Final Verified Test Bank Chapter 19 Inferential Statistics - Educational Research 6e Answer Key + Test Bank by Robert Burke Johnson. DOCX document preview.
Chapter 19: Inferential Statistics
Learning Objectives:
- Define inferential statistics.
- Explain the difference between a sample and a population.
- Explain the difference between a statistic and a parameter.
- Recognize the symbols used for the mean, variance, standard deviation, correlation coefficient, proportion, and regression coefficient.
- Provide the definition of sampling distribution.
- Compare and contrast point estimation and interval estimation.
- Explain how confidence intervals work over repeated sampling.
- List and explain the steps in hypothesis testing.
- Explain the difference between the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis.
- Explain the difference between a nondirectional and a directional alternative hypothesis.
- Explain the difference between a probability value and the significance level.
- Draw the hypothesis-testing decision matrix and explain the contents.
- State how to decrease the probability of Type I and Type II errors.
- Explain the purpose of hypothesis testing.
- Explain the basic logic of significance testing.
- Explain the different significance tests discussed in the chapter.
- Explain the difference between statistical and practical significance.
- Explain what an effect size indicator is.
Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following symbols represents a sample statistic?
a. ρ
b. μ
c. SD
d. σ
Learning Objective: 4
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Chapter Introduction, Table 19.1:
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. Which of the following symbols represents a population parameter?
a. SD
b. σ
c. r
d. 0
Learning Objective: 4
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Chapter Introduction, Table 19.1
Difficulty Level: Easy
3. Which of the following symbols stands for the population mean?
a. ρ
b. μ
c. SD
d. σ
Learning Objective: 4
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Chapter Introduction, Table 19.1
Difficulty Level: Easy
4. Which of the following is a directional alternative hypothesis?
a. m1=m2
b. 02 ≠ 02
c. m1 > m2
d. m1 ≠ m2
Learning Objective: 10
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Directional Alternative Hypothesis
Difficulty Level: Easy
5. An index (e.g., a mean or a correlation) calculated with sample data is called a ______ whereas an index calculated with the complete set of population data (i.e., everyone in the population) is called a _______.
a. Statistic, Parameter
b. Parameter, Statistic
c. Sample, Population
d. Population, Sample
Learning Objective: 3
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Chapter Introduction
Difficulty Level: Medium
6. If you drew all possible samples from some population, calculated the mean for each of the samples, and constructed a line graph (showing the shape of the distribution) based on all of those means, what would you have?
a. A population distribution
b. A sample distribution
c. A sampling distribution
d. A parameter distribution
Learning Objective: 5
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Sampling Distribution of the Mean
Difficulty Level: Medium
7. Which of the following best characterizes a sampling distribution?
a. The average value is equal to the true population parameter
b. The standard error is always less than 1
c. It is based on 50 samples
d. The sampling error is the same as the standard error
Learning Objective: 5
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Sampling Distributions
Difficulty Level: Medium
8. What is the standard deviation of a sampling distribution called?
a. Sampling deviation
b. Standard deviation
c. Standard error
d. Standard variance
Learning Objective: 5
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Sampling Distributions
Difficulty Level: Easy
9. Which of the following is not true?
a. You can use the “sampling distribution of the mean” in significance testing
b. You can use the “sampling distribution of the difference between two means” in significance testing
c. You can use the “sampling distribution of the correlation coefficient” in significance testing
d. Large sampling error is associated with a small sampling error in a sampling distribution
Learning Objective: 5
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Sampling Distributions
Difficulty Level: Medium
10. In what type of statistics do you use the value of your sample statistic as your best guess of the unknown population parameter?
a. Descriptive statistics
b. Hypothesis testing
c. Point estimation
d. Interval estimation
Learning Objective: 6
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Point Estimation
Difficulty Level: Medium
11. What is the difference between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter called?
a. Sampling error
b. Sampling deviation
c. Standard error
d. Confidence error
Learning Objective: 5
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Sampling Distributions
Difficulty Level: Medium
12. Which hypothesis is viewed as the “status quo” or the “nothing new” hypothesis?
a. Null hypothesis
b. Inferential hypothesis
c. Alternative hypothesis
d. Research hypothesis
Learning Objective: 9
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Null and Alternative Hypotheses
Difficulty Level: Easy
13. A researcher has calculated the 95% confidence interval. What does that mean?
a. The process she used captures the true population statistic 95% of the time in the long run
b. She can be “95% confident” that her interval will include the population parameter
c. She can be “5% confident” that her interval will includes the population parameter
d. She can reject the null hypothesis.
