Chapter 9: Race and Ethnicity

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. As stated in the text, race is considered which of the following?

a. a scientific concept

b. a social construct

c. a biological concept

d. a synonym for ethnicity

Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how sociologists understand race and ethnicity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Race

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Which term describes a group’s characteristics that are associated with national origin, language, and cultural and religious practices?

a. culture

b. race

c. ethnicity

d. nationality

Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how sociologists understand race and ethnicity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethnicity

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Which of the following is true of ethnicity?

a. Ethnicity and race are unrelated.

b. Ethnicity is based entirely on self-identification; acknowledgement or acceptance by a larger group is unnecessary.

c. Ethnicity is socially significant.

d. An ethnic group is a group of people who share a set of physical characteristics deemed by society as socially significant.

Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how sociologists understand race and ethnicity.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Ethnicity

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. A teacher believes that all students from a particular country of origin are troublemakers. This prejudice is based on which concept?

a. gender

b. culture

c. class

d. ethnicity

Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how sociologists understand race and ethnicity.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Ethnicity

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. What is the name for less powerful groups that are discriminated against and dominated by more powerful groups?

a. majorities

b. racial groups

c. cultural groups

d. minorities

Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how sociologists understand race and ethnicity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Minorities

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Which of the following is considered the dominant group in the United States?

a. Asian Americans

b. Native Americans

c. White Americans

d. African Americans

Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how sociologists understand race and ethnicity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Minorities

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Whether a group is a “minority” is determined by which factor(s)?

a. race and ethnicity

b. power and status

c. culture

d. social class

Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how sociologists understand race and ethnicity.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Minorities

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Which statement is generally true of minority groups?

a. They are always fewer in number than the dominant group.

b. Minority groups are always distinguished by physical and cultural attributes that make them recognizable to the dominant group.

c. Minority status is always determined by access to power, status, and resources.

d. Minority groups invariably experience expulsion.

Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how sociologists understand race and ethnicity.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Minorities

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Which term describes the process of forcibly removing people from one area to another?

a. genocide

b. expulsion

c. segregation

d. cultural pluralism

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe different types of minority and dominant group relations in history and today.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Expulsion

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Which term describes the practice of separating people spatially or socially on the basis of race or ethnicity?

a. apartheid

b. genocide

c. segregation

d. expulsion

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe different types of minority and dominant group relations in history and today.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Segregation

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Which of the following is true of apartheid and segregation in South Africa?

a. Apartheid has existed in South Africa since the 1990s.

b. White, Black, and mixed-race populations in South Africa now live equally.

c. Segregation is an extreme form of apartheid.

d. South African communities are still highly segregated.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe different types of minority and dominant group relations in history and today.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Segregation

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Which of the following is a reason why segregation persists in the United States?

a. Laws outlawing segregation by income are not always followed.

b. It is legal and commonplace for real estate agents, landlords, and lenders to consider race in decisions regarding home rentals and sales.

c. White residents sometimes move out of neighborhoods when minority residents move in.

d. Many cities are not racially and ethnically diverse.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe different types of minority and dominant group relations in history and today.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Segregation

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Which of the following is associated with living in a segregated minority neighborhood?

a. higher quality schools

b. lower proximity to hazardous-waste facilities

c. fewer instances of food deserts

d. higher rates of poverty

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe different types of minority and dominant group relations in history and today.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Segregation

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Students from inner-city schools tend to have lower standardized tests scores than their peers who attend suburban public schools. This difference is most likely a consequence of which of the following?

a. pollution

b. segregation

c. individual differences

d. social behavior

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe different types of minority and dominant group relations in history and today.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Segregation

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Until 1968, it was legal to use ______ to prevent white homeowners from selling their homes to Black buyers.

a. voter ID laws

b. gerrymandering

c. restrictive covenants

d. literacy tests

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe different types of minority and dominant group relations in history and today.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Segregation

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. Which of the following policies infiltrated every aspect of living, mandating the use of specific trains, water fountains, and schools for Black Americans distinct from those for white Americans?

a. sexism

b. expulsion

c. gerrymandering

d. segregation

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe different types of minority and dominant group relations in history and today.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Segregation

Difficulty Level: Easy

17.Which term refers to the absorption of minority groups into the dominant culture?

