Gender And Sexuality Chapter 11 Test Questions & Answers

Experience Sociology, 4e (Croteau)

Chapter 11 Gender and Sexuality

1) Which of the following accurately describes the terms sex and gender?

A) Sex and gender are both based in culture.

B) Sex and gender are both based in biology.

C) Gender is based in biology and sex is based in culture.

D) Sex is based in biology and gender is based in culture.

2) The biological distinction between males and females is called

A) sex.

B) sexuality.

C) gender.

D) gender expression.

3) The culturally-defined differences between how men and women dress and behave is the result of

A) gender expression.

B) gender.

C) sex.

D) sexuality.

4) Which term refers to the physical differences between individuals, such as the genitalia, secondary sex characteristics, and chromosomes?

A) gender

B) sex

C) sexuality

D) gender display

5) The assumption that women can wear makeup but men are discouraged from doing so is based on ________ differences.

A) gender

B) sex

C) gender display

D) sexuality

6) Which of the following is an example of a secondary sex characteristic?

A) menstruation

B) the clothes one wears

C) hormones

D) facial hair

7) Which term refers to individuals who are born with a sex that cannot be clearly defined based on biological criteria?

A) intersexual people

B) mixed-sexed people

C) asexual people

D) two-spirit people

8) Though exact numbers are still debated, approximately what percentage of the population is born with ambiguous sexual criteria?

A) 3 percent

B) 5 percent

C) 1 percent

D) 7 percent

9) Which of the following best summarizes the relationship sociologists see between sex and gender?

A) Sex is seen as biology and gender as purely social.

B) Some sex differences may be the product of differences in gender socialization.

C) Sex and gender are synonymous and can be used interchangeably.

D) Sex has an influence on gender, but gender does not have an influence on sex.

10) Popular culture often suggests that men are physically stronger than women. Which of the following explains how a sociologist would examine this difference?

A) All of these answers would be used by sociologists.

B) Men are naturally predisposed to being stronger than women because they have more testosterone in their system.

C) Men's biology is naturally more muscular than women's biology, which makes them physically stronger.

D) Men are encouraged to engage in activities that encourage muscle development, whereas women are not encouraged to build muscle.

11) Which of the following could NOT be considered evidence that gender is socially constructed?

A) It is based on ideas of sex difference.

B) It changes across cultures.

C) It changes across time.

D) It is based on biological differences.

12) Which term refers to the way individuals demonstrate their understanding of themselves as a man or woman through their clothing and behaviors?

A) gender identity

B) gender expression

C) sexual identity

D) sexual expression

13) Taking hormones that promote secondary sex characteristics is a part of the process to become

A) transgender.

B) transsexual.

C) homosexual.

D) bisexual.

14) Which of the following statements regarding gender identity is FALSE?

A) It is largely learned.

B) Biology does not determine gender identity.

C) Prenatal hormones have been found to influence gender identity development.

D) Most males learned to identify as men, and most females learn to identify as female.

15) What is the definition of gender identity?

A) how other people perceive an individual's gender

B) how individuals use behaviors and their appearance to convey their gender

C) how individuals self-identify as being a man or a woman

D) how society's expectations influence an individual's appearance

16) Jennie is feminine and enjoys wearing makeup and dresses. She enjoys it when her boyfriend takes her on dates, opens the door for her, and brings her flowers. Her gender expression is

A) woman.

B) female.

C) man.

D) male.

17) Individuals who have a gender identity that does NOT match their biological sex are called

A) transsexual people.

B) transgender people.

C) intersexed people.

D) bisexual people.

18) Individuals who have surgery to change the sexual characteristics of their bodies are called

A) intersexed people.

B) bisexual people.

C) transgender people.

D) transsexual people.

19) Carl was born female but self-identifies as a man. His biological sex does not match his masculine gender. Carl is a(n) ________ man.

A) intersexed

B) bisexual

C) transsexual

D) transgendered

20) The sociological study of masculinities demonstrates that

A) there are multiple ways for males to be masculine.

B) masculinity is determined by biological sex.

C) masculinity exists in similar ways across cultures.

D) some men are more masculine than others.

21) Jamie was born male but self-identifies as a woman. In order to make her body look more feminine, she had surgery and took female hormones in order to make her body look more feminine. Jamie is a(n) ________ woman.

A) transsexual

B) transgender

C) intersexed

D) bisexual

22) What is sexism?

