Class And Global Inequality Test Bank Answers Chapter 9 4e

Experience Sociology, 4e (Croteau)

Chapter 9 Class and Global Inequality

1) Who described class as "script, map, and guide"?

A) Russ Eckel

B) Max Weber

C) Karl Marx

D) Alfred Lubrano

2) When, historically, did the sociological analysis of class and inequality begin?

A) the late 1800s and early 1900s

B) the first three decades of the 1900s

C) the mid-twentieth century

D) the early 1800s

3) Karen and Tina are neighbors. Their husbands are both lawyers, and they are both able to stay home to raise their children. They enjoy going to Broadway shows, and they take vacations with their families each year. Which of the following do Karen and Tina have in common?

A) class

B) capital

C) income

D) wealth

4) The key resource in agricultural economies is

A) income.

B) capital.

C) investment income.

D) land.

5) Money that is invested into factories, companies, and other businesses is called

A) income.

B) social capital.

C) investment income.

D) capital.

6) Mario earned millions of dollars by taking the money he earned though his business and reinvesting it into real estate. The money that he invested is called

A) capital.

B) social capital.

C) investment income.

D) income.

7) What is the best match to Karl Marx's term "bourgeoisie"?

A) middle class

B) working class

C) capitalist class

D) upper class

8) Which class maintains investments in major companies and controls large amounts of money?

A) middle class

B) working class

C) capitalist class

D) upper class

9) Max is the owner of a leading food distributer and owns a large share of the company's stock. According to Karl Marx, to which class does Max belong?

A) working class

B) upper class

C) wealthy class

D) capitalist class

10) Karl Marx described what group as the "proletariat"?

A) the lower class

B) the upper class

C) the capitalist class

D) the working class

11) According to Karl Marx, which class of individuals earns wages that cover their basic living expenses?

A) the working class

B) the lower class

C) the middle class

D) the capitalist class

12) Jenny works as a receptionist at a local medical office. The money she earns at her job is enough to buy her family the essentials to survive. According to Karl Marx, to which group does Jenny belong?

A) the middle class

B) the working class

C) the upper class

D) the capitalist class

13) According to Karl Marx, which of the following statements about the relationship between owners and workers is FALSE?

A) Capitalist systems are focused on conflicts between owners and workers.

B) Owners exploit workers by paying low wages.

C) Owners motivate workers by offering incentives.

D) Workers seek maximum pay for their labor.

14) What term would Karl Marx use to describe someone who owned a small pet grooming shop?

A) petite proletariat

B) proletariat

C) bourgeoisie

D) petite bourgeoisie

15) Which term did Max Weber use to describe the chances a person has in life at gaining highly-valued economic and cultural means?

A) life chances

B) equal opportunity

C) social capital

D) meritocracy

16) ________ argue that for society to survive, well-qualified people must fill important positions.

A) Functionalists

B) Symbolic interactionists

C) Conflict theorists

D) Feminists

17) Which of the following statements regarding the functionality of class stratification is true?

A) Functionalist analysis accounts for enduring inequality.

B) Functionalist analysis defines what is meant by "the most important positions."

C) Functionalism is considered to be an inadequate explanation of class inequality.

D) Functionalism does a great job of explaining how the real world operates.

18) Monetary assets that an individual holds, such as bonds and savings accounts, are known as

A) income.

B) capital.

C) class.

D) wealth.

19) Which of the following represents wealth?

A) wages and stocks

B) homes and stocks

C) homes and rent income

D) stocks and interest income

20) Nicole owns a home that she lives in, a condominium that she rents out, and savings bonds. These assets contribute to her

A) wealth.

B) class.

C) capital.

D) income.

21) Which term represents money earned from wage employment and interest on investments?

A) class

B) capital

C) wealth

D) income

22) Which of the following represents income?

A) savings and interest on savings

B) earned wages and stocks

C) earned wages and interest on savings

D) savings and stocks

23) Marquita earns ten dollars an hour working at a coffee shop. Her earnings are called

A) income.

B) wealth.

C) capital.

D) class.

24) Which of the following best describes a characteristic of the middle class?

A) through employment adds specialized training and knowledge to the economy

B) earns enough income to be able to control major capital

C) relies upon skilled and unskilled labor

D) employment that is based on the needs of a manufacturing economy

25) Which social class is identified by its contribution of specialized knowledge to the economy?

A) working class

B) middle class

C) capitalist class

D) underclass

26) Which of the following occupations is NOT included in the middle class?

