. Men are less successful at securing college loans.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Identify social inequalities of gender and sexuality in families, education, and work settings.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender and Higher Education

Difficulty Level: Medium

48. Which of the following is true of higher education and sexual orientation?

a. Gay men are less likely to finish college than heterosexual men.

b. Women are more likely to finish college than gay men.

c. Lesbian women are less likely to complete college than heterosexual women.

d. Lesbian women are more likely to complete college than gay men.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Identify social inequalities of gender and sexuality in families, education, and work settings.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender and Higher Education

Difficulty Level: Medium

49. The difference between the earnings of women who work full-time year-round as a group and those of men who work full-time year-round as a group is referred to as what?

a. indirect labor costs

b. human capital

c. gender segregation

d. the gender wage gap

Learning Objective: 10.3: Identify social inequalities of gender and sexuality in families, education, and work settings.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender and the Wage Gap

Difficulty Level: Easy

50. Which of the following is a factor that explains the gender wage gap?

a. The proportion of men enrolled in college is higher than women.

b. Women are still associated with the roles of wife and mother.

c. Some employers believe they will incur lower indirect labor costs by hiring females.

d. Women have been encouraged to choose management occupations.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Identify social inequalities of gender and sexuality in families, education, and work settings.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender and the Wage Gap

Difficulty Level: Medium

51. Which of the following made unequal pay for equal work illegal?

a. the Equal Pay Amendment of 1972

b. the Equal Pay Act of 1963

c. Title IX

d. the Equal Rights Amendment

Learning Objective: 10.3: Identify social inequalities of gender and sexuality in families, education, and work settings.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender and the Wage Gap

Difficulty Level: Easy

52. The concentration of men and women in certain occupations is known as which of the following?

a. the glass ceiling

b. occupational gender segregation

c. labor demand factors

d. the gender wage gap

Learning Objective: 10.3: Identify social inequalities of gender and sexuality in families, education, and work settings.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender and the Wage Gap

Difficulty Level: Easy

53. Women applying for a job at a construction firm notice that the employer pays little attention to their applications and seems hesitant to set up interviews with them. This is an example of which of the following?

a. human capital

b. wage gap

c. glass escalator

d. occupational gender segregation

Learning Objective: 10.3: Identify social inequalities of gender and sexuality in families, education, and work settings.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Gender and the Wage Gap

Difficulty Level: Hard

54. Why does occupational gender segregation exist and persist?

a. Labor supply factors influence how employers decide to give jobs to females.

b. Labor demand factors indicate that females prefer certain occupations.

c. Males and females are each suited to certain occupations where they tend to perform better.

d. Society continues to stereotype certain occupations as being male or female.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Identify social inequalities of gender and sexuality in families, education, and work settings.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Gender and the Wage Gap

Difficulty Level: Medium

55. Which term describes circumstances that highlight reasons that women or men may prefer a certain occupation?

a. labor supply factors

b. labor demand factors

c. the glass ceiling

d. the glass elevator

Learning Objective: 10.3: Identify social inequalities of gender and sexuality in families, education, and work settings.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender and the Wage Gap

Difficulty Level: Easy

56. Sam is the hiring manager at a drywall company. He is hiring two to three new employees. Sam decides to hire only male employees even though a few women applied. This is an example of which of the following?

a. the gender wage gap

b. labor demands factors

c. occupational gender segregation

d. labor supply factors

Learning Objective: 10.3: Identify social inequalities of gender and sexuality in families, education, and work settings.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Gender and the Wage Gap

Difficulty Level: Hard

57. A man with strong credentials in elementary education and experience working with young children was rejected for a first-grade teaching position in favor of a less-qualified woman. He was rejected despite his greater ______.

a. labor demand

b. labor supply

c. gender role

d. human capital

Learning Objective: 10.3: Identify social inequalities of gender and sexuality in families, education, and work settings.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Gender and the Wage Gap