Learning Objective: 7
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Interval Estimation
Difficulty Level: Medium
14. What would happen (all other things being equal) to a confidence interval if you were able to increase the sample size?
a. It will become narrower
b. It will not change
c. It will become wider
d. The sample size has no effect of the width of a confidence interval
Learning Objective: 7
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Interval Estimation
Difficulty Level: Medium
15. Compared to a 95% confidence interval, a 99% confidence interval is:
a. Narrower
b. The same
c. Something that cannot be calculated
d. Wider
Learning Objective: 7
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Interval Estimation
Difficulty Level: medium
16. If a researcher concludes that the confidence interval is 55% plus or minus 5%, then which of the following is true?
a. The level of confidence is 5%
b. The margin of error is 5%
c. The margin of error is 10%
d. The level of confidence is 10%
Learning Objective: 7
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Interval Estimation
Difficulty Level: Medium
17. In statistical hypothesis testing, the hypothesis that is tested is the:
a. Alternative hypothesis
b. Null hypothesis
c. Research hypothesis
d. Probability hypothesis
Learning Objective: 9
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Null and Alternative Hypotheses
Difficulty Level: Medium
18. Which of the following statements is a null hypothesis?
a. The coin is not fair
b. There is a correlation in the population
c. There is no difference between the incomes of men and women in the population
d. The defendant is guilty
Learning Objective: 9
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Null and Alternative Hypotheses
Difficulty Level: Medium
19. The “probability of the result of your research study, or a more extreme result, assuming that the null hypothesis is true” is known as the:
a. Alternative hypothesis
b. Research hypothesis
c. Null hypothesis
d. Probability value
Learning Objective: 11
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Examining the Probability Value and Making a Decisions
Difficulty Level: Easy
20. What significance level do most educational researchers use?
a. .5
b. .1
c. .01
d. .05
Learning Objective: 11
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Examining the Probability Value and Making a Decisions
Difficulty Level: Easy
21. A researcher does a study and reports that the statistic she calculated has a p <.05. What does this statement mean?
a. Her outcome was very likely assuming the null is true
b. The probability of this outcome was high
c. The probability of this outcome or one more extreme was .95
d. The probability of this outcome or one more extreme is less than .05 if the null hypothesis is true
Learning Objective: 11
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Examining the Probability Value and Making a Decisions
Difficulty Level: Medium
22. A researcher reports in a mainstream educational research journal that the statistic she calculated had a p >.05. What does this statement mean?
a. The outcome was very unlikely assuming the null is true
b. The research finding is statistically significant
c. The research finding is not statistically significant
d. The probability of this outcome or one more extreme is less than .05
Learning Objective: 11
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Examining the Probability Value and Making a Decisions
Difficulty Level: Medium
23. What does the researcher usually hope to do in hypothesis testing?
a. Retain the null hypothesis
b. Reject the null hypothesis
c. The researcher usually does not care which hypothesis is supported
d. The researcher hopes not to obtain statistical significance
Learning Objective: 14
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Hypothesis Testing
Difficulty Level: Medium
24. Which of the following steps occurs first in hypothesis testing?
a. Obtain the probability value
b. Determine practical significance
c. Set the significance level
d. Compare the probability value with the significance level
Learning Objective: 15
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Examining the Probability Value and Making a Decisions
Difficulty Level: Medium
25. If you reject the null hypothesis, which of the following should you avoid?
a. Tentatively accepting the alternative hypothesis
b. Claiming that your finding is statistically significant
c. Claiming that you have proven the alternative hypothesis to be true
d. Making sure that your result also is practically significant
Learning Objective: 15
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Examining the Probability Value and Making a Decisions
Difficulty Level: Medium
26. Which of the following significance levels provides the greatest protection against making a Type I error?
a. .5
b. .1
c. .01
d. .05
Learning Objective: 13
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Hypothesis-Testing Decision Matrix