A) teacher

B) secretary

C) lawyer

D) social worker

27) Which class position is marked by chronic unemployment and an inability to maintain a consistent relationship with the economy?

A) working class

B) underclass

C) middle class

D) capitalist class

28) Which of the following is a main characteristic of the underclass?

A) chronic unemployment

B) low-wage employment

C) illegal employment

D) working multiple jobs

29) Janet is unemployed. Due to a disability, she finds it difficult to maintain employment despite a desire to work. She is, therefore, unable to maintain a consistent relationship with the formal economy. What is Janet's class status?

A) underclass

B) lower class

C) working class

D) middle class

30) Approximately what percentage of American household income does the top 20 percent of earners make?

A) 51 percent

B) 25 percent

C) 75 percent

D) 90 percent

31) Approximately what percentage of wealth is owned by the top 20 percent of American households?

A) 10 percent

B) 30 percent

C) 60 percent

D) 90 percent

32) The ability to move from one social class to another is called

A) class stratification.

B) relative mobility.

C) individual mobility.

D) class mobility.

33) What term refers to a person's change in class position without an overall change in society's class structure?

A) structural mobility

B) class mobility

C) individual mobility

D) relative mobility

34) What term refers to a shift in one's social class that results from overall changes in the way employment is organized in society?

A) class mobility

B) individual mobility

C) structural mobility

D) relative mobility

35) John worked in a manufacturing job building car engines. Over time, this work was increasingly performed by machines, and manufacturing jobs became scarcer and paid less. John and his family were once comfortably middle class, but technology changed his job and his factory was shut down. What kind of mobility did John experience?

A) structural mobility

B) relative mobility

C) class mobility

D) individual mobility

36) Renee was born into a working-class family. She worked her way through college and is now employed as a nurse. What kind of mobility did Renee experience?

A) structural mobility

B) relative mobility

C) individual mobility

D) class mobility

37) Excessive spending, often done with the intention of showing off or impressing others, is what Thorstein Veblen termed

A) capital classism.

B) capitalist consumerism.

C) class mobility.

D) conspicuous consumption.

38) Which of the following is the best example of conspicuous consumption?

A) a couple buying a mansion and lavishly furnishing it with goods

B) a couple spending money on a vacation for their parents

C) a woman purchasing a new car to replace her old one

D) a family carefully saving so that they can send their child to college

39) Discrimination based on someone's economic resources and lifestyle is called

A) classism.

B) consumerism.

C) socialism.

D) capitalism.

40) Someone who lacks resources so severely that their life is threatened is living in ________ poverty.

A) total

B) desperate

C) relative

D) absolute

41) Someone who lacks the resources that are considered required to maintain a basic standard of living in society is living in ________ poverty.

A) relative

B) desperate

C) total

D) absolute

42) In the United States, the poverty line is calculated by

A) estimating the minimum income to maintain working-class status.

B) estimating the percentage of households living in relative poverty.

C) determining the income cut-off for the lowest 20 percent of households.

D) determining the minimum amount of money needed for food and multiplying it by three.

43) Which of the following concepts does NOT contribute to justifications of poverty?

A) meritocracy

B) life chances

C) individualism

D) equal opportunity

44) A trend in which an increasing proportion of women and children comprise poor families in the United States is called the ________ of poverty.

A) stratification

B) restructuring

C) gendering

D) feminization

45) Alex believes that people who are poor are lazy and do not want to work. He argues that anyone can be rich if they simply work hard enough. What concept reflects the argument he is making?

A) singularity

B) equal opportunity

C) individualism

D) meritocracy

46) The resources a person has, such as various types knowledge and skills, are called

A) cultural capital.

B) social capital.

C) cultural resources.

D) social resources.

47) Memberships in social groups that have the potential to be economically valuable are known as

A) cultural resources.

B) cultural capital.

C) social resources.

D) social capital.

48) After law school, Mannie was able to secure an entry-level job at the law firm of one of his father's best friends. This family connection is part of Mannie's

A) cultural capital.

B) social capital.

C) cultural resources.

D) social resources.

49) Which of the following terms best identifies the following types of information we learn: table manners, etiquette in social situations, and rules concerning gift giving?

A) cultural resources

B) social resources

C) social capital

D) cultural capital

50) In her research, Annette Lareau found differences in how middle-class and working-class parents raised their children. Which term did she use for how middle-class parents raised their children?