Difficulty Level: Hard

58. The cost in time, training, or money incurred when an employee takes off time to care for a sick family member is referred to as which of the following?

a. human capital

b. indirect labor costs

c. cultural capital

d. social costs

Learning Objective: 10.3: Identify social inequalities of gender and sexuality in families, education, and work settings.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender and Economics: Men, Women, and the Gender Wage Gap

Difficulty Level: Easy

59. Which of the following is true of pay within occupations?

a. Within occupational categories, women commonly earn just as much as their male counterparts.

b. In fields where women make up a significant share of all employees, women earn more than their male peers.

c. Even when controlling for factors such as rank, age, and specialty, female physicians make less than their male counterparts.

d. Among registered nurses, men earn 90% of women’s earnings.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Identify social inequalities of gender and sexuality in families, education, and work settings.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender and the Wage Gap

Difficulty Level: Medium

60. Which of the following is true of the glass escalator?

a. All men benefit from it equally, regardless of their race or ethnicity.

b. Only men who are unsatisfied with their positions are placed on promotional tracks.

c. Supervisors assume that males in female-dominated occupations want to move up.

d. Males find it very difficult to advance in female-dominated occupations.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Identify social inequalities of gender and sexuality in families, education, and work settings.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender and the Wage Gap

Difficulty Level: Medium

61. Which type of feminism seeks to challenge patriarchal norms and values in social relationships to achieve true equality?

a. socialist feminism

b. liberal feminism

c. radical feminism

d. multicultural feminism

Learning Objective: 10.4: Identify the contributions of feminisms and masculinity studies to the study of gender and sexuality.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Feminisms, Feminist Sociology, and Masculinities

Difficulty Level: Medium

62. Which type of feminism seeks to build coalitions among women, creating international and global organizations, networks, and programs?

a. socialist feminism

b. liberal feminism

c. radical feminism

d. multicultural feminism

Learning Objective: 10.4: Identify the contributions of feminisms and masculinity studies to the study of gender and sexuality.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Feminisms, Feminist Sociology, and Masculinities

Difficulty Level: Medium

63. Juanita is a farm worker who considers herself an activist. Presently, she is campaigning for more female union representatives because she believes that female union representatives would be ideally suited to negotiate better secondary benefits, such as extended unpaid maternity leave and childcare facilities on the job site. Which type of feminism best classifies Juanita’s efforts?

a. socialist feminism

b. radical feminism

c. liberal feminism

d. multicultural feminism

Learning Objective: 10.5: Contrast global examples of inequality and empowerment around gender.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Feminisms, Feminist Sociology, and Masculinities

Difficulty Level: Hard

64. Standpoint epistemology, a philosophical perspective that what we can know is affected by the position we occupy in society, is a major tenet of which school of thought?

a. Black feminist thought

b. Marxist sociology

c. functionalism

d. oppression theory

Learning Objective: 10.4: Identify the contributions of feminisms and masculinity studies to the study of gender and sexuality.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Feminist Perspectives on Doing Sociology

Difficulty Level: Medium

65. The matrix of domination is a system in which ______.

a. individuals are categorized as either oppressed or the oppressor

b. individuals are viewed as occupying statuses as members of both marginalized and marginalizing groups

c. race is the most important category of identity, with little consideration of class, sexual orientation, or gender

d. people are encouraged to examine only their own, singular standpoint

Learning Objective: 10.4: Identify the contributions of feminisms and masculinity studies to the study of gender and sexuality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Feminist Perspectives on Doing Sociology

Difficulty Level: Easy

66. Which of the following is one of David and Brannon’s four “basic rules of manhood”?

a. avoid any hint of femininity

b. only show strong emotions

c. show you can help others

d. exude empathy and persistence

Learning Objective: 10.4: Identify the contributions of feminisms and masculinity studies to the study of gender and sexuality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Sociology of Masculinities

