Chapter 8: Seeing Our Futures Through Self-Efficacy, Optimism, and Hope

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. What type of thinking is inherent in the notion of the American dream?

A. future-oriented thinking

B. all or nothing thinking

C. past-oriented thinking

D. present-oriented thinking

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Fascination With the Future
Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Your text discusses a case explained by Ellen Goodman, who uses the phrase “time bulimic.” What is this a reference to?

A. People who are not productive.

B. People who waste time by procrastinating.

C. People who have difficulties in maintaining time commitments.

D. People who take up a lot of others’ time.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Being Busy Not an End in Itself
Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Ellen Goodman discusses the issue of time management. Which of the following is characteristic of what Goodman calls a timing disorder?

A. facing a time crunch

B. irrational exuberance

C. a workaholic

D. chronic lateness

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Being Busy Not an End in Itself
Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Who is credited with founding the concept of self-efficacy?

A. Martin Seligman

B. Phil Zimbardo

C. Wally Piper

D. Albert Bandura

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: I Think I Can, I Think I Can . . .
Difficulty Level: Easy

5. What is at the core of the concept of self-efficacy?

A. Analyzing one’s capability to reach their desired goal.

B. A belief that you can accomplish what you want.

C. The view that good things will happen to you.

D. An understanding that a bad outcome is subjective.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: A Definition
Difficulty Level: Hard

6. Who described self-efficacy as “what I believe I can do with my skills under certain conditions?”

A. Bandura

B. Zimbardo

C. Maddux

D. Seligman

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: A Definition
Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Which term can be described as someone’s judgments about what needs to be done to reach a desired goal?

A. self-efficacy

B. outcome expectancies

C. self-esteem

D. efficacy expectancies

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Definition
Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Which of the following statements best describes the social cognitive perspective?

A. Humans are largely shaped by environmental forces.

B. Human cognition is greater determined of our outcomes than our behaviors are.

C. Humans affect their environment as much as their environment affects them.

D. Humans actively shaped their lives rather than passively reacting to environmental forces.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Childhood Antecedents: Where Does Self-Efficacy Come From?
Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Given that self-efficacy is based on social cognitive theory, where might self-efficacy come from?

A. observations of adults

B. it is inherited

C. it is learned over time

D. secure attachments

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Childhood Antecedents: Where Does Self-Efficacy Come From?
Difficulty Level: Medium

10. In academic pursuits, what difference exists for self-efficacy between men and women?

A. Women had higher self-efficacy in math and social science, while men had higher self-efficacy in language arts.

B. Women had higher self-efficacy in math, there was no difference for language arts.

C. Men had higher self-efficacy in math and social science, while women had higher self-efficacy in language arts.

D. Men had higher self-efficacy in language arts, but not there was no difference for social sciences.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cultural Context and Self-Efficacy
Difficulty Level: Medium

11. The threat that one feels at being judged on performance relative to negative stereotypes about one’s group is called ______.

A. efficacy failure

B. stereotype threat

C. group efficacy deficit

D. impaired efficacy expectations

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cultural Context and Self-Efficacy
Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Which of the following people is most likely to fall victim to stereotype threat?

A. A man who must write a paper for his sociology class.

B. A woman who will give a speech at her high school graduation.

C. A man who is taking an IQ test.

D. A woman who is applying to get a math scholarship.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Cultural Context and Self-Efficacy
Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Self-efficacy for science appears to stem from mastery experiences for male students, and for female students it stems from ______.

A. vicarious learning

B. cultural experiences

C. social connections

D. relationship building

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cultural Context and Self-Efficacy
Difficulty Level: Medium

14. What can be concluded from studies on the cultural differences in rating performance on math?

A. The complexity of culture makes it difficult to understand academic performance.

B. Individuals from Eastern cultures continue to have higher self-efficacy even when performing poorly.

C. Culture is a factor in both the type of persuasion someone receives and modeling available.

D. People from Western cultures have low self-efficacy due to a lack of similar models.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Cultural Context and Self-Efficacy
Difficulty Level: Hard