Difficulty Level: Medium
27. Which of the following is based on your empirical data and is obtained from the computer printout?
a. Significance level
b. Alpha level
c. Probability value
d. Beta level
Learning Objective: 11
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Examining the Probability Value and Making a Decisions
Difficulty Level: Easy
28. If you claim that your evidence suggests that the observed result was not due to chance, what are you doing?
a. You are claiming that your finding is practically significant
b. You are claiming that your finding must be theoretically important
c. You are claiming that finding was due to sampling error
d. You are claiming that your finding is statistically significant
Learning Objective: 14
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Examining the Probability Value and Making a Decisions
Difficulty Level: Medium
29. If you failed to reject a false null hypothesis (i.e., a false negative), you are making a:
a. Type I error
b. Type II error
c. Type III error
d. Type IV error
Learning Objective: 12
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Hypothesis-Testing Decision Matrix
Difficulty Level: Medium
30. What type of error would you make if you rejected a true null hypothesis (i.e., a false positive)?
a. Type I
b. Type II
c. Type III
d. Type IV
Learning Objective: 12
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Hypothesis-Testing Decision Matrix
Difficulty Level: Medium
31. Assume that the null hypothesis says a person is “innocent.” What is the problem when a guilty person is found to be innocent?
a. A Type I error was made
b. A Type II error was made
c. A Type III error was made
d. A Type IV error was made
Learning Objective: 12
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Hypothesis-Testing Decision Matrix
Difficulty Level: Medium
32. Assume that the null hypothesis says a person is “innocent.” What is the problem when an innocent person is found guilty?
a. A Type I error was made
b. A Type II error was made
c. A Type III error was made
d. A Type IV error was made
Learning Objective: 12
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Hypothesis-Testing Decision Matrix
Difficulty Level: Medium
33. How can you minimize the risk of both Type I and Type II errors?
a. Use a smaller alpha level
b. Use a smaller relationship
c. Decrease the sample size
d. Increase the sample size
Learning Objective: 13
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Controlling the Risk of Errors
Difficulty Level: Medium
34. When should you set the significance level for your research study?
a. Before the research data have been analyzed
b. After the research data have been analyzed
c. After looking at the probability values
d. The computer sets the significance level
Learning Objective: 11
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Examining the Probability Value and Making a Decision, Table 19.3
Difficulty Level: Medium
35. If you use a significance level of .01 rather than a significance level of .05 then which of the following will be true (assuming other things equal, such as sample size)?
a. You are more likely to fail to reject your null hypothesis
b. You are more likely to reject your null hypothesis
c. You are more likely to reject a true null hypothesis
d. You are more likely to retain your alternative hypothesis
Learning Objective: 15
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Controlling the Risk of Errors
Difficulty Level: Medium
36. Which of the following is not an effect size indicator?
a. Probability value
b. Eta squared
c. Omega squared
d. Correlation coefficient squared
Learning Objective: 18
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Controlling the Risk of Errors
Difficulty Level: Easy
37. Which of the following is the null hypothesis for testing a correlation coefficient for statistical significance?
a. H0: µGRE-V = 476
b. H0: µM = µF
c. H0: βYX1.X2 = 0
d. H0: ρXY = 0
Learning Objective: 9
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Null and Alternative Hypotheses, Table 19.2
Difficulty Level: Medium
38. Which of the following is the null hypothesis for testing a regression coefficient for statistical significance?
a. H0: µGRE-V = 476
b. H0: µM = µF
c. H0: βYX1.X2 = 0
d. H0: ρXY = 0
Learning Objective: 9
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Null and Alternative Hypotheses, Table 19.2
Difficulty Level: Medium
39. Which of the following is the null hypothesis for testing the difference between two means for statistical significance?