A) capital cultivation

B) concerted cultivation

C) acceleration of natural growth

D) accomplishment of natural growth

51) In her research, Annette Lareau found differences in how middle-class and working-class parents raised their children. Which term did she use for how working-class parents raised their children?

A) concerted cultivation

B) capital cultivation

C) accomplishment of natural growth

D) acceleration of natural growth

52) Kyle spends a majority of his time playing with the other children in the neighborhood. His parents do not arrange or organize his time or activities other than school. They believe that he should be able to live out his childhood without pressures to grow up too fast. Based on Annette Lareau's work, in which social class would Kyle most likely be living?

A) under class

B) middle class

C) working class

D) upper class

53) Which type of tax policy has individuals who earn higher incomes pay a larger percentage of their income in taxes?

A) progressive taxation

B) regressive taxation

C) liberal taxation

D) conservative taxation

54) Which type of tax policy has individuals who earn lower incomes pay larger percentages of their incomes in taxes?

A) conservative taxation

B) liberal taxation

C) regressive taxation

D) progressive taxation

55) A country redesigned its tax policy so that the amount of taxes an individual paid was based on his or her earnings, with those earning more paying more in taxes. For example, an individual who makes $20,000 a year pays 3 percent in taxes, while an individual who makes $100,000 a year pays 3 percent on the first $20,000 and an additional 10 percent on the remaining $80,000. This is called

A) liberal taxation.

B) regressive taxation.

C) conservative taxation.

D) progressive taxation.

56) A country redesigned its tax policy so that the tax rate was reduced for individuals earning larger amounts of money. For example, a household making $50,000 a year would pay 23 percent in taxes while a household making $200,000 would pay 23 percent taxes only on the first $150,000 of their income and no taxes on the income above $150,000. This is called

A) liberal taxation.

B) regressive taxation.

C) conservative taxation.

D) progressive taxation.

57) Financial assistance from the government to citizens in the form of tax credits or monetary payments is called

A) public assistance.

B) social welfare.

C) capital welfare.

D) government assistance.

58) Which of the following is an example of public assistance?

A) interest-free government loans to corporations

B) welfare benefits such as food stamps or housing funds

C) home mortgage interest tax write-offs

D) All of these answers are correct.

59) Power and wealth inequalities between nations in the world is called

A) power analysis.

B) capital inequality.

C) global inequality.

D) resource analysis.

60) Developed nations, such as the United States and France, have more financial resources and political power than underdeveloped nations such as Chad and India. What term would sociologists use to explain the differences between these nations in terms of their wealth and power?

A) global inequality

B) capital inequality

C) resource analysis

D) power analysis

61) What set of terms do sociologists use to describe a country's level of industrial and technological development?

A) pre-industrial, industrial, post-industrial

B) first world, second world, third world

C) developed, developing, underdeveloped

D) western, southern, eastern

62) What type of country would be characterized by high standards of living and high-purchasing power?

A) developed

B) first world

C) post-industrial

D) western

63) Which of the following is NOT one of the impacts of inequality between nations?

A) the structure of a nation's government

B) the health of a nation's citizens

C) an individual's access to education

D) the type of housing individuals have

64) Which of the following nations was identified as having the most unequal distribution of wealth in the world?

A) Canada

B) the United States

C) Sweden

D) France

65) What are the two major social sources of global inequality?

A) power and individualism

B) power and resources

C) culture and resources

D) culture and power

66) Which of the following theories states that inequality among nations is due to cultural differences?

A) neocolonial theory

B) modernization theory

C) dependency theory

D) world systems analysis

67) Which of the following best defines modernization theory?

A) Nations become more equal as they develop.

B) Global inequality is caused by differences in development.

C) Global inequality is caused by cultural differences.

D) Inequality is caused by the exploitation of poor nations.

68) Shania tells you that she believes the reason the United States has more internal inequality between its citizens when compared to countries like Canada is because American cultural values are more individualistic. Which theory does Shania's argument support?

A) world systems analysis

B) neocolonialism theory

C) dependency theory

D) modernization theory

69) Which of the following theories argues that global inequality is the result of powerful nations exploiting less powerful nations?

A) dependency theory

B) modernization theory

C) world systems analysis

D) colonial theory

70) Which of the following best defines dependency theory?

A) Nations become more equal as they develop.

B) Global inequality is caused by cultural differences.

C) Inequality is caused by the exploitation of poor nations.

D) Global inequality is caused by differences in development.