15. From a neurobiological perspective, what areas of the brain are believed to play a role in self-efficacy?

A. the parietal lobes and medulla

B. the frontal lobes and prefrontal cortex

C. the occipital lobes and hindbrain

D. the temporal and occipital lobes

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Neurobiology of Self-Efficacy
Difficulty Level: Easy

16. With regard to assessing self-efficacy, what would Bandura state?

A. Self-efficacy should be measured in childhood so that appropriate changes in the environment can be made.

B. Self-efficacy is a dispositional trait that is stable across various contexts and domains.

C. Self-efficacy is ever evolving and constantly changing; therefore, it cannot be measured.

D. Self-efficacy should reflect beliefs about using abilities and skills in specific circumstances and domains.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Scales: Can Self-Efficacy Be Measured?
Difficulty Level: Medium

17. What was the Occupational Questionnaire designed to measure?

A. students’ mastery of various vocations

B. students’ preferences for their parents’ occupations

C. students’ ability to hold a part-time job

D. students’ mastery of various academic subjects

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Scales: Can Self-Efficacy Be Measured?
Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Which two factors does the career counseling self-efficacy scale measure?

A. general self-efficacy and academic self-efficacy

B. social self-efficacy and psychological self-efficacy

C. a counselor’s confidence in helping clients who have difficulties with career decisions

D. learned self-efficacy and inherent self-efficacy

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Scales: Can Self-Efficacy Be Measured?
Difficulty Level: Easy

19. If a researcher wanted to measure a students’ mastery of various vocations, which scale should they use?

A. the Kuder Career Interests Assessment

B. the Occupational Questionnaire

C. the Strong Interest Inventory

D. the O-Net Survey

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Scales: Can Self-Efficacy Be Measured?
Difficulty Level: Medium

20. What is the underlying factor that Betz and colleagues had in mind when developing self-efficacy scales?

A. parental involvement

B. academic investment

C. perceived confidence

D. career decisions

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Scales: Can Self-Efficacy Be Measured?
Difficulty Level: Hard

21. Which two factors does the Self-Efficacy Scale measure?

A. general self-efficacy and social self-efficacy

B. social self-efficacy and psychological self-efficacy

C. learned self-efficacy and inherent self-efficacy

D. general self-efficacy and social self-efficacy

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Scales: Can Self-Efficacy Be Measured?
Difficulty Level: Medium

22. Sherer’s Self-Efficacy Scale is what type of index?

A. specific

B. general

C. trait-like

D. global

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Scales: Can Self-Efficacy Be Measured?
Difficulty Level: Easy

23. Which of the following people exemplifies characteristics that high levels of situation-specific self-efficacy can predict?

A. Someone who has increased their happiness.

B. Someone who has low levels of anxiety.

C. Someone who has a lower pain tolerance.

D. Someone who is unlikely to become divorced.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Scales: Can Self-Efficacy Be Measured?
Difficulty Level: Medium

24. Which of the following statements is correct regarding the relationship between self-efficacy and psychological health?

A. Self-efficacy has not been found to be helpful in overcoming abuse.

B. Higher self-efficacy has been found to be associated with avoidance behaviors.

C. Moderate self-efficacy correlates with happiness and depression depending on culture.

D. Lower self-efficacy has been linked with depression.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Psychological Adjustment
Difficulty Level: Hard

25. Self-efficacy can play a role in dealing with psychological factors through what mechanism?

A. enablement factors

B. social support

C. reciprocal determinism

D. learned optimism

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Psychological Adjustment
Difficulty Level: Medium

26. What is negatively correlated with elevated self-efficacy?

A. health-related behaviors

B. amount of exercise

C. unhealthy behaviors

D. effective study skills

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Physical Health
Difficulty Level: Easy

27. What was demonstrated by a study that investigating self-efficacy in people dealing with multiple sclerosis?

A. Self-efficacy is promising but has not demonstrated enough usefulness for physical illness.

B. Self-efficacy interventions can be useful for people with certain disorders.

C. The effect of self-efficacy greatly depends on the severity of a chronic condition.

D. The utility of self-efficacy is hard to gauge because it is inconsistent in people with chronic illness.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Physical Health
Difficulty Level: Hard

28. The sense of assurance in one’s ability to participate and interact in a culture of origin and a second culture is referred to as ______.