Difficulty Level: Easy

67. What is the primary reason girls in India drop out of school?

a. lack of safe transportation

b. lack of money

c. becoming pregnant

d. insufficient social capital

Learning Objective: 10.5: Contrast global examples of inequality and empowerment around gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender and Sexuality in a Global Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

68. Suganiya has obtained a microfinance loan for a small crafts business that she runs with her sister. This best exemplifies which concept?

a. social capital

b. educational literacy

c. brain drain

d. economic capital

Learning Objective: 10.5: Contrast global examples of inequality and empowerment around gender.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Change Happens: Women’s Empowerment

Difficulty Level: Hard

69. Which of the following is true of global sex trafficking?

a. It is difficult to ascertain the size of the extent of sex trafficking.

b. Sex trafficking is rare in conservative societies such as India and Pakistan.

c. Police in India, for example, are likely to help young people who are exploited and trafficked.

d. There is little interest in the factors that influence the size of the sex trade in certain developing states.

Learning Objective: 10.5: Contrast global examples of inequality and empowerment around gender.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender and Sexuality in a Global Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

70. Why is “savings-led microfinance” notable?

a. It hampers the ability of women to be economically independent.

b. It is a practice—though well intentioned—that does not allow women autonomy.

c. It is only available to women with a high level of social capital.

d. It offers women a means through which to increase their economic capital.

Learning Objective: 10.5: Contrast global examples of inequality and empowerment around gender.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Change Happens: Women’s Empowerment

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. According to sociologists, gender and sex are the same.

Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain key concepts sociologists use to study sex, gender, and sexuality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sex and Gender

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Babies born with ambiguous sex characteristics usually undergo surgeries and medications to make them categorizable.

Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain key concepts sociologists use to study sex, gender, and sexuality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sex and Gender

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Gender is a social construction.

Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain key concepts sociologists use to study sex, gender, and sexuality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sex and Gender

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. What is considered masculine or feminine differs across cultures.

Learning Objective: 10.2: Explain how gender is learned, performed, and structured into families, schools, peers, and media.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Learning and Performing Gendered Selves in a Gendered World

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. There are more female characters available in video games than male characters.

Learning Objective: 10.2: Explain how gender is learned, performed, and structured into families, schools, peers, and media.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Music, Gaming, Fantasy Sports

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Male characters in movies are often hypersexualized.

Learning Objective: 10.2: Explain how gender is learned, performed, and structured into families, schools, peers, and media.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Media Power: Reflecting and Reinforcing Stereotypes of Gender and Sexuality

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Married men and women perform equal amounts of housework.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Identify social inequalities of gender and sexuality in families, education, and work settings.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender and Family Life

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Married men are spending more time on domestic tasks in states where women have more labor market power.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Identify social inequalities of gender and sexuality in families, education, and work settings.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender and Family Life

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Presently in the United States, women hold more bachelor’s degrees than men.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Identify social inequalities of gender and sexuality in families, education, and work settings.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender and Higher Education

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Liberal feminism views institutional reforms as the main solution to reduce and possibly eradicate women’s inequality.

Learning Objective: 10.4: Identify the contributions of feminisms and masculinity studies to the study of gender and sexuality.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Feminisms, Feminist Sociology, and Masculinities

Difficulty Level: Medium

Short Answer

1. Explain the difference between sex and gender.

Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain key concepts sociologists use to study sex, gender, and sexuality.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Sex and Gender

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Both sex and gender are fluid, dynamic, and socially constructed concepts. Explain what is meant by this statement.

Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain key concepts sociologists use to study sex, gender, and sexuality.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Sex and Gender

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Explain the social dosage effect in peer groups on gender socialization.

Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain key concepts sociologists use to study sex, gender, and sexuality.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Peers

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Explain the relationship between the media and gender inequality.