a. assimilation

b. cultural pluralism

c. functionalism

d. acculturation

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe different types of minority and dominant group relations in history and today.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Assimilation and Cultural Pluralism

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Throughout much of the 20th century, sociologists who studied minority groups, race, and ethnicity assumed which of the following?

a. The ultimate destiny of most minority groups was assimilation.

b. Migrant groups would resist assimilation.

c. The ultimate destiny of the United States was cultural pluralism.

d. Migrant groups would want to retain their unique traditions and beliefs.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe different types of minority and dominant group relations in history and today.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Assimilation and Cultural Pluralism

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. A family from Tunisia recently moved to the United States. They only speak French, but the parents want their children to only speak English. This is an example of which of the following?

a. accommodation

b. functionalism

c. assimilation

d. pluralism

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe different types of minority and dominant group relations in history and today.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Assimilation and Cultural Pluralism

Difficulty Level: Hard

20. In the case of cultural pluralism, the coexistence of different racial and ethnic groups is best characterized by which of the following?

a. forced segregation

b. pressure to assimilate

c. prejudice and discrimination

d. acceptance of one another’s differences

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe different types of minority and dominant group relations in history and today.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Assimilation and Cultural Pluralism

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. A culturally pluralistic society most likely resembles which of the following?

a. a melting pot

b. a single cultural soup

c. a salad bowl

d. a sandwich

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe different types of minority and dominant group relations in history and today.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Assimilation and Cultural Pluralism

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. Which of the following would be considered the most tolerant policy used toward a minority group?

a. assimilation

b. segregation

c. cultural pluralism

d. expulsion

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe different types of minority and dominant group relations in history and today.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Assimilation and Cultural Pluralism

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. Which of the following represents the behavior of a society practicing cultural pluralism?

a. having everyone celebrate Christmas

b. celebrating different ethnic holidays

c. refusing to celebrate any holiday

d. recognizing the three most common holidays

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe different types of minority and dominant group relations in history and today.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Assimilation and Cultural Pluralism

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. Which of the following statements reflects a key assumption of functionalism?

a. If a social phenomenon exists and persists, it serves a positive purpose in society.

b. Racism offers a justification for racial inequality.

c. The stigmatized identity is an inevitable part of social interaction.

d. Instability characterizes social groupings.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe different types of minority and dominant group relations in history and today.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Functionalist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. Durkheim believed that social groups based on ______ were most durable.

a. diversity

b. organic solidarity

c. interdependence

d. homogeneity

Learning Objective: 9.3: Discuss theoretical approaches to the concepts of ethnicity, racism, and minority status.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Functionalist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. What is the idea that one racial or ethnic group is superior to another?

a. stereotyping

b. racism

c. stigma

d. prejudice

Learning Objective: 9.3: Discuss theoretical approaches to the concepts of ethnicity, racism, and minority status.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Conflict Perspectives

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. From a conflict perspective, which of the following is an explanation for why racism endures?

a. Discrimination ensures that those with the most perseverance and hardest work ethic fill the most important roles.

b. Relying on stereotypes helps people navigate the world more efficiently.

c. Policies that encourage integration or diversity are ineffective and ill advised.

d. Whether consciously or unconsciously, whites benefit from a system that puts people of color at a disadvantage.

Learning Objective: 9.3: Discuss theoretical approaches to the concepts of ethnicity, racism, and minority status.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Conflict Perspectives

Difficulty Level: Medium

28. Which of the following represents an aspect of historical racism that provided a function to American society?

a. the separation of different ethnic groups for profit

b. the use of slaves to develop the economy

c. the need for workers who did not have power or status

d. the introduction of a social hierarchy

Learning Objective: 9.3: Discuss theoretical approaches to the concepts of ethnicity, racism, and minority status.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Conflict Perspectives

Difficulty Level: Hard

29. Which of the following would Louis Wirth note as a characteristic of minority groups?

a. Membership in the minority group is voluntary.

b. Minority status is defined by numbers.

c. Minority groups have opportunity with hard work.

d. Societal reaction to minority groups is conditioned.