a. H0: µGRE-V = 476
b. H0: µM = µF
c. H0: βYX1X2 = 0
d. H0: ρXY = 0
Learning Objective: 9
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Null and Alternative Hypotheses, Table 19.2
Difficulty Level: Medium
40. An effect size indicator tells the researcher:
a. How big of an effect is present
b. If a result is statistically significant
c. about the strength of statistical significance
d. about the strength of the null hypothesis
Learning Objective: 18
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Controlling the Risk of Error
Difficulty Level: Easy
41. You can use the analysis of variance test for statistical significance when you have how many means to compare?
a. 1 mean
b. 2 or more means
c. 3 or more means
d. 4 or more means
Learning Objective: 16
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: One-Way Analysis of Variance
Difficulty Level: Easy
42. Post hoc tests in the analysis of variance are generally required when the independent variable:
a. Has one level
b. Has two levels
c. Has three or more levels
d. Is quantitative
Learning Objective: 16
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Post Hoc Tests in Analysis of Variance
Difficulty Level: Medium
43. If a research finding is statistically significant, what else should you determine?
a. The strength of significance
b. The practical significance
c. The probability value
d. The alpha level
Learning Objective: 17
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Controlling the Risk of Errors
Difficulty Level: Medium
44. A researcher is interested in doing a study comparing the effectiveness of two different approaches to teaching spelling. One approach is phonics-based, and the other is not. She randomly assigns 30 first grade children to the phonics-based approach and 30 children to the other approach. Her dependent variable is the number of words the children spell correctly on a 100-word spelling test. In order to compare the groups, what inferential test should she use?
a. Chi-square test for contingency tables
b. Partial correlation coefficient
c. t test for independent groups
d. Post hoc analysis of variance
Learning Objective: 16
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: t Test for Independent Samples
Difficulty Level: Hard
45. What sampling distribution is used for the t test for correlation coefficients?
a. The t distribution
b. The F distribution
c. The chi-square distribution
d. The Z distribution
Learning Objective: 16
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: t Test for Correlation Coefficients
Difficulty Level: Easy
46. What sampling distribution is used for one-way analysis of variance?
a. The t distribution
b. The F distribution
c. The chi-square distribution
d. The Z distribution
Learning Objective: 16
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: One-Way Analysis of Variance
Difficulty Level: Easy
47. The _____ is defined as the probability or your finding or a more extreme finding under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.
a. Alternative hypothesis
b. Null hypothesis
c. Probability value
d. Significance level
Learning Objective: 11
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Examining the Probability Value and Making a Decision
Difficulty Level: Easy
48. The cut-off that a researcher uses to decide when to reject a null hypothesis is the:
a. Alternative hypothesis
b. Null hypothesis
c. Probability value
d. Significance level
Learning Objective: 11
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Examining the Probability Value and Making a Decision
Difficulty Level: Easy
49. A statement that there is no difference between population means or no relationship between variables in the population is known as the:
a. Alternative hypothesis
b. Null hypothesis
c. Probability value
d. Significance level
Learning Objective: 9
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Null and Alternative Hypotheses
Difficulty Level: Easy
50. The _____ is a statement that the population parameter is some value other than the value stated by the null hypothesis.
a. Alternative hypothesis
b. Null hypothesis
c. Probability value
d. Significance level
Learning Objective: 9
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Null and Alternative Hypotheses
Difficulty Level: Easy
51. The likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false is known as:
a. Power
b. Strength
c. Direction
d. Force
Learning Objective: 13
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Controlling the Risk of Errors
Difficulty Level: Easy
52. What hypothesis do we directly test in statistical hypothesis testing?
a. The null hypothesis
b. The alternative hypothesis
c. The primary hypothesis
d. The directional hypothesis
Learning Objective: 8
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Hypothesis Testing
Difficulty Level: Table 19.3
53. As shown in your book, what kind of test is used to determine whether a correlation coefficient is statistically significant?
a. It is a type of t test because it is based on the t probability distribution
b. It is a normality test because it uses the normal distribution
c. Beta test because it uses the beta distribution
d. Alpha test because it uses the alpha distribution
Learning Objective: 16
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: t Test for Correlation Coefficient
Difficulty Level: Easy
54. When a researcher wants to investigate the differences between two independent groups he can analyze the data using techniques. He can use the t Test for independent samples and:
a. One-way analysis of variance
b. t test for correlation coefficients
c. Chi-square test for a contingency table
d. t test for regression coefficients
Learning Objective: 16
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: One-way Analysis of Variance
Difficulty Level: Medium
55. If one has two categorical variables and constructs a contingency table, then what statistical test would be appropriate?
