Ch.10 Test Bank Human Biological Diversity In Context

Biological Anthropology: Concepts and Connections, 3e (Fuentes)

Chapter 10 Human Biological Diversity in Context

1) The differences in human skin color are caused by:

A) the amount of carotene in the skin.

B) the amount of vitamin D in the skin.

C) the amount of melanin in the skin.

D) the distribution of melanin in the skin.

2) In human beings, the outer layers of the skin consist of:

A) cells that continuously divide and replace themselves.

B) blood vessels.

C) hair follicles.

D) glands, such as sweat glands and sebaceous glands.

3) The most overemphasized and misunderstood aspect of human variation is:

A) cranial capacity.

B) adaptation.

C) skin color.

D) robustness.

4) In low levels, ultraviolet light assists in the production of:

A) vitamin A.

B) vitamin D.

C) vitamin E.

D) carotene.

5) In the sense that it is normally used in the United States today, race is all of the following EXCEPT:

A) a socially constructed notion.

B) a biological reality.

C) a cultural category.

D) a concept arising from our history and other circumstances.

6) Sexual dimorphism between males and females in human populations is about:

A) 9%.

B) 11%.

C) 13%.

D) 15%.

7) The ________ is the ratio of arm length to leg length.

A) intermembral index

B) Body Mass Index

C) cormic index

D) encephalization index

8) The ________ is a measurement of weight over squared height.

A) intermembral index

B) Body Mass Index

C) cormic index

D) cephalic index

9) The ________ is the ratio of sitting height to standing height.

A) intermembral index

B) Body Mass Index

C) cormic index

D) cranial index

10) Although the number of melanocytes does not vary significantly from one person to another, the:

A) density of melanin varies.

B) ability to efficiently distribute melanin to the epidermis varies.

C) amount of melanin in the skin varies.

D) amount of pigmentation in the skin varies.

11) In the context of sex differences, unlike in males, in females:

A) the angle of the jaw or ramus of the mandible is smaller.

B) the subpubic angle is smaller and mastoids are relatively larger.

C) the size of the space created by the pelvic girdle is larger.

D) the ilia are less broadly flared outward, and brow ridges are more pronounced.

12) In the context of sex differences, unlike females, males:

A) have a more vertical cranial forehead and less pronounced brow ridges.

B) cease reproductive activity at some point between 45 and 60 years of age.

C) have on average higher muscle density per unit area.

D) possess ilia that are more broadly flared outward.

13) Identify the set of alleles that characterizes the human ABO system.

A) A, B1, B2, and O

B) A1, A2, B, and O

C) A1, B1, B2, and O

D) A, B, O1, and O2

14) Modern humans' average body mass varies by as much as:

A) 40%.

B) 45%.

C) 50%.

D) 55%.

15) The width of the human body at the pelvis varies by about ________ across our species.

A) 20%

B) 25%

C) 30%

D) 35%

16) Although the amount of variation in human body types at present may seem significant, it is:

A) small compared to the variation seen in the early hominins and the earlier members of the genus Homo.

B) about equal to the variation seen in the early hominins and the earlier members of the genus Homo.

C) small compared to the variation seen in the early hominins and about equal to the variation seen in the earlier members of the genus Homo.

D) about equal to the variation seen in the early hominins and small compared to the variation seen in the earlier members of the genus Homo.

17) Which of the following is NOT true of current skin color parameters?

A) They are set by natural selection.

B) They are distributed by gene flow.

C) They are not modified by cultural patterns.

D) They are modified by gene flow.

18) The human brain reached its current size about ________ years ago.

A) 100,000 to 200,000

B) 200,000 to 300,000

C) 300,000 to 400,000

D) 400,000 to 500,000

19) Across human populations, O is probably the most common allele because:

A) it is a mutation of the original allele B.

B) it is a recent variant.

C) it is the original allele.

D) it is dominant to allele A and allele B.

20) The vast majority of variation in skull morphology is:

A) between regions.

B) between populations.

C) within populations.

D) within families.

21) Compared to males, females have all of the following traits EXCEPT:

A) a wider pelvis.

B) smaller mastoids.

C) more broadly flared outward ilia.

D) a lower jaw angle on average.

22) Compared to males, females have all of the following traits EXCEPT:

A) fewer overall cranial muscle markings.

B) a greater subpubic angle.

C) a less vertical forehead.

D) less pronounced brow ridges.

23) The species-wide distribution of A, B, and O alleles in human blood is approximately:

A) 52.5% O, 33.5% A, and 16% B.

B) 57.5% O, 23.5% A, and 19% B.

C) 52.5% O, 26.5% A, and 21% B.

D) 62.5% O, 21.5% A, and 16% B.

24) Across the human genome, an average between ________ of genetic variation is found within populations.

A) 73% and 97%

B) 81% and 92%

C) 83% and 97%

D) 78% and 92%

25) There is ________ genetic divergence among African populations than among non-African populations.

A) nearly twice as much

B) approximately the same rate of

C) nearly half as much

D) nearly one-fourth as much

26) The way in which humans relate to the environment and other organisms within it is referred to as their:

A) adaptation capacity.

B) niche.

C) assimilation quotient.

D) adaptation quotient.

27) Eugenics is all of the following EXCEPT:

A) the study of genetics with the notion of improving human biology.