A. cultural self-efficacy

B. acculturative self-efficacy

C. adaptive self-efficacy

D. bicultural self-efficacy

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Development of Cultural Competence and Acculturation
Difficulty Level: Easy

29. The perception of one’s capability to mobilize motivation, cognitive resources, and actions in situations characterized by diversity is referred to as ______.

A. cultural self-efficacy

B. bicultural self-efficacy

C. adaptive self-efficacy

D. acculturative self-efficacy

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Development of Cultural Competence and Acculturation
Difficulty Level: Easy

30. Which term is defined as the extent to which we believe we can work together effectively to accomplish our shared goals?

A. individual self-efficacy

B. specific self-efficacy

C. collective self-efficacy

D. general self-efficacy

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Latest Frontier: Collective Self-Efficacy
Difficulty Level: Easy

31. Which of the following statements about self-efficacy is true?

A. Exposure is more important than self-efficacy in determining the ability to navigate in more than one culture.

B. Self-efficacy can operate when large numbers of people are pursuing shared objectives.

C. Self-efficacy is more helpful to people of minority cultures than two people of majority cultures.

D. Self-efficacy is a largely Western concept that has limited applicability to other cultures.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Latest Frontier: Collective Self-Efficacy
Difficulty Level: Medium

32. Who is considered the founder of the theory of learned optimism?

A. Snyder

B. Zimbardo

C. Bandura

D. Seligman

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Historical Basis of Learned Optimism
Difficulty Level: Easy

33. What is the basis of the theory of learned optimism?

A. When a route is blocked, people find alternate pathways to their goals.

B. People make attributions or explanations about the things that happen to them.

C. Optimism is the belief that good rather than bad things will happen.

D. People succeed when they believe in their capabilities to produce desired effects.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: A Definition of Learned Optimism
Difficulty Level: Hard

34. How would a pessimist explain a bad event?

A. as external, variable, and specific

B. as internal, variable, and global

C. as internal, stable, and global

D. as external, stable, and specific

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: A Definition of Learned Optimism
Difficulty Level: Medium

35. How would an optimistic student who received a poor grade on an exam likely explain their poor performance?

A. I screwed up.

B. The exam was poorly written.

C. I always do lousy on exams.

D. I am also not doing well in other areas of my life.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: A Definition of Learned Optimism
Difficulty Level: Medium

36. Which type of attributions do optimists tend to make for negative outcomes?

A. internal, variable, and global

B. external, stable, and global

C. internal, stable, and specific

D. external, variable, and specific

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: A Definition of Learned Optimism
Difficulty Level: Medium

37. What is the evidence that suggests there is some genetic component to explanatory style?

A. Learned optimism scores are more highly correlated for identical than fraternal twins.

B. Learned optimism scores are moderately correlated between extended family members.

C. Learned optimism scores among siblings are not highly correlated.

D. Learned optimism scores are highly correlated for parents and their children.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Childhood Antecedents of Learned Optimism
Difficulty Level: Medium

38. Children who experience trauma and parental divorce are likely to have what type of explanatory style?

A. optimism

B. hope

C. pessimism

D. despair

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Childhood Antecedents of Learned Optimism
Difficulty Level: Easy

39. What types of environments are most likely to promote optimism?

A. Those which are disorganized.

B. Those which are safe.

C. Those in which the parents are divorced.

D. Those in which mothers stay home with their children.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Childhood Antecedents of Learned Optimism
Difficulty Level: Easy

40. What is The Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ) designed to measure?

A. hope

B. self-efficacy

C. subjective well-being

D. learned optimism

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Scales: Can Learned Optimism Be Measured?
Difficulty Level: Easy

41. The ability to go back and explore the explanatory style of famous historical figures in their speeches, diaries, or newspapers is a benefit of what measure of attributional style?