a. t test
b. Normality test
c. Omega-square test
d. Chi-square test
Learning Objective: 16
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Chi-Square Test for Contingency Tables
Difficulty Level: Medium
56. Roger’s hypothesis states that the two groups are not equal. He has a:
a. Directional null hypothesis
b. Null hypothesis
c. Directional alternative hypothesis
d. nondirectional alternative hypothesis
Learning Objective: 10
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Directional Alternative Hypotheses
Difficulty Level: Medium
57. In a directional alternative hypothesis,
a. the two groups are equal on the dependent variable.
b. one group scores higher or lower on the dependent variable than the other.
c. the two groups do not differ on the dependent variable.
d. the two groups’ scores on the dependent variable are not equal.
Learning Objective: 10
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Directional Alternative Hypotheses
Difficulty Level: Medium
58. Bree hypothesized that members of the experimental group would score differently than the control group. Her hypothesis was a:
a. Nondirectional alternative hypothesis
b. Directional alternative hypothesis
c. Null hypothesis
d. Type 1 hypothesis
Learning Objective: 10
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Directional Alternative Hypotheses
Difficulty Level: Medium
59. In his research, William proposed that his treatment would be so effective that the experimental group would have a higher mean than the control group. He has made a:
a. Nondirectional alternative hypothesis
b. Directional alternative hypothesis
c. Null hypothesis
d. Type 1 hypothesis
Learning Objective: 10
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Directional Alternative Hypotheses
Difficulty Level: Medium
60. During significance testing, Dr. Gray looked at his data to see if the relationship between his independent and dependent variables was large enough to be meaningful. In doing so, he was investigating:
a. Statistical significance
b. Practical significance
c. Probability significance
d. Effect size significance
Learning Objective: 17
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Controlling the Risk of Errors
Difficulty Level: Medium
61. If we drew all possible samples from a population, calculated the correlation coefficient for each of the samples, and constructed a line graph (showing the shape of the distribution) based on all of those sample correlation coefficients, what would we have?
a. The population distribution
b. A sample distribution
c. A sampling distribution
d. A parameter distribution
Learning Objective: 5
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Sampling Distributions
Difficulty Level: Medium
62. Jean has conducted a study with an experimental and control group. She conducted an analysis of variance and found that there was a significant difference between the groups. How will she conduct post hoc tests?
a. She will use the Bonferroni procedure
b. She will look at the two group means and see which group scored higher
c. She will calculate a correlation coefficient between the two groups
d. She will conduct a independent samples t test
Learning Objective: 16
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Post Hoc Tests in Analysis of Variance
Difficulty Level: Medium
63. When analyzing her data, Janie found that her sample statistic differed from the population parameter. This is an example of:
a. Sampling error
b. Standard error
c. Distribution error
d. Sample error
Learning Objective: 3
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Sampling Distributions
Difficulty Level: Medium
64. Because a point estimate is limited by being only a single numerical value, what do researchers often use instead?
a. Repeated sampling when estimating parameters from the sample data
b. An interval estimate
c. Population and parameter estimation
d. Hypothesis testing
Learning Objective: 6
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Point Estimation, Interval Estimation
Difficulty Level: Medium
65. An experimental researcher usually begins with the null hypothesis of no treatment effect. What does this researcher do when he finds that the probability level is less than the significance level?
a. The null hypothesis is retained and tested one more time before a determination can be made about the effectiveness of the treatment
b. The alternative hypothesis (that there is a treatment effect) is said to be true and the null hypothesis is discarded
c. The null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis (that there is a treatment effect) is tentatively accepted
d. The researcher designs another study to prove the null hypothesis
Learning Objective: 11, 12
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Examining the Probability Value and Making a Decision
Difficulty Level: Hard
66. Dr. Callahan wrote in her report that the findings for her study were statistically significant. What did she mean?
a. The results she observed from her research were most likely not due to chance
b. The results of her research indicated that the alternate hypothesis was proven in this case
c. The statistical analysis indicated that the null hypothesis will be completely inappropriate in all future studies
d. The results she observed from her research were most likely due to chance
Learning Objective: 15
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Examining the Probability Value and Making a Decision
Difficulty Level: Medium
67. After analyzing her empirical data, Susan was able to reject her original hull hypothesis but later she found out that it had been true. What type of mistake had she made when she rejected her null hypothesis?