71) Mansoor tells you he believes that many countries in Africa are poor because other nations exploited Africa's labor and natural resources for their own benefit. As a result, it was difficult for Africa's poor nations to build their own economies. Which theory is Mansoor explaining?

A) world systems analysis

B) colonial theory

C) modernization theory

D) dependency theory

72) Which term refers to the use of the military, political, and economic power of one society to dominate people of another society?

A) modernization

B) capitalism

C) neocolonialism

D) colonialism

73) Which term refers to how rich nations control the economies and resources of poorer nations without political control or occupation?

A) dependency

B) capitalism

C) colonialism

D) neocolonialism

74) You have just read a news story about a wealthy nation invading a poor nation after the discovery of massive oil deposits in the country. The wealthy nation sent in its military to take control of the people of the country and eventually take control of the economic and political systems so that the wealthy nation can drill for oil without interference. This is an example of

A) modernization.

B) dependency.

C) neocolonialism.

D) colonialism.

75) An online news story describes a poor nation at war with the wealthy nation that controlled its economic and political systems. The poor nation wanted to become independent but the wealthy nation refused to allow economic and political freedom, citing that the nation did not have the resources needed to survive without the assistance of the wealthy nation. This is an example of

A) colonialism.

B) neocolonialism.

C) dependency.

D) modernization.

76) Which of the following approaches global inequality by examining the relationships between nations and how all nations are tied together within a global economy?

A) capitalist theory

B) modernization theory

C) dependency theory

D) world systems analysis

77) What is the main focus of world systems analysis?

A) the ways wealthy nations exploit poorer nations

B) how wealthy nations support growth in poor nations

C) the ways that nations struggle for global power

D) the interdependence among the nations of the world

78) Geoff tells you that we cannot understand American culture without understanding the relationship that America has with the global economy. He argues that the ability to connect with other nations in the world allows Americans to have access to all sorts of products, and that would be impossible without a global economy. Which analytical framework is Geoff explaining?

A) world systems analysis

B) dependency theory

C) modernization theory

D) neocolonialism

79) In world systems analysis, nations are classified as

A) western countries and southern countries.

B) developed nations and underdeveloped nations.

C) core nations, periphery, and semi-periphery nations.

D) first world and third world.

80) How would world systems analysis classify a nation that had middle incomes and a basic domestic industrial base but lacked major global economic power?

A) semi-core

B) core

C) periphery

D) semi-periphery

81) How would world systems analysis classify a nation that has extensive global power and controls major aspects of the world economy?

A) semi-core

B) core

C) periphery

D) semi-periphery

82) How would world systems analysis classify a nation that has little global power and is exploited by more powerful nations for its labor and natural resources?

A) periphery

B) core

C) semi-core

D) semi-periphery

83) Data examining the change in real family income show that family incomes from 1979 to 2012 have

A) decreased the most for those who make the most money.

B) decreased evenly across all income levels.

C) increased the most for those who make the most money.

D) grown evenly across all income levels.

84) Which term refers to the process in which nations decrease the amount of goods produced though manufacturing?

A) post-modernization

B) modernization

C) industrialization

D) deindustrialization

85) In the United States, the number of manufacturing jobs has been decreasing because companies are exporting the labor to other nations, which allows for cheaper production of goods. Which term refers to what is happening in the United States?

A) industrialization

B) deindustrialization

C) post-modernization

D) modernization

86) Karl Marx and Max Weber viewed struggles for power as the cause of class inequality.

87) Investment income is money spent on building and expanding factories, businesses, and other sources of revenue.

88) Functionalism adequately explains class inequality.

89) Income is more unevenly distributed than wealth.

90) Individualism is the idea that individuals who work the hardest will be rewarded for their labor.

91) Individuals who believe in equal opportunity believe that everyone should have the same chance at achieving success in life.

92) Culture plays a role in how schools reproduce inequality.

93) The United States has a progressive taxation policy.

94) Most public assistance goes to the poor, not the middle and working classes.

95) People living in developed nations have a higher material standard of living than in underdeveloped nations.

96) The term global stratification refers to the differences in power and wealth between nations in the world.

97) Over the past quarter century, the number of people living in extreme poverty has decreased significantly.

98) Colonialism is the use of force by wealthy nations to dominate the economic, political, and economic resources of poorer nations.

99) Dependency theory argues that global inequality is the result of wealthy nations exploiting poorer nations.

100) The gap between the rich and the poor has expanded significantly in the United States.