Learning Objective: 9.3: Discuss theoretical approaches to the concepts of ethnicity, racism, and minority status.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

30. Interactions between those who are marginalized and those who are members of the dominant, nonmarginalized group are referred to as which of the following?

a. stigma–dominant interactions

b. mixed contacts

c. plural interactions

d. diversified contacts

Learning Objective: 9.3: Discuss theoretical approaches to the concepts of ethnicity, racism, and minority status.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. Which term refers to an attribute that discredits individuals because it overshadows positive attributes and merits the individual may possess?

a. stereotype

b. stigma

c. scapegoat

d. impurity

Learning Objective: 9.3: Discuss theoretical approaches to the concepts of ethnicity, racism, and minority status.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. In the late 19th century, Irish immigrants were portrayed by the media as poor, superstitious, and drunken. How would Goffman categorize this bias?

a. accommodation

b. stigmatization

c. assimilation

c. justification

Learning Objective: 9.3: Discuss theoretical approaches to the concepts of ethnicity, racism, and minority status.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Hard

33. What are prejudices?

a. acts of physical violence

b. inflexible attitudes toward others

c. subject to change on the basis of evidence

d. easy to overcome

Learning Objective: 9.4: Define prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. Which of the following is true of stereotypes?

a. They do not serve a function for any group.

b. They are usually correct.

c. They are applied to just a few members of any group.

d. They offer a way for human beings to organize and categorize the social world.

Learning Objective: 9.4: Define prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Medium

35. Which of the following is a characteristic of discrimination?

a. It is unintentional.

b. It does not benefit any group.

c. It allows all groups access to valued resources.

d. It can be individual or institutionalized.

Learning Objective: 9.4: Define prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Medium

36. Which of the following is an example of individual discrimination?

a. Federal Housing Administration manuals that redlined Black neighborhoods as too “high risk” for lending.

b. Underwriting practices that result in Black families with good credit being offered subprime loans.

c. A landlord who does not return phone calls to people with last names that “sound” Latino.

d. Check-cashing and payday loan establishments outnumbering accredited banking institutions in poor, urban neighborhoods.

Learning Objective: 9.4: Define prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Hard

37. Which type of discrimination involves intentional unequal treatment that is often based on prejudicial beliefs?

a. institutional discrimination

b. hidden discrimination

c. individual discrimination

d. covert discrimination

Learning Objective: 9.4: Define prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Easy

38. Adrienne believes that all Italian men are involved with the Mafia. This is an example of which of the following?

a. racism

b. stigmatization

c. stereotyping

d. individual discrimination

Learning Objective: 9.4: Define prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Hard

39. White Americans thinking all Black Americans are gang members is an example of which concept?

a. prejudice

b. stereotyping

c. racism

d. classism

Learning Objective: 9.4: Define prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Hard

40. Those who stereotype would likely regard people who receive government unemployment assistance as which of the following?

a. members of society in need of help

b. undeserving and lazy

c. people down on their luck

d. people in lower socioeconomic statuses

Learning Objective: 9.4: Define prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Hard

41. Which of the following is an example of institutionalized discrimination enshrined in legislation?

a. Jim Crow laws

b. prejudice

c. environmental racism

d. stereotyping

Learning Objective: 9.4: Define prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Medium

42. Maria, a Latinx woman, applies for a home loan. The loan is denied even though she has a good income and a very good credit score. Connor, a white man, has the same credit score and income and applies for a home loan and is approved. Which of the following has most likely occurred?

a. individual discrimination

b. institutional discrimination

c. prejudice

d. stereotyping

Learning Objective: 9.4: Define prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Hard

43. Li and his fiancé try to order a wedding cake from a local bakery, but the owner refuses to take their order because they are a gay couple. This is an example of which concept?

a. discrimination

b. racism

c. prejudice

d. stereotyping

Learning Objective: 9.4: Define prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Hard

44. Discrimination against African Americans and women was first institutionalized in the United States in ______.

a. Plessy v. Ferguson

b. the Civil Rights Act

c. Brown v. Board of Education

d. the Constitution

Learning Objective: 9.4: Define prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Easy

45. Which of the following groups was harmed most by subprime lending that led to foreclosures in 2008?

a. Asian Americans

b. Hispanics

c. African Americans

d. Whites

Learning Objective: 9.4: Define prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Easy