A) the belief that men are better than women

B) the belief that one sex is better than the other

C) the belief that women are better than men

D) the belief that men and women are equals

23) Kimberly believes that women are naturally superior to men. What term identifies her ideology?

A) patriarchy

B) feminism

C) sexism

D) matriarchy

24) In Ojibwa culture, individuals who are biologically male or female but who take on social roles that are associated with both men and women are called

A) two-spirits.

B) transgendered.

C) two souled.

D) transsexual.

25) An individual's masculinity is shaped by

A) sexual orientation.

B) race.

C) class.

D) All of these answers are correct.

26) How do people come to have a gender?

A) Gender comes naturally from biological differences.

B) They are socialized into being a boy or girl based on sex.

C) When rearing a child, parents pick the gender they want the child to adopt.

D) Individuals pick which gender they want to be.

27) What term refers to the social rules for being a man or a woman that shape one's behaviors and attitudes?

A) gender expression

B) gender role

C) gender identity

D) sexual identity

28) It is typical in Joanne's household that her son takes care of the car, while her daughter is in charge of maintaining the household. This is an example of

A) gender expression.

B) gender roles.

C) gender identity.

D) sexual identity.

29) Which of the following is shaped by gender roles?

A) what jobs we want to have

B) the kind of jewelry we wear

C) the emotions we experience

D) All of these answers are correct.

30) Tommy wears his hair cut short and enjoys rebuilding his car. When he is older, he wants to become a lawyer and a father. These traits and aspirations are called

A) his gender identity.

B) gender roles.

C) his gender expression.

D) gender socialization.

31) What concept argues that gender is a product of social interactions within particular social settings?

A) displaying gender

B) doing gender

C) gender socialization

D) gender stratification

32) You see a young couple on the street with their newborn baby. The baby starts to cry and the father hands the baby to the mother and states, "It is time for a diaper change!" This interaction is an example of

A) gender expression.

B) gender socialization.

C) doing gender.

D) displaying gender.

33) Candace West and Don Zimmerman argue that one of the main problems in how men and women enact gender is that it

A) erases the biological differences between men and women.

B) assigns men more privileged social positions in society.

C) highlights the natural differences between men and women.

D) creates the idea that social differences between men and women are natural.

34) When does gender socialization start?

A) when babies are designated as male or female

B) when babies start to interact with their environments

C) when children are able to talk

D) when children are able to move around their spaces

35) According to studies of childhood gender socialization, at about what age do parents generally encourage their children to play with gender-stereotyped toys?

A) two years

B) eighteen months

C) one year

D) six months

36) Which of the following institutions is the most important in understanding gender socialization?

A) educational systems

B) the media

C) the family

D) peer groups

37) The media tend to show ________ forms of masculinity and femininity.

A) stereotypical

B) realistic

C) idealized

D) deviant

38) Sociologist Karin Martin found that ________ help children develop a gendered identity by altering how they relate to their own bodies.

A) the media

B) peers

C) preschools

D) parents

39) Which term refers to the unequal balance of power and resources shared between men and women?

A) gender hierarchies

B) gender stratification

C) gender diffusion

D) gender differences

40) Which of the following is an example of gender stratification?

A) men dominating positions of power

B) women advocating for reproductive rights

C) the narrowing of the wage gap

D) men being held responsible for inappropriate behaviors

41) Researchers have found that a majority of the richest Americans are men. This is an example of

A) gender stratification.

B) patriarchy.

C) gender hierarchy.

D) doing gender.

42) What type of social structure is controlled by men?

A) patriarchy

B) paternalism

C) oligarchy

D) matriarchy

43) What type of social structure is controlled by women?

A) oligarchy

B) patriarchy

C) matriarchy

D) paternalism

44) According to Joan Huber, what historical culture supported the creation of patriarchal societies?

A) hunting and gathering societies

B) industrial societies

C) agricultural societies

D) postmodern societies

45) According to Joan Huber, what is the main reason for the pervasiveness of patriarchy?

A) Men refuse to share power with women.

B) Men are physically stronger than women.

C) Women are more tied to reproduction.

D) Women benefit from patriarchal arrangements.

46) In the United States today, how do women's earnings compare to men's?

A) Women earn about 82 percent of what men do.

B) Women's earnings are finally about equal to men's.

C) Women earn about 90 percent of what men do.

D) Women earn about 70 percent of what men do.

47) Which of the following factors does NOT help explain the wage gap?