Learning Objective: 10.2: Explain how gender is learned, performed, and structured into families, schools, peers, and media.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Media Power: Reflecting and Reinforcing Stereotypes of Gender and Sexuality

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Discuss how the distribution of chores and housework can shift as the personal relationship between a man and woman changes.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Identify social inequalities of gender and sexuality in families, education, and work settings.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Gender and Family Life

Difficulty Level: Hard

6. For every US$1.00 a man earned in 2020, a woman earns US$0.81.Provide a sociological explanation for the gender wage gap.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Identify social inequalities of gender and sexuality in families, education, and work settings.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Gender and the Wage Gap

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Compare and contrast the glass ceiling and the glass escalator.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Identify social inequalities of gender and sexuality in families, education, and work settings.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Gender and the Wage Gap

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Rodrigo has been working as a nurse in the neonatal ward of a hospital for two years. The head of the department recently left, and Rodrigo got the job. His female colleagues who all have been working there for more than ten years are angry. Explain Rodrigo’s situation in sociological terms.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Identify social inequalities of gender and sexuality in families, education, and work settings.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Gender and the Wage Gap

Difficulty Level: Hard

9. What distinguishes standpoint theory from standpoint epistemology?

Learning Objective: 10.4: Identify the contributions of feminisms and masculinity studies to the study of gender and sexuality.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Feminist Perspectives on Doing Sociology

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Explain the concept of “savings-led microfinance.” Why is it important?

Learning Objective: 10.5: Contrast global examples of inequality and empowerment around gender.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Change Happens: Women’s Empowerment

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. Explain the concept of doing gender. Include definitions for sex, sex category, and gender, and explain what distinguishes the three. Illustrate the concept with one example of how someone might “do” gender in the context of sports.

Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain key concepts sociologists use to study sex, gender, and sexuality.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Learning and Performing Gendered Selves in a Gendered World

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Describe how gender socialization occurs over the life course of an individual, from the family to peer groups to education to the media and the workplace. Discuss how agents of gender socialization perpetuate gender stratification.

Learning Objective: 10.2: Explain how gender is learned, performed, and structured into families, schools, peers, and media.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Learning and Performing Gendered Selves in a Gendered World

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. A baby is born. Based on biological characteristics, the doctors identify the baby as a girl. Describe how this child is likely to be influenced by gender socialization while growing to adulthood. Include agents of socialization.

Learning Objective: 10.2: Explain how gender is learned, performed, and structured into families, schools, peers, and media.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Learning and Performing Gendered Selves in a Gendered World

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Analyze the relationship between educational attainment and gender—in particular, educational attainment for women in a historical context.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Identify social inequalities of gender and sexuality in families, education, and work settings.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Gender and Higher Education

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Why are women now more likely than men to be enrolled in college? Describe three factors.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Identify social inequalities of gender and sexuality in families, education, and work settings.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Gender and Higher Education

Difficulty Level: Hard

6. What do the concepts of the glass ceiling and glass escalator demonstrate about gender in the workforce?

Learning Objective: 10.3: Identify social inequalities of gender and sexuality in families, education, and work settings.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Gender and the Wage Gap

Difficulty Level: Hard

7. How does the matrix of domination allow us to see how women of color experience multiple forms of oppression?

Learning Objective: 10.4: Identify the contributions of feminisms and masculinity studies to the study of gender and sexuality.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Feminist Perspectives on Doing Sociology

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. What is the difference between socialist feminism and liberal feminism?

Learning Objective: 10.4: Identify the contributions of feminisms and masculinity studies to the study of gender and sexuality.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Feminisms, Feminist Sociology, and Masculinities

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Discuss hegemonic masculinity and provide two examples in the context of violence in contemporary society.

Learning Objective: 10.4: Identify the contributions of feminisms and masculinity studies to the study of gender and sexuality.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Sociology of Masculinities

Difficulty Level: Hard

10. Why is it important to consider race and ethnicity when discussing gender inequality? Consider high school and college graduation rates, the gender wage gap, and the discussion of gender globally.

Learning Objective: 10.5: Contrast global examples of inequality and empowerment around gender.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Feminist Perspectives on Doing Sociology

Difficulty Level: Hard