46. Which of the following is one of the key rights of U.S. citizenship?

a. voting

b. home ownership

c. minimum wage

d. military service

Learning Objective: 9.4: Define prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Criminal Justice, Politics, and Power

Difficulty Level: Medium

47. Which term describes various state laws that prohibit incarcerated inmates, parolees, people on probation, and ex-felons from voting?

a. disenfranchisement

b. political marginalization

c. ex-offender treatises

d. conditions of parole

Learning Objective: 9.4: Define prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Criminal Justice, Politics, and Power

Difficulty Level: Easy

48. Michelle Alexander would attribute low rates of voting participation among young African American men to ______.

a. a lack of Internet access

b. low levels of campaign spending

c. high rates of felony convictions

d. apathy within this demographic group

Learning Objective: 9.4: Define prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Criminal Justice, Politics, and Power

Difficulty Level: Medium

49. Which type of offenders make up a large portion of the prison population?

a. sex offenders

b. violent offenders

c. nonviolent offenders

d. juvenile offenders

Learning Objective: 9.4: Define prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Criminal Justice, Politics, and Power

Difficulty Level: Easy

50. Which of the following is a health outcome associated with prejudice and discrimination?

a. lower rates of chronic illnesses

b. higher birth rates

c. higher rates of disability

d. lower rates of obesity

Learning Objective: 9.4: Define prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Consequences of Prejudice and Discrimination: Race and Health

Difficulty Level: Medium

51. COVID-19 disproportionately affected which groups of people?

a. White and Latinxs

b. African Americans and Native Americans

c. Asian Americans and Latinxs

d. children and Asian Americans

Learning Objective: 9.4: Define prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Consequences of Prejudice and Discrimination: Race and Health

Difficulty Level: Medium

52. Which of the following is the most influential predictor of women’s health?

a. age

b. income

c. education

d. race

Learning Objective: 9.4: Define prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Consequences of Prejudice and Discrimination: Race and Health

Difficulty Level: Easy

53. It is the goal of which field to view medical statistics through the lens of social science?

a. biostatistics

b. social demography

c. social epidemiology

d. medical ethics

Learning Objective: 9.4: Define prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Consequences of Prejudice and Discrimination: Race and Health

Difficulty Level: Easy

54. Which of the following groups have the best opportunity to work from home?

a. White Americans and Asian Americans

b. Latinxs and Asian Americans

c. African Americans and Latinxs

d. Native Americans and Arab Americans

Learning Objective: 9.4: Define prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Consequences of Prejudice and Discrimination: Race and Health

Difficulty Level: Easy

55. Which of the following is true of race and ethnicity in Hollywood?

a. In 2014 and 2016, there were several African American Oscar nominees.

b. Some celebrities boycotted the 2016 Oscars in response to the marginalization of actors of color.

c. The long-standing practice of casting White actors to play minorities in films was banned by the Academy in 2010.

d. The Academy has not yet formally acknowledged the racial and ethnic inequities in the industry.

Learning Objective: 9.4: Define prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Race and Ethnicity in Hollywood

Difficulty Level: Medium

56. Demographers predict that which group will constitute a numeric majority nationwide in the United States by the year 2040?

a. White Americans

b. people of color

c. immigrants

d. Asian Americans

Learning Objective: 9.5: Identify major racial and ethnic groups in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Racial and Ethnic Groups in the United States

Difficulty Level: Medium

57. Which of the following is the primary source of population growth in the United States?

a. migration

b. new births

c. assimilation

d. expulsion

Learning Objective: 9.5: Identify major racial and ethnic groups in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Racial and Ethnic Groups in the United States

Difficulty Level: Medium

58. It is estimated that the American Indian population was decimated from roughly 20 million to 600,000 people due to the actions of which group?

a. European colonists

b. Chinese workers

c. Native Americans

d. Canadian settlers

Learning Objective: 9.5: Identify major racial and ethnic groups in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: American Indians

Difficulty Level: Easy

59. Since the 1960s, which of the following has been a focus of Native American activists?

a. to increase the number of reservations

b. to force the U.S. government to honor treaties and improve their living conditions

c. to seize federal land

d. to run for state political office

Learning Objective: 9.5: Identify major racial and ethnic groups in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: American Indians

Difficulty Level: Medium

60. Which of the following has happened to reservations as a result of federal policy and forced displacements?

a. They are among the poorest regions of the United States.

b. They have been developed into highly productive farmland.

c. They are the focus of lucrative federal policy lawsuits.

d. They contain some of the most populated urban areas in the country.

