Full Test Bank The Present And Future Of Human Chapter 11 3e

Biological Anthropology: Concepts and Connections, 3e (Fuentes)

Chapter 11 The Present and Future of Human Evolution

1) Which of the following statements is true?

A) In 2001, due to variations in societal and economic patterns, HIV infection was decreasing in women at a faster rate than in men.

B) In 2001, due to variations in societal and economic patterns, HIV infection was increasing in women at a faster rate than in men.

C) In 2001, due to variations in societal and economic patterns, HIV infection was increasing in women and decreasing in men.

D) In 2001, due to variations in societal and economic patterns, HIV infection was decreasing in women and increasing in men.

2) A ranking of carbohydrate levels in food based on their immediate effect on blood sugar levels is called the:

A) glaucoma index.

B) glucose index.

C) glycemic index.

D) sugar index.

3) In recent history we have been relatively successful in eradicating or substantially diminishing the threat of many common:

A) types of heart diseases.

B) viruses.

C) bacterial pathogens.

D) types of common cold.

4) A portion of the variation in the way humans' bodies look is because of:

A) gene flow.

B) a diet's impact on the existing physiology of an individual within a population.

C) selective differences in dietary patterns.

D) differences in diets that are evolutionary changes, not developmental responses.

5) According to the text, cranial capacity is limited by all of the following EXCEPT:

A) the size of the birth canal.

B) female body size.

C) intelligence.

D) the physics of bipedality.

6) Which of the following was NOT one of the three leading causes of death in 2001 in low-HDI countries?

A) stroke

B) heart disease

C) respiratory infections

D) HIV/AIDS

7) Which of the following was NOT one of the three leading causes of death in 2001 in high-HDI countries?

A) stroke

B) heart disease

C) respiratory infections

D) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

8) Which of the following is NOT true of HIV infection?

A) The average age of infection is higher in females than in males.

B) Females have a 40% higher chance of infection than males during unprotected copulation.

C) In Africa, infection rates are higher among women.

D) In Africa, HIV infection has resulted in dramatic lowering of life expectancy.

9) Which of the following statements is true?

A) Humans are still evolving.

B) Humans are still evolving at a remarkably slow pace.

C) Humans stopped evolving 50,000-40,000 years ago.

D) Humans stopped evolving 70,000-60,000 years ago.

10) Which of the following will most likely lead human beings to eventually end up looking like the superintelligent aliens illustrated in science fiction and horror movies?

A) Our cranial capacity is limited.

B) Human existence still requires substantial manual labor.

C) Our ability to genetically engineer humans remains in its infancy.

D) Our ability to create extrasomatic means to deal with environmental pressures probably works with the evolution of significant changes in body structure.

11) Identify a true statement about human behavioral ecology (HBE).

A) It combines natural selection with a focus on specific types of ecological pressures.

B) It recognizes that most behavior or conduct in the real world reflects optimal responses.

C) It rules out constraints that interfere with optimal responses.

D) It sees flexibility in individual behavior as nonadaptive.

12) The word for a disease-producing agent is:

A) illness.

B) virus.

C) bacteria.

D) pathogen.

13) Which of the following probably did NOT contribute to the emergence of SARS?

A) a coronavirus

B) a coronabacteria

C) human dietary practices

D) a human cultural behavior

14) Identify a premise on which evolutionary psychology (EP) is based.

A) Different individuals possess different sets of evolved psychological mechanisms.

B) Psychological mechanisms in humans are independent of natural selection.

C) The human mind is adapted to the lifeways of hunter-gatherer ancestors.

D) The human mind is adapted to modern circumstances or situations.

15) Millions of Native Americans perished from ________ almost immediately after their first European contact.

A) chickenpox

B) smallpox

C) cholera

D) influenza

16) Which of the following statements is true?

A) The processes of evolution are driven by organisms' interactions with their environments and with the social context in which they live.