B) the study of genetics with the notion of improving biological potential.

C) the study of the human genome and where it went "wrong."

D) often associated with erroneous assumptions about the relationship of behavior with simple genetic systems.

28) In environments where organisms are stressed by cold, mammals tend to have which of the following?

A) a decreased body mass relative to body surface area

B) an increased body mass relative to body surface area

C) a decreased body mass and increased body surface area

D) an increased body mass and increased body surface area

29) In environments where organisms are stressed by heat, mammals tend to have which of the following?

A) a decreased body mass relative to body surface area

B) an increased body mass and increased body surface area

C) a decreased body mass and increased body surface area

D) an increased body mass and decreased body surface area

30) Fst is a:

A) statistical measurement of the fraction of variation found within samples.

B) statistical measurement of the fraction of variation found between samples.

C) measurement of how closely related individuals are within a population.

D) measurement of how closely related individuals are between populations.

31) Which of the following statements is true of the scientific concept of race?

A) It is defined as a population within a species that has defining biological characteristics.

B) It is defined as a set of ethnic factors that combine with easily perceived morphological traits.

C) It is based on a group of populations that has an Fst of at least 0.40 relative to other populations in the species.

D) It is based on an artificial, "biologized" category that includes traits such as skin reflectance, body shape, and cranial structure.

32) Which of the following is NOT true of a balanced polymorphism?

A) Selection favors a heterozygotic state for a given locus.

B) Both recessive and dominant alleles are maintained in a population.

C) Only nondeleterious alleles in a homozygous state are maintained.

D) Deleterious alleles in a homozygous state are maintained.

33) Identify a true statement about the socially constructed concept of race.

A) It is based on a group of populations that has an Fst of at least 0.25.

B) It is defined as a population, or group of populations, within a species that has defining as well as measurable biological characteristics.

C) It is defined as a set of ethnic factors that combine with easily perceived morphological traits to create an artificial, "biologized" category.

D) It is analyzed by excluding human traits such as cranial structure and body shape.

34) The scientific concept of race includes all of the following EXCEPT:

A) a population within a species that has measurable, defining biological characteristics.

B) a group of populations within a species that has measurable, defining biological characteristics.

C) an Fst of at least 0.25 relative to other populations in the species.

D) an Fst of at least 0.50 relative to other species.

35) The overall genetic Fst for human species is approximately:

A) 0.07.

B) 0.17.

C) 0.27.

D) 0.37.

36) A socially constructed concept of race may include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) a set of cultural or ethnic factors.

B) obscured/hidden morphological traits.

C) skin reflectance.

D) cranial structure.

37) Identify a true statement about biological variation in humanity.

A) Individuals within populations exhibit negligible rather than substantial variation.

B) Patterns of within- and between-group variation are independent of ecology and culture.

C) Race is an accurate and productive way to describe human biological variation.

D) Human variation research has important social, biomedical, and forensic implications.

38) A distribution wherein biological traits vary in a specific pattern across geography is called a(n):

A) Fst.

B) cline.

C) geographical dimorphism.

D) cormic distribution.

39) The basal unit for the study of human biological variation is:

A) the concept of race.

B) skin color.

C) disease pattern.

D) the population.

40) Melanin occurs in which of the following two forms?

A) white and black

B) black and brown

C) brown and red

D) red and white

41) Aside from the extreme ends of the height spectrum, the human species exhibits about a ________ variation in height overall.

A) 5%

B) 10%

C) 15%

D) 20%

42) Human skin "color" is influenced by:

A) an individual's blood group.

B) the texture of the skin.

C) the thickness of the skin.

D) an individual's physical structure.

43) Because of variation in stature and body shape, there is substantial variation in the size of the cranium in humans, with normal size for a fully functional brain ranging from about:

A) 850 to about 1500 cc.

B) 900 to about 1600 cc.

C) 1000 to about 2000 cc.

D) 1200 to about 2000 cc.

44) According to the text, human body size and shape are determined in large part by all of the following EXCEPT:

A) natural selection.

B) culture.

C) gene flow.

D) nutrition.

45) Simple measures of cranial shape yield the:

A) cranial index.

B) encephalization index.

C) encephalization quotient.

D) cephalic index.

46) Describe how humans vary in external morphology. In your answer, be sure to give two examples of how humans vary in at least three specific morphological features such as size, shape, color, etc.

47) Discuss how humans vary genetically. In your answer, be sure to integrate at least four of the following key concepts/words: the human genome project, the amount of genetic variation between populations, the amount of genetic variation within populations, genetic variation among African populations, Fst, white-tailed deer or chimpanzee population variation, the Recent African Origin model, and/or the Multiple Dispersal model.

48) Discuss how the biocultural approach can explain patterns of variation in humans. Your answer should integrate at least three of the following terms: natural selection, gene flow, genetic drift, and genetic mutation.

49) Explain how we know that there are no races, or biological subspecies, in contemporary humans. In your answer, be sure to compare/contrast the scientific concept of race and the socially constructed concept of race and to use three of the following terms: subspecies, Fst, genetic data, craniometric data, skin reflectance, and patterns of disease.

50) Give at least three supported examples of why we continue to use simplistic racial categories for humanity when we know they are not accurate.