Learning Objective: 9.5: Identify major racial and ethnic groups in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: American Indians

Difficulty Level: Medium

61. What was the effect of an 1808 federal law ending the transport of enslaved people to the United States?

a. Slavery was outlawed in the United States.

b. The internal slave trade grew.

c. Slave revolts became less common.

d. The treatment of slaves improved.

Learning Objective: 9.5: Identify major racial and ethnic groups in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: African Americans

Difficulty Level: Medium

62. Which of the following is a characteristic of the impact of Jim Crow laws?

a. Northern legislators became a majority in the political system.

b. Voting rights changed to be more inclusive.

c. African Americans were effectively denied even a basic education.

d. African Americans were trapped in the rural South.

Learning Objective: 9.5: Identify major racial and ethnic groups in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: African Americans

Difficulty Level: Medium

63. The greatest gains in the African American community have been in which type of power?

a. economic power

b. political power

c. social power

d. educational power

Learning Objective: 9.5: Identify major racial and ethnic groups in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: African Americans

Difficulty Level: Easy

64. Which of the following is considered the largest minority group in the United States?

a. Native Americans

b. African Americans

c. Latinx

d. Whites

Learning Objective: 9.5: Identify major racial and ethnic groups in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Latinx

Difficulty Level: Easy

65. Which of the following is a characteristic of Latinxs?

a. They are a homogenous group with roots in Mexico.

b. The Spanish language is a major part of their ethnic heritage.

c. Because of immigration barriers, they are the slowest growing minority group in the United States.

d. Their assimilation into the dominant U.S. culture has almost eliminated stereotyping.

Learning Objective: 9.5: Identify major racial and ethnic groups in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Latinx

Difficulty Level: Medium

66. Mexicans and Cubans are considered part of which of the following groups?

a. White

b. Black

c. Asian

d. Latinx

Learning Objective: 9.5: Identify major racial and ethnic groups in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Latinx

Difficulty Level: Easy

67. Which racial-ethnic group was forcibly placed in internment camps during World War II?

a. Germans

b. Mexicans

c. Japanese

d. Russians

Learning Objective: 9.5: Identify major racial and ethnic groups in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Asian Americans

Difficulty Level: Easy

68. Most members of today’s Arab American population in the United States were born in which country?

a. Saudi Arabia

b. Syria

c. Palestine

d. United States

Learning Objective: 9.5: Identify major racial and ethnic groups in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Arab Americans

Difficulty Level: Easy

69. Arab Americans, on average, have attained higher levels of education and income than the general population. For this reason, some have labeled the ethnic group a(n) ______ minority.

a. economic

b. cultural

c. professional

d. model

Learning Objective: 9.5: Identify major racial and ethnic groups in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Arab Americans

Difficulty Level: Medium

70. Certain social or economic benefits or advantages that come with being White that often go unrecognized are referred to as which concept?

a. manifest destiny

b. White opportunity

c. reverse racism

d. White privilege

Learning Objective: 9.5: Identify major racial and ethnic groups in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: White Americans

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. Women in the United States are considered a minority even though they typically outnumber men.

Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how sociologists understand race and ethnicity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Minorities

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Race is a social construct but has real-life consequences.

Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how sociologists understand race and ethnicity.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Race

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Genetic variation contributes to racial differences in intelligence, artistic talent, athletic talent, and social skills.

Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how sociologists understand race and ethnicity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Race

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. The average white person in the United States lives in a neighborhood that is 50 percent white.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe different types of minority and dominant group relations in history and today.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Segregation

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Expulsion occurs when a child is removed from the class because the child is ill.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe different types of minority and dominant group relations in history and today.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Segregation

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Segregated neighborhoods are more likely to experience hazardous waste and pollution.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe different types of minority and dominant group relations in history and today.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Segregation

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. The process of expulsion was used by White settlers to gain more land in the United States.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe different types of minority and dominant group relations in history and today.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Expulsion

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Racism cannot be positively functional for a society because it marginalizes some members of the group.