a. Alpha level error
b. Type II error
c. Type I error
d. Effect size error
Learning Objective: 12
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Hypothesis-Testing Decision Matrix
Difficulty Level: Medium
68. “Significance testing” is another way of saying:
a. “Effect size testing”
b. “Hypothesis testing”
c. t test
d. One-way analysis of variance
Learning Objective: 14
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Null and Alternative Hypothesis Testing
Difficulty Level: Medium
69. Which of the following is the alternative hypothesis for the significance test for a correlation coefficient?
a. H1: ρXY = 0
b. H1: µM ≠µF
c. H1: βYX1.X2 ≠ 0
d. H1: ρXY ≠ 0
Learning Objective: 9
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: t Test for Correlation Coefficients
Difficulty Level: Medium
70. Which of the following is the alternative hypothesis for testing the difference between two means for statistical significance?
a. H0: µGRE-V = 476
b. H0: µM = µF
c. H1: µM≠µF
d. H0: ρXY = 0
Learning Objective: 9
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: t Test for Correlation Coefficients
Difficulty Level: Medium
71. Walt’s directional alternative hypothesis was that male students would score better on the GRE verbal test than female students. This hypothesis would be written as:
a. H0: µGRE-V = 500
b. H1: µM > µF
c. H1: βYX1.X2 = 0
d. H0: ρXY = 0
Learning Objective: 10
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Directional Alternative Hypotheses
Difficulty Level: Medium
72. How would you write a nondirectional alternative hypothesis for the following research question: Do education, arts and sciences, and business students have different starting incomes?
a. H0: µGRE-V = 500
b. H1: µE ≠ µA&S ≠ µB
c. H0: µE = µA&S = µB
d. H0: ρXY = 0
Learning Objective: 10
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Directional Alternative Hypotheses
Difficulty Level: Medium
73. What null hypothesis would be tested for this research question: Is there a correlation between GPA and starting salary?
a. H0: µGRE-V = 500
b. H0: µE = µA&S = µB
c. H0: βYX1.X2 = 0
d. H0: ρXY = 0
Learning Objective: 9
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Null and Alternative Hypotheses
Difficulty Level: Hard
74. To draw conclusions about a population based upon data obtained from a sample, a researcher would use:
a. Descriptive statistics
b. Inferential statistics
c. Population statistics
d. Parameter statistics
Learning Objective: 1
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Chapter Introduction
Difficulty Level: Medium
75. A range of numbers inferred from the sample that has a certain probability or chance of including the population parameter is known as the:
a. Confidence interval
b. Confidence limits
c. Confidence range
d. Point estimate
Learning Objective: 7
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Interval Estimation
Difficulty Level: Easy
76. Dr. Jones conducted a study and found that the 95% confidence interval for the data in his sample was 42–64. Based upon this information we know that the margin of error is:
a. 11
b. 20
c. 22
d. 47
Learning Objective: 7
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Interval Estimation
Difficulty Level: Hard
77. Dr. White is planning a study of the effectiveness of different memory strategies. When should he set the alpha level to be used in his study?
a. Before she analyzes the data
b. After she has analyzed the data
c. After looking at the probability values from the analyses
d. The computer will set the alpha level when it analyzes the data
Learning Objective: 12
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Examining the Probability Value and Making a Decision
Difficulty Level: Medium
78. Increasing the sample size in a research study will _________ the study’s power.
a. decrease
b. not impact
c. increase
d. be unrelated to
Learning Objective: 13
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Controlling the Risk of Errors
Difficulty Level: Medium
79. The strength or magnitude of the relationship between the independent and dependent variable is known as the:
a. Power of the study
b. Effect size indicator
c. Type of error
d. Alternative hypothesis
Learning Objective: 18
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Controlling the Risk of Errors
Difficulty Level: Medium
80. A numeric characteristic of a sample is a ______________ whereas a numerical characteristic of a population is a _______________.
