Chapter 18 Descriptive Statistics Test Bank Answers - Educational Research 6e Answer Key + Test Bank by Robert Burke Johnson. DOCX document preview.
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Chapter 18: Descriptive Statistics
Learning Objectives
- Explain the purpose of descriptive statistics.
- Distinguish between inferential and descriptive statistics.
- Explain the difference between a frequency distribution and a grouped frequency distribution.
- Read and interpret bar graphs, line graphs, and scatter plots.
- Calculate the mode, median, and mean.
- List the strengths and weaknesses of the mode, median, and mean.
- Explain positive skew and negative skew.
- Explain the impact of skewness on the measures of central tendency.
- Describe and interpret the different measures of variability.
- Calculate the range, variance, and standard deviation.
- Explain percentile ranks and z scores.
- Explain how to construct and interpret a contingency table.
- Explain the difference between simple and multiple regression.
- Explain the difference between the y-intercept and the regression coefficient.
Multiple Choice
1. The purpose of descriptive statistics is to:
a. Make inferences about a population from a sample
b. Test hypotheses
c. Make interval estimates
d. Summarize and explain a set of data
Learning Objective: 1
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Chapter introduction
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. A table listing the values of a variable and their frequencies of occurrence is called:
a. The standard deviation
b. A point estimate
c. A frequency distribution
d. A scatter plot
Learning Objective: 3
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Frequency Distributions
Difficulty Level: Medium
3. Examine the frequency distribution listed below. The variable is the number of in-service training classes teachers have attended over a two-year period. What is the mode for the number of in-service classes taken by the teachers?
a. 50
b. 0
c. 3
d. 10
Learning Objective: 5
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Mode
Difficulty Level: Medium
4. Examine the frequency distribution listed below. The variable is the number of in-service training classes teachers have attended over a two-year period. This frequency distribution is an example of:
a. descriptive statistics.
b. inferential statistics
c. measures of central tendency
d. a contingency table
Learning Objective: 2
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Frequency Distributions, Descriptive Statistics
Difficulty Level: Medium
5. In a grouped frequency distribution, it is important that the intervals be:
a. Overlapping
b. No greater than 10 units
c. Mutually exclusive
d. No greater than 5 units
Learning Objective: 3
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Frequency Distributions
Difficulty Level: Easy
6. In a grouped frequency distribution, it is important that the intervals:
a. Are overlapping
b. Do not include extreme scores
c. Are no greater than 5 units
d. Are exhaustive
Learning Objective: 3
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Frequency Distributions
Difficulty Level: Easy
7. Below are four sets of intervals for grouped frequency distributions. The data that they are based on has scores that range from 0 to 49. Only one set of intervals meets the necessary criteria for groupings. Pick the one that meets the criteria:
a. 40–49
30–39
20–29
10–19
0–9
b. 40–49
30–39
20–29
10–19
1–9
c. 40–49
30–40
20–30
10–20
0–9
d. 30–40
20–30
10–20
0–10
Learning Objective: 3
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Frequency Distributions
Difficulty Level: Hard
8. In graphing the frequencies of a single variable (e.g., in a bar graph, histogram, or line graph), the frequencies are put on which axis:
a. X or abscissa
b. Y or ordinate
Learning Objective: 4
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Graphic Representations of Data
Difficulty Level: Medium
9. In graphing the relationship between two variables in a scatter plot, which axes contain the independent and dependent variable?
a. X contains the independent variable and Y contains the dependent variable
b. X contains the dependent variable and Y contains the independent variable
Learning Objective: 4
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Graphic Representations of Data
Difficulty Level: Medium
10. The relationship between two quantitative variables is typically represented with a:
a. Line graph
b. Scatter plot
c. Bar graph
d. Frequency distribution
Learning Objective: 4
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Scatter Plots
Difficulty Level: Medium
11. Measures of central tendency provide a:
a. single value that tells you how variable scores are
b. frequency distribution of values
c. single value that tells you about the range of scores
d. single value that is considered most typical of the values of a variable
Learning Objective: 6
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Measures of Central Tendency
Difficulty Level: Medium
12. The median is:
a. The most frequent score
b. The middle score
c. The highest score
d. The average
Learning Objective: 6
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Median
Difficulty Level: Medium
13. A problem with the mode is that:
a. Its value is affected by extreme scores
b. There might be more than one mode
c. It is always the same as the median.
d. Calculating its value is complex.