A. the ASQ

B. the LOT

C. the CAVE Technique

D. the Hope Scale

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Scales: Can Learned Optimism Be Measured?
Difficulty Level: Medium

42. Which of the following traits has been shown to be a good predictor of satisfaction in interpersonal relationships?

A. self-efficacy

B. hope

C. learned optimism

D. wisdom

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: What Learned Optimism Predicts
Difficulty Level: Medium

43. Which researcher(s) would define optimism as the stable tendency to believe that good rather than bad things will happen?

A. Diener

B. Carver and Scheier

C. Snyder

D. Seligman and Clark

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Defining Optimism as Expectancies of Reaching a Desired Goal
Difficulty Level: Easy

44. Why was The Life Orientation Test (LOT) revised?

A. Adequate construct validity was not established.

B. It measured the same construct as the ASQ.

C. People who scored highly on the LOT also scored highly on the HOPE scale.

D. It overlapped with the construct of neuroticism.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Scales: Can Optimism Be Measured?
Difficulty Level: Medium

45. Why was The Life Orientation Test (LOT) revised?

A. It overlapped with neuroticism.

B. It measured the same construct as the ASQ.

C. People who scored highly on the LOT also scored highly on the hope scale.

D. Adequate construct validity was not established.

Cognitive Domain:

Answer Location: Scales: Can Optimism Be Measured?
Difficulty Level:

46. The Life Orientation Test (LOT) is an index of ______.

A. career choices

B. joyfulness

C. optimism

D. existential theories

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Scales: Can Optimism Be Measured?
Difficulty Level: Easy

47. After the revision and further study of the LOT and its factor structure, what discussion has risen about the concept of optimism?

A. How it can be manifested across cultures.

B. Whether it should be viewed as a unidimensional or bidimensional characteristic.

C. If optimism should be included within the concept of a similar construct.

D. Whether optimism can exist alongside depression.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Scales: Can Optimism Be Measured?
Difficulty Level: Hard

48. Based on research about problem-solving and optimism in different cultures, who is most likely to demonstrate greater problem-solving skills while being pessimistic?

A. an African-American individual

B. a Caucasian-American individual

C. a native American individual

D. a Chinese-American individual

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Culture, Optimism, and Pessimism
Difficulty Level: Medium

49. Which of the following is true about studies on culture, optimism, and pessimism?

A. African-Americans and Caucasians show similar relationships between optimism and mental health measures.

B. Asian-Americans and Asians from China both scored higher in pessimism than Caucasian Americans.

C. African-Americans in Asian Americans were similar to each other but different from Caucasian Americans in their measures of optimism.

D. Asian-Americans showed higher levels of optimism than Caucasian Americans.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Culture, Optimism, and Pessimism
Difficulty Level: Hard

50. Research has shown that when waking up in the morning, individuals high in dispositional optimism have a lower response of which chemical?

A. melatonin

B. GABA

C. cortisol

D. HGH

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Neurobiology of Optimism and Pessimism
Difficulty Level: Easy

51. Which term is described as the ability to see alternatives when one’s route to a goal is blocked?

A. optimism

B. pathways thinking

C. agency

D. self-efficacy

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Definition
Difficulty Level: Easy

52. People who use energetic personal self-talk statements such as “I will keep going” are using which trait?

A. self-esteem

B. subjective well-being

C. optimism

D. agency

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: A Definition
Difficulty Level: Medium

53. Teaching children pathways as an antecedent of hope reflects what kind of learning in children?

A. cause and effect

B. insight

C. learned optimism

D. operational

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Childhood Antecedents of Hope
Difficulty Level: Medium

54. In childhood, what is considered crucial in imparting hope?

A. financial stability

B. having good friends

C. strong attachment

D. academic achievement

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Childhood Antecedents of Hope
Difficulty Level:

55. Lopez explains how hope is created from memories, which involves the ______.

A. amygdala

B. hippocampus

C. prefrontal cortex

D. hypothalamus

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Neurobiology of Hope
Difficulty Level: Easy

56. In proving its convergent validity, what factor was the Children’s Hope Scale negatively correlated with?

A. self-esteem

B. optimism

C. anger

D. depression

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Scales: Can Hope Be Measured?
Difficulty Level: Medium

57. In discussing the predictors of hope and its factors of pathways and agency, which of the following statements about ethnic differences is true?