A) the social stratification of society

B) the types of degrees men and women earn

C) the types of jobs men and women take

D) the effort individuals put into their work

48) What concept deals with the difficulty women have in advancing in their careers as a result of individual and institutional sexism?

A) glass ceiling

B) second shift

C) invisible sexism

D) mommy tracking

49) The glass ceiling limits women's movement into higher levels of leadership and management at work as a result of ________ sexism.

A) individual

B) individual and institutional

C) cultural

D) individual and cultural

50) Jenny and Manuel are talented lawyers working at a major law firm. When one of the partners in the firm retires, the firm promotes Manuel into a higher-paid position, noting that he is more logical and dedicated to the job than Jenny. This is an example of

A) gender stratification.

B) the glass ceiling.

C) institutional sexism.

D) the second shift.

51) What concept deals with how working women take on primary responsibility for childcare and housework?

A) institutional sexism

B) gender stratification

C) the glass ceiling

D) the second shift

52) Which of the following best illustrates the concept of the second shift?

A) Karen and Duane both work full time and share equal responsibility in the household, including childcare.

B) Karen and Duane both work full time, but Karen is still expected to be responsible for the household and childcare duties.

C) Karen and Duane both work full time, so they rely on a nanny for assistance.

D) Karen does not work outside of the home, but she is expected to maintain the household and take care of the children.

53) Amy works full time as a manager at an office supply store. After work, she goes home and helps her kids with their homework, cooks dinner, and cleans the house while her husband relaxes after his day of work. This unpaid work is referred to as

A) family work.

B) kin work.

C) the mommy shift.

D) the second shift.

54) Unwelcomed sexual advances and unwanted verbal or physical contact that is sexual is called

A) gender harassment.

B) sexual harassment.

C) gender discrimination.

D) sex discrimination.

55) Brian put a picture of his girlfriend on his office desk where his co-workers can see it. In the picture, his girlfriend is dressed up and wearing a top that shows a generous amount of cleavage. Does his picture constitute sexual harassment?

A) Yes, if a coworker finds it to be too sexual for work.

B) Yes, because the picture is inappropriate for work.

C) No, because it is simply a picture of his girlfriend.

D) No, because he did not intend to offend others by displaying it.

56) Which of the following is NOT true about sexual harassment?

A) It can be intentional.

B) It is illegal to sexually harass someone.

C) It always involves abuse of power.

D) It is possible to sexually harass someone without realizing it.

57) Which term refers to when someone in an intimate relationship controls his or her partner though the use of threats and violence?

A) family violence

B) domestic violence

C) gender violence

D) interpersonal violence

58) Approximately what percentage of female murder victims are killed by a current or former intimate partner?

A) 40 percent

B) 30 percent

C) 20 percent

D) 10 percent

59) An individual's sexuality encompasses all of the following EXCEPT

A) behaviors.

B) identity.

C) gender.

D) sexual desires.

60) Sexuality is a term that refers to

A) an individual's identity, sexual desires, and behaviors.

B) whether someone is heterosexual or homosexual.

C) how sexual behaviors are socially organized.

D) the sexual practices an individual prefers.

61) Julie identifies as a heterosexual woman. Although she is married to her husband, she finds it erotic to have sexual fantasies about women. Which term describes her identity, sexual thoughts, and desires?

A) heterosexuality

B) homosexuality

C) sexuality

D) bisexuality

62) What are incest taboos?

A) sexual acts that are seen as perverted

B) sexual practices that are seen as immoral

C) social rules that limit sexual activity between relatives

D) norms that construct heterosexuality as normal

63) American culture discourages individuals from marrying their cousins. This is an example of a(n)

A) sexual taboo.

B) sexual deviance.

C) incest norm.

D) incest taboo.

64) Which of the following does NOT provide evidence that sexuality is socially constructed?

A) Some acts, such as kissing, are seen as disgusting in some cultures.

B) Individuals are born with an innate drive to procreate.

C) There is variation in how often individuals should have sex to be considered "normal."

D) Oral sex is common in some cultures but not in others.

65) Which of the following social events helped bring about the sexual revolution in the United States?

A) the women's rights movement

B) the introduction of the condom

C) the shift to a culture of "family values"

D) pro-marriage and pro-child social norms

66) Which of the following defines sexual identity?

A) how we understand ourselves in terms of our sexuality

B) the attitudes we have concerning different sexual practices

C) the labels we attach to our sexual practices

D) the way others in society understand our attractions

67) The way that we understand ourselves in terms of our sexual attractions to others is called our

A) sexuality.