Learning Objective: 6
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: A Comparison of the Mean, Median, and Mode
Difficulty Level: Medium
14. What is the median of the following set of scores: 18, 6, 12, 10, 14?
a. 10
b. 14
c. 18
d. 12
Learning Objective: 5
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Median
Difficulty Level: Medium
15. The mean is:
a. The score value that divides the distribution in half
b. The average score
c. The most frequent score
d. A measure of variability
Learning Objective: 6
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Mean
Difficulty Level: Medium
16. When is the median the best measure of central tendency?
a. The data are in a symmetrical distribution
b. When there are a large number of cases
c. There is a great deal of variability in the scores
d. The data are highly skewed
Learning Objective: 8
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: A Comparison of the Mean, Median, and Mode
Difficulty Level: Medium
17. The mode is:
a. The arithmetic average
b. The middle score
c. The most frequent score
d. A measure of variability
Learning Objective: 6
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Mode
Difficulty Level: Easy
18. What is an advantage of the mean as a measure of central tendency?
a. It is not influenced by extreme scores
b. It is representative even when there is extreme skewness
c. It is very stable from sample to sample
d. It can be used with nominal variables
Learning Objective: 6
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: A Comparison of the Mean, Median, and Mode
Difficulty Level: Medium
19. What is an advantage of the mean as a measure of central tendency?
a. It is not influenced by extreme scores
b. It is representative even when there is extreme skewness
c. It is the most precise measure of central tendency
d. It can be used with nominal variables
Learning Objective: 6
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: A Comparison of the Mean, Median, and Mode
Difficulty Level: Medium
20. What is a disadvantage of the mode as a measure of central tendency?
a. It is influenced by extreme scores
b. It is imprecise
c. It cannot be easily interpreted
d. It does not take into account the magnitude of all the scores
Learning Objective: 6
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: A Comparison of the Mean, Median, and Mode
Difficulty Level: Medium
21. What kind of skew is there in the below distribution?
a. Positive skew
b. Negative skew
c. Symmetrical
d. No skew
Learning Objective: 7
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: A Comparison of the Mean, Median, and Mode
Difficulty Level: Medium
22. Which will have the highest score value in the distribution?
a. The mode
b. The median
c. The mean
d. The variance
Learning Objective: 8
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: A Comparison of the Mean, Median, and Mode
Difficulty Level: Medium
23. Which will be the best measure of central tendency for these data?
a. The mode
b. The median
c. The mean
d. The variance
Learning Objective: 8
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: A Comparison of the Mean, Median, and Mode
Difficulty Level: Medium
24. How is the distribution skewed?
a. Positive skew
b. Negative skew
c. Symmetrical
d. No skew
Learning Objective: 7
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: A Comparison of the Mean, Median, and Mode
Difficulty Level: Medium
25. Which will have the highest score value in the distribution?
a. The mode
b. The median
c. The mean
Learning Objective: 8
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: A Comparison of the Mean, Median, and Mode
Difficulty Level: Medium
26. Which will be the best measure of central tendency for these data?
a. The mode
b. The median
c. The mean
Learning Objective: 8
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: A Comparison of the Mean, Median, and Mode
Difficulty Level: Medium
27. Which of the following distributions is closest to being symmetrical?
a. 
b. 
c. 
Learning Objective: 7
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: A Comparison of the Mean, Median, and Mode
Difficulty Level: Easy
28. Which of the following distributions is negatively skewed?
a.
b.
c.
Learning Objective: 7
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: A Comparison of the Mean, Median, and Mode
Difficulty Level: Easy
29. Which of the following distributions is positively skewed?
a.
b.
c.