B) The processes of evolution are not driven by organisms' interactions with their environments nor are they driven by the social context in which they live.

C) The processes of evolution are not driven by organisms' interactions with their environments but are driven by the social context in which they live.

D) The processes of evolution are driven by organisms' interactions with their environments but are not driven by the social context in which they live.

17) Which of the following is NOT true of most large mammals?

A) They require large continuous tracts of land.

B) They require very specific, relatively stable environments.

C) Often, they cannot survive rapid environmental change.

D) Often, they cannot survive dramatic environmental change.

18) Usually, a 'cold' is caused by:

A) an illness.

B) a viral infection.

C) a bacterial infection.

D) being cold.

19) According to the text, certain aspects of disease may have become ________ selective pressures on humanity.

A) somewhat important

B) somewhat unimportant

C) extremely important

D) extremely unimportant

20) Which of the following statements is true of evolution?

A) Evolutionary processes are linear by nature.

B) Evolution has a goal.

C) Evolution has an endpoint.

D) Evolutionary changes result from biological processes.

21) Which of the following is NOT true of viruses?

A) Most rely on high densities.

B) Most rely on frequent movement by their hosts.

C) Some cause colds.

D) Most may find our current modification of the environment very unfavorable.

22) The genus Homo spent the majority of its evolutionary history in the ________ period.

A) Pliocene

B) Miocene

C) Pleistocene

D) Oligocene

23) SARS is an abbreviation/acronym for:

A) serious acute respiratory syndrome.

B) severe acute respiratory syndrome.

C) serious acute respire syndrome.

D) strict acute respire syndrome.

24) Which of the following statements is true?

A) Contemporary humans are limited to responding to environmental pressures via morphological means and simple behavioral means.

B) Contemporary humans are not limited to responding to environmental pressures via morphological means, but they are limited to responding via simple behavioral means.

C) Contemporary humans are limited to responding to environmental pressures via morphological means, but they are not limited to responding via simple behavioral means.

D) Contemporary humans are not limited to responding to environmental pressures via morphological or simple behavioral means.

25) According to the text, HIV has different effects in different populations because of all of the following EXCEPT:

A) health infrastructure.

B) access to health care.

C) sexual behavior.

D) economic and social variables.

26) The bubonic plague that swept through much of the world, decimating human populations, was caused by:

A) an illness.

B) a virus.

C) bacteria.

D) a disease.

27) Which of the following is NOT true of most amphibians?

A) They require large continuous tracts of land.

B) They require very specific, relatively stable environments.

C) Often, they cannot survive rapid environmental change.

D) Often, they cannot survive dramatic environmental change.

28) The term "pathogen" means:

A) a disease-producing agent.

B) a death-producing agent.

C) a viral or bacterial agent.

D) a deterioration-producing agent.

29) According to Boyd and Richerson, 2005, a basic assumption of the dual-inheritance theory (DIT) of cultural evolution is that:

A) culture considers human evolution similar to the evolution of other organisms.

B) culture is information that people acquire from others through social learning.

C) culture is independent of human biology.

D) culture involves a static pool of ideas transmitted between individuals.

30) Changes in allele frequencies over time result from:

A) mutation.

B) gene flow.

C) natural selection.

D) All of these answers are correct

31) In the distant past, infectious diseases could have substantial impact on:

A) foreign populations or groups but seldom significantly impacted large regions or areas.

B) foreign populations or groups and often significantly impacted small regions or areas.

C) local populations or groups but seldom significantly impacted large regions or areas.

D) local populations or groups and often significantly impacted large regions or areas.

32) Different populations on the planet are under distinct pressures from disease because of all of the following EXCEPT:

A) socioeconomic realities.

B) geopolitical realities.

C) underlying genetic composition and other biological factors.

D) global culture.

33) A person's body form is determined by all of the following EXCEPT:

A) dietary practices.

B) physiology.

C) morphology.

D) reproduction.

34) Which of the following assumptions can be used to frame an approach to human behavioral evolution?