A. In Asian-Americans, positive affect was a predictor of agentic thinking.

B. In African-Americans, sociability was the strongest predictor of agentic thinking.

C. In Latin-Americans, rational problem-solving was not predictive of agentic thinking.

D. In European-Americans, life satisfaction was the strongest predictor of agentic thinking.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: What Hope Predicts
Difficulty Level: Hard

58. What is an advantage of a present temporal orientation?

A. It increases the likelihood that we will engage in preventative behaviors.

B. It provides a sentimental perspective than enhances pleasure.

C. People can experience great pleasure in intense activities.

D. People can set clear goals and construct the appropriate pathways to those goals.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Putting Temporal Futures in Perspective
Difficulty Level:

59. What is a disadvantage of a past temporal orientation?

A. People may not think ahead about the potential consequences of our behaviors.

B. People might approach life in a conservative and overly cautious manner.

C. People might derive pleasure in our relationships that come from just being with others.

D. People may suffer the consequences of hedonistic adventures such as injuries.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Putting Temporal Futures in Perspective
Difficulty Level: Medium

60. Native Americans, Latinos, African-Americans, and Asian Americans tend to perceive time in a way where many things are conceptualized as happening at once with people, which is called ______.

A. polytemporal

B. polysequential

C. polychromatic

D. polychromic

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cultural Caveats About Temporal Perspective
Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. Bandura claimed that self-efficacy had the most studied concept in positive psychology.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Fascination With the Future
Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Outcome expectancies stem from analyzing one’s capability to complete goals.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Definition
Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Masculinity can predict self-efficacy for technological pursuits, regardless of biological sex.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cultural Context and Self-Efficacy
Difficulty Level: Easy

4. The situational perspective suggests examining beliefs and abilities in a non-specific manner.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Scales: Can Self-Efficacy Be Measured?
Difficulty Level: Easy

5. High self-efficacy has been shown to be effective in treating eating disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Psychological Adjustment
Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Bicultural self-efficacy can occur through understanding norms and subtle nuances.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Development of Cultural Competence and Acculturation
Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Learned optimism is useful for explaining negative events in an adaptive manner.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Definition of Learned Optimism
Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Children who are exposed to socioeconomic difficulties develop higher levels of optimism throughout their lives.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Defining Optimism as Expectancies of Reaching a Desired Goal
Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Optimists take a problem-solving approach when coping with stressors.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Optimism Predicts
Difficulty Level: Easy

10. White Americans increased problem-solving behaviors while also having high ratings of pessimism.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Culture, Optimism, and Pessimism
Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Working memory has been shown to mediate the relationship between depression and dispositional optimism.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Neurobiology of Optimism and Pessimism
Difficulty Level: Easy

12. People who have high levels of hope find alternate ways to reach a goal when facing barriers to those goals.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Definition
Difficulty Level: Easy

13. The Children’s Hope Scale measures children’s desired goals, while the State Hope Scale measures agency and pathways thinking.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Scales: Can Hope Be Measured?
Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Hope has been shown to be a predictor of agentic thinking in Asian American individuals.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: What Hope Predicts
Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Individuals who are future-oriented think ahead to the possible consequences of their actions.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Putting Temporal Futures in Perspective
Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. Explain how the differences in self-efficacy between women and men can be manifested in work settings.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Cultural Context and Self-Efficacy
Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Summarize the differences between learned optimism and dispositional optimism.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: A Definition of Learned Optimism | Defining Optimism as Expectancies of Reaching a Desired Goal
Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Discuss how utilizing optimism can benefit African Americans in dealing with adversity.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Culture, Optimism, and Pessimism
Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Describe how hope manifests itself in academic settings.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: What Hope Predicts
Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Discuss how past and present orientations to time differ from the viewpoint of U.S. mainstream culture, which is future oriented.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Putting Temporal Futures in Perspective
Difficulty Level: Hard