a. Parameter, Coefficient
b. Parameter, Statistic
c. Statistic, Parameter
d. Statistic, Coefficient
Learning Objective: 2
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Chapter Introduction
Difficulty Level: Easy
81. The first step in hypothesis testing is:
a. To analyze data and obtain the probability level
b. To set the alpha level for the study
c. To compute effect size, interpret result, and judge practical significance
d. To develop null and alternative hypotheses
Learning Objective: 8
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Hypothesis Testing (whole section), Table 19.3
Difficulty Level: Medium
82. The third step in hypothesis testing is:
a. To analyze data and obtain the probability level
b. To set the alpha level for the study
c. To compute effect size, interpret result, and judge practical significance
d. To develop null and alternative hypotheses
Learning Objective: 8
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Hypothesis Testing (whole section), Table 19.3
Difficulty Level: Medium
83. The fifth step in hypothesis testing is:
a. To analyze data and obtain the probability level
b. To set the alpha level for the study
c. To compute effect size, interpret result, and judge practical significance
d. To develop null and alternative hypotheses
Learning Objective: 8
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Hypothesis Testing (whole section), Table 19.3
Difficulty Level: Medium
84. The second step in hypothesis testing is:
a. To analyze data and obtain the probability level
b. To set the alpha level for the study
c. To compute effect size, interpret result, and judge practical significance
d. To develop null and alternative hypotheses
Learning Objective: 8
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Hypothesis Testing (whole section), Table 19.3
Difficulty Level: Medium
85. In hypothesis testing, the step that involves the comparison of the probability value to the significance level is:
a. Step 1
b. Step 2
c. Step 3
d. Step 4
Learning Objective: 8
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Hypothesis Testing (whole section), Table 19.3
Difficulty Level: Medium
86. In hypothesis testing, the step that involves making the statistical decision is:
a. Step 1
b. Step 2
c. Step 3
d. Step 4
Learning Objective: 8
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Hypothesis Testing (whole section), Table 19.3
Difficulty Level: Medium
87. In hypothesis testing, if the probability value is greater than the significance level, the researcher should:
a. Accept the alternative hypothesis
b. Fail to reject the null hypothesis
c. Conclude that the study’s result is statistically significant
d. Reanalyze the data because the probability level must equal the significance level.
Learning Objective: 8
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Hypothesis Testing (whole section), Table 19.3
Difficulty Level: Medium
88. Denise has just completed analyzing the data for her study. She set her alpha level at .05. On her computer printout it said “r = .01.” What decision should Denise make based on this information?
a. Accept the alternative hypothesis that there was a relationship between the two variables
b. Fail to reject the null hypothesis that the variables were not related
c. Conclude that there was a real difference in the means of the three groups in her study
d. Reanalyze the data because the probability level must equal the significance level
Learning Objective: 8
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Hypothesis Testing (whole section), Table 19.3
Difficulty Level: Hard
True-False
1. The calculation of effect size indicators is not very important because all that is really important is whether a finding is statistically significant.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 18
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Controlling the Risk of Errors
Difficulty Level: Medium
2. If a finding is statistically significant, we should also examine it for practical significance.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 17
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Controlling the Risk of Errors
Difficulty Level: Medium
3. When we calculate a single 99% confidence interval, we know that 99% of the time, this interval will capture the true population parameter.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 7
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Interval Estimation
Difficulty Level: Medium
4. The probability value is an effect size indicator.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 11, 18
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Examining the Probability Value and Making a Decision, Controlling the Risk of Errors
Difficulty Level: Medium
5. The researcher sets the probability value.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 11
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Examining the Probability Value and Making a Decision
Difficulty Level: Medium
6. The significance level is the same as the alpha level.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 11
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Hypothesis Testing in Practice
Difficulty Level: Medium
7. The alpha level is set by the researcher rather than being determined by the data.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 11
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Hypothesis Testing in Practice
Difficulty Level: Easy
8. A one-way analysis of variance on two independent groups generally requires follow-up (i.e., post hoc) tests.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 16
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: One-Way Analysis of Variance
Difficulty Level: Medium
9. Researchers should determine both statistical significance AND practical significance.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 17
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Controlling the Risk of Errors
Difficulty Level: Easy
10. A Chi-square test is used for contingency tables to determine if there is a relationship between the categorical variables.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 17
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Chi-Square Test for Contingency Tables
Difficulty Level: Medium
11. A researcher will usually test his or her regression coefficients for statistical significance in order to ensure that the observed coefficient is not due simply to chance.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 15, 16
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: t Test for Regression Coefficients
Difficulty Level: Medium
12. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is appropriate when you have one or more categorical independent variables and a quantitative dependent variable.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 16
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: One-Way Analysis of Variance
Difficulty Level: Easy
13. A one-way ANOVA would be appropriate if a researcher were comparing two or more groups (a categorical independent variable) on one quantitative dependent variable.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 16
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: One-Way Analysis of Variance
Difficulty Level: Medium
14. Most researchers consider an observed significance level of .05 or less to be small enough to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the finding is statistically significant.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 11
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Examining the Probability Level and Making a Decision
Difficulty Level: Medium
15. The probability value is also called the p value.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 11
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Examining the Probability Level and Making a Decision
Difficulty Level: Easy
16. Nora’s results were statistically significant so they must also be practically significant.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 17
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Controlling the Risk of Errors
Difficulty Level: Medium
17. David has calculated the regression coefficient for his sample. In his write-up of his research he will use β to symbolize the regression coefficient.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 4
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Table 19.1
Difficulty Level: Easy
18. The null hypothesis refers to population parameters.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 3
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Null and Alternative Hypotheses
Difficulty Level: Easy
19. The alternative hypothesis refers to sample statistics.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 3
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Null and Alternative Hypotheses
Difficulty Level: Easy
20. The margin of error is one half of the width of a confidence interval.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 7
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Interval Estimation
Difficulty Level: Easy
21. Delores calculated the mean IQ score for the participants in her sample. This average IQ score is a point estimate.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 6
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Point Estimation
Difficulty Level: Medium
22. Dr. Harris’ hypothesis was that students attending an urban school would have higher achievement test scores than children attending suburban or rural schools. This is an example of a nondirectional alternative hypothesis.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 10
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Directional Alternative Hypotheses
Difficulty Level: Medium
23. Random sampling is not an assumption in the use of inferential statistics.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 1
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Chapter Introduction
Difficulty Level: Medium
24. Educational researchers work to avoid making a Type II error by decreasing the significance level they use in their studies.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 13
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Controlling the Risk of Errors
Difficulty Level: Medium
25. Hypothesis testing involves investigating how well the data collected from a sample fit with the null hypothesis and whether the null hypothesis should be rejected or retained.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 14
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Hypothesis Testing
Difficulty Level: Medium
26. Hypothesis testing and significance testing are two separate, unrelated procedures that are used in inferential statistics.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 14, 15
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Hypothesis Testing, Hypothesis Testing in Practice
Difficulty Level: Medium
27. When using inferential statistics, researchers go beyond their data to make statements about the population from which the sample was chosen.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 1
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Chapter Introduction
Difficulty Level: Medium
28. A population is drawn from a sample.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 2
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Chapter Introduction
Difficulty Level: Medium
29. In hypothesis testing, the statistical decision is made in the final step.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 8
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Hypothesis Testing (entire section), Table 19.3
Difficulty Level: Medium
30. In hypothesis testing, the significance level is set just after the null and alternative hypotheses are developed.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 8
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Hypothesis Testing (entire section), Table 19.3
Difficulty Level: Medium
Essay
1. Choose two of the different significant tests discussed in the chapter and describe what it is and when it is used.
Learning Objective: 16
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Hypothesis Testing in Practice
Difficulty Level: Hard
2. Discuss the similarities and differences between point estimation and interval estimation.
Learning Objective: 6
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Point Estimation, Interval Estimation
Difficulty Level: Medium
3. Describe the purpose and process of hypothesis testing.
Learning Objective: 8, 14
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Hypothesis Testing, Hypothesis Testing in Practice
Difficulty Level: Hard
4. Compare and contrast Type I and Type II errors and ways to prevent making each type of error.
Learning Objective: 13
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: The Hypothesis-Testing Decision Matrix, Controlling the Risk of Errors
Difficulty Level: Medium
5. Compare and contrast what is meant by probability value and significance level.
Learning Objective: 12
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Hypothesis Testing, Hypothesis Testing in Practice
Difficulty Level: Medium
Document Information
Connected Book
Educational Research 6e Answer Key + Test Bank
By Robert Burke Johnson