A) Human behavioral evolution is primarily seen as a set of independent traits evolving.

B) Niche construction is a core factor in human behavioral evolution.

C) It is impossible to modify natural selection pressures as they are occurring.

D) It is possible to understand human behavior sans information transfer.

35) Identify an evolutionary pattern that characterizes the hominin lineage ancestral to modern humans.

A) increasing sexual dimorphism

B) decreasing brain size

C) decreasing body robustness

D) increasing dental robustness

36) Different populations on the planet are under distinct pressures from disease because of:

A) sociocultural realities.

B) geopolitical realities.

C) underlying genetic composition.

D) specific biological factors.

37) The most easily observed evolutionary process(es) in modern humans is/are:

A) genetic drift.

B) gene flow.

C) gene flow and genetic drift.

D) adaptation.

38) Identify a potential effect of dramatic increases in human population size.

A) an increase in population density in densely populated areas

B) decreased reliance on manufactured goods

C) an increase in highly industrialized farming techniques

D) decreased genetic diversity

39) Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the evolutionary pattern of the hominin lineage ancestral to modern humans?

A) increasing brain size

B) the increasing reliance on extrasomatic means to overcome environmental challenges

C) decreasing sexual dimorphism

D) increasing body and dental robustness

40) The alteration of DNA sequences by inserting a normative sequence into a region of DNA to replace a nonfunctional gene is called:

A) gene therapy.

B) genetic manipulation.

C) gene alteration.

D) genetic modification.

41) The human form has been remarkably stable (within quite variable boundaries) for at least the last:

A) 10,000 years.

B) 30,000-10,000 years.

C) 20,000-30,000 years.

D) 70,000-60,000 years.

42) Which of the following is NOT a potential effect of dramatic increases in human population size?

A) increased genetic diversity, which generally increases adaptive ability

B) an increase in highly industrialized farming techniques

C) a nearly complete reliance on manufactured goods

D) improved land use leading to reduced population densities in inhabited areas

43) According to the text, gene therapy currently includes all of the following methods EXCEPT:

A) inserting a sequence into a coding region of DNA.

B) replacing one sequence with another at the same locus via induced mutation.

C) replacing one sequence with another at the same locus via recombination.

D) altering the regulatory portions of a locus such that the alleles at the locus are turned on or off differently.

44) Today, calculations and scientific tests about the relationships of specific behaviors to both genomic elements and reproductive success become increasingly complex due to all of the following EXCEPT:

A) the lack of information exchange.

B) massive globalization.

C) changes in technologies.

D) changes in population densities.

45) The text refers to direct genetic/genomic alteration as:

A) a biocultural adaptation.

B) an example of selective pressure.

C) a fifth, rapid force of evolution.

D) None of the answers is correct.

46) Discuss how evolutionary processes are affecting humans today. Explain how at least four factors such as gene flow, disease, diet, activity patterns, cultural patterns, body modification, etc. are affecting human evolutionary processes today.

47) Discuss current HIV infection rates and different effects in different populations in relation to at least four of the following: disparities in health infrastructure and access to health care, economic variables, social variables, gender, age, income, and/or sexuality.

48) Discuss human densities and global population with regard to at least three of the following: A) time, 10,000 years ago compared with today; B) agricultural technologies and food supply now and in the future; C) infant mortality rates, life expectancy rates, and changing demography; D) the rate of novel genetic combinations and gene pool diversity; and E) the environment.

49) Use your understanding of our evolutionary history to make predictions about our future for at least three variables such as what our bodies, behaviors, cultures, densities, environments, and technologies will be like in the future. How will they affect one another? How will they affect us and vice versa?

50) Discuss why biological anthropology is critical for understanding human nature(s) and human biology. In your answer, be sure to include at least four of the following: the scientific method, collaboration, critical thinking, the holistic/comparative approach, biological aspects of humanity, evolutionary processes, and cultural constructs.