B) sexual identity.

C) gender expression.

D) gender identity.

68) Carter dates both men and women and sees himself as being a bisexual man. His understanding of himself as bisexual is his

A) gender expression.

B) gender identity.

C) sexuality.

D) sexual identity.

69) In American society, how many basic sexual identity groups are recognized?

A) two

B) four

C) three

D) five

70) An individual who is sexually attracted to individuals of the opposite sex is

A) heterosexual.

B) homosexual.

C) bisexual.

D) asexual.

71) An individual who experiences no sexual attraction to anyone is

A) asexual.

B) homosexual.

C) bisexual.

D) heterosexual.

72) Jaime is in a long-time relationship, but he abstains from sex because he is not sexually attracted to others. Jaime is considered to be

A) homosexual.

B) heterosexual.

C) bisexual.

D) asexual.

73) Ralyn is attracted to both men and women but only dates men. What is her sexual identity?

A) homosexual

B) heterosexual

C) bisexual

D) asexual

74) Which term refers to the cultural norm that assumes that everyone is heterosexual?

A) homosexism

B) heterophobia

C) homophobia

D) heterosexism

75) Which term refers to attitudes that disapprove of and negatively view homosexuality?

A) homosexism

B) heterosexism

C) homophobia

D) heterophobia

76) Bryan took his two-year-old daughter to daycare. Once inside, one of the workers introduced her to the other children and told her to not go and pick out a boyfriend because she was too young. This interaction provides an example of

A) sexual identity.

B) gender identity.

C) homophobia.

D) heterosexism.

77) Sociologist Talcott Parsons accepted uncritically the idea that the specialization of sex roles serves a useful function in society. His view reflects the ________ perspective.

A) functionalist

B) symbolic interactionist

C) conflict

D) feminist

78) Which of the following types of theorists argued that the functionalist approach ignored reality and was limited to a middle-class version that was dominant in the United States?

A) None of these answers is correct.

B) symbolic interactionist

C) conflict

D) feminist

79) Feminism is an ideology that

A) claims that women should have more power than men.

B) seeks cultural and economic equality for men and women.

C) seeks to give women equal power with men in society.

D) explains how women are oppressed by men in society.

80) First-wave feminism helped women secure which of the following?

A) the right to vote

B) reproductive rights

C) sexual freedom

D) education rights

81) Janet believes that women are social equals to men. She is passing out a petition on campus that supports her college reviewing professor salaries to make sure that men and women are being paid equally based on rank and tenure. In what ideology does Janet believe?

A) heterosexism

B) feminism

C) the wage gap

D) gender stratification

82) What was the name of the social event that is viewed as setting into motion the modern LGBT movement?

A) the "Closet Revolution"

B) the San Francisco protest

C) the first gay pride parade

D) the Stonewall Riots

83) What is gender convergence?

A) crimes committed against gender-nonconforming individuals

B) the rejection of the sexual double standard by younger generations

C) increased similarities between men and women in society

D) social pressure to conform to traditional gender roles

84) Which term refers to the increasing similarities in how men and women view what is appropriate sexual behavior for men and women?

A) the sexual revolution

B) the sexual double standard

C) gender convergence

D) sexual convergence

85) Third-wave feminism promotes all of the following EXCEPT

A) women's social empowerment.

B) women's sexual expression.

C) the removal of sexist representations of women.

D) attention to class- and race-based differences.

86) An individual can have a gender expression that does not match his or her biological sex.

87) Transgender and transsexual are interchangeable terms for individuals who have a gender identity that is not associated with their biological sex.

88) Sex differences can be grouped into two categories: absolute differences and differences of degree.

89) In "doing gender," it is possible for individuals to change what it means to be a man or woman.

90) Gendered interactions are found within social institutions.

91) Parents and others begin to see infants "through the lens of gender" from the earliest moments of life, even before birth.

92) The term second shift refers to the housework men and women perform after a day of paid work.

93) Differences in men's and women's wages can be explained by individual sexism.

94) Human rights activists view female genital cutting as a form of violence against women.

95) An individual's sexuality is shaped by a natural desire to reproduce.

96) Historically, individuals were NOT seen as being heterosexual or homosexual.

97) The sexual identities an individual can have are limited to heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual.

98) Critics of the functionalist approach argue that it ignored reality and was limited to the middle-class.

99) Before gender convergence, girls who had premarital sex were often seen as "bad girls."

100) In the United States, men report that they want to balance paid and family work with their partners.