Learning Objective: 9.3: Discuss theoretical approaches to the concepts of ethnicity, racism, and minority status.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Functionalist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Stereotypes are often used to justify the exploitation of a minority group.

Learning Objective: 9.4: Define prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Discrimination can be both intentional and unintentional.

Learning Objective: 9.4: Define prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer

1. Discuss the difference between a person’s race and her or his ethnicity.

Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how sociologists understand race and ethnicity.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Ethnicity

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. What is the distinction between assimilation and cultural pluralism in the United States?

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe different types of minority and dominant group relations in history and today.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Assimilation and Cultural Pluralism

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Why does segregation still impact people of color?

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe different types of minority and dominant group relations in history and today.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Segregation

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Explain how Émile Durkheim would analyze the existence and persistence of ethnic enclaves in the United States (e.g., Chinatown, Koreatown, Little Ethiopia, and so on).

Learning Objective: 9.3: Discuss theoretical approaches to the concepts of ethnicity, racism, and minority status.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Functionalist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Describe what decision was made by the Three-Fifths Compromise. Explain how this Constitutional decision was influenced by racism on the part of both Southern and Northern delegates.

Learning Objective: 9.3: Discuss theoretical approaches to the concepts of ethnicity, racism, and minority status.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Conflict Perspectives

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Explain the difference between individual and institutional discrimination and provide an example of each.

Learning Objective: 9.4: Define prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Discuss the relationships between mass incarceration, disenfranchisement of ex-felons, and race.

Learning Objective: 9.4: Define prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Criminal Justice, Politics, and Power

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Explain the relationship between race and health outcomes. Illustrate it with two health-related examples.

Learning Objective: 9.4: Define prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Consequences of Prejudice and Discrimination: Race and Health

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. How did the Irish become white Americans?

Learning Objective: 9.5: Identify major racial and ethnic groups in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: White Americans

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Marco is a Mexican American who moved to the United States twenty years ago. He obtained his degree in engineering while living with his aunt and uncle, and was hired by a company in California. Explain the push and pull factors that Marco may have experienced.

Learning Objective: 9.5: Identify major racial and ethnic groups in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Race and Ethnicity in a Global Perspective

Difficulty Level: Hard

Essay

1. Discuss how race is a social construct and how it impacts the lives of people of color.

Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how sociologists understand race and ethnicity.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Race

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. What are the features of segregation and how did segregation impact the everyday lives of people of color?

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe different types of minority and dominant group relations in history and today.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Segregation

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. What is the distinction between expulsion and segregation?

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe different types of minority and dominant group relations in history and today.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Expulsion | Segregation

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Provide an example of what a culturally pluralistic society would look like today.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Describe different types of minority and dominant group relations in history and today.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Assimilation and Cultural Pluralism

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Compare and contrast the conflict and symbolic interactionist approaches to race and racism. Provide a brief explanation for why the functionalist approach is difficult to apply to racism.

Learning Objective: 9.3: Discuss theoretical approaches to the concepts of ethnicity, racism, and minority status.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Theoretical Approaches to Ethnicity, Racism, and Minority Status

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Some theorists believe that prejudice could be alleviated by exposing different racial groups to one another to create meaningful interactions and relationships. Use Erving Goffman’s concept of stigma into the discussion whether you agree or disagree.

Learning Objective: 9.3: Discuss theoretical approaches to the concepts of ethnicity, racism, and minority status.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Discuss the difference between prejudice, discrimination, and institutionalized discrimination. Provide two examples how racial or ethnic minorities are affected.

Learning Objective: 9.4: Define prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Provide a definition of white privilege and explain how it persists throughout society. Provide two examples of white privilege.

Learning Objective: 9.4: Define prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: White Americans

Difficulty Level: Hard

9. Discuss how Arab Americans and Asian Americans have been discriminated against and how they are perceived as a model minority.

Learning Objective: 9.5: Identify major racial and ethnic groups in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Asian American | Arab Americans

Difficulty Level: Hard

10. Provide a definition for genocide and discuss two ways it can be facilitated by racism, institutional discrimination, and the state.

Learning Objective: 9.6: Define genocide and its relationship to national, ethnic, racial, or religious group membership.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Genocide: The Mass Destruction of Societies

Difficulty Level: Medium