Learning Objective: 7
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: A Comparison of the Mean, Median, and Mode
Difficulty Level: Easy
30. A data point that is very atypical of the scores in a distribution is called:
a. The mode
b. The median
c. An outlier
d. A variance
Learning Objective: 7
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: A Comparison of the Mean, Median, and Mode
Difficulty Level: Easy
31. Which of the data points in the following distribution seems to be an outlier: 8, 10, 12, 14, 12, 15, 2000?
a. 8
b. 10
c. 14
d. 2000
Learning Objective: 7
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: A Comparison of the Mean, Median, and Mode
Difficulty Level: Medium
32. Measures of variability indicate:
a. Where the modal score lies
b. The median score value
c. The degree of skewness in the distribution
d. How spread out scores are in a distribution
Learning Objective: 9
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Measures of Variability
Difficulty Level: Medium
33. If a set of scores is very variable, they are said to be __________, whereas when they do not vary a great deal they are said to be___________.
a. Homogeneous, Heterogeneous
b. Heterogeneous, Homogeneous
c. Modal, Median
d. Positively skewed, Negatively skewed
Learning Objective: 9
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Measures of Variability
Difficulty Level: Medium
34. The range refers to:
a. The difference between the lowest and highest score.
b. The difference between the mean and the median.
c. The mode in a bimodal distribution.
d. The difference between a score and the mean.
Learning Objective: 9
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Range
Difficulty Level: E
35. What is the range of the following set of data: 10, 20, 40, 50, 70, 100, 110?
a. 90
b. 80
c. 10
d. 100
Learning Objective: 10
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Range
Difficulty Level: Medium
36. What is the variance?
a. The difference between the lowest and highest score
b. The difference between a score and the mean
c. The average squared distance from the mean
d. A measure of central tendency
Learning Objective: 9
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Variance and Standard Deviation
Difficulty Level: Medium
37. The standard deviation is:
a. The square root of the variance
b. A measure of central tendency
c. A theoretical construct
d. An inferential statistic
Learning Objective: 9
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Standard Deviation
Difficulty Level: Easy
38. If your grade on a test was determined by your standing relative to others in a class and you had a score of 90, what class should you most like to be in (hint: which one has the largest z score)?
a. Mean grade = 85, SD = 10
b. Mean grade = 83, SD = 5
c. Mean grade = 80, SD = 20
d. Mean grade = 90, SD = 5
Learning Objective: 11
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: z Scores
Difficulty Level: Hard
39. Approximately what percentage of scores falls within one standard deviation of the mean in a normal distribution?
a. 34%
b. 95%
c. 99%
d. 68%
Learning Objective: 9
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Standard Deviation and the Normal Distribution
Difficulty Level: Medium
40. Approximately what percentage of scores falls within two standard deviations of the mean in a normal distribution?
a. 34%
b. 95%
c. 99%
d. 68%
Learning Objective: 9
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Standard Deviation and the Normal Distribution
Difficulty Level: Medium
41. A percentile rank tells you:
a. The percent correct on a test
b. The percent of people who scored better than you
c. The percent of people in a particular group who score below your score value
d. How far above or below the mean you are in percentages
Learning Objective: 11
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Percentile Ranks
Difficulty Level: Medium
42. Joe had a percentile rank of 70 on a standardized math test. What does that mean?
a. He did poorly, since he only correctly answered 70% of the questions
b. He did well in that he scored higher than 70% of the people that took the test
c. He did well, in that he answered 70% of the items correctly
d. He did poorly since he only answered 70% of the items that an average individual would answer correctly
Learning Objective: 11
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Percentile Ranks
Difficulty Level: Medium
43. A z score transforms a raw score into:
a. Percent correct
b. A ratio of right to wrong answers
c. A range
d. Standard deviation units
Learning Objective: 11
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: z Scores
Difficulty Level: easy
44. The plus or minus sign before a z score tells you:
a. If a score is above or below the mean
b. The magnitude of the score
c. The correlation
d. The variability
Learning Objective: 11
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: z Scores
Difficulty Level: Medium
45. The denominator (bottom) of the z score formula is:
a. The standard deviation
b. The difference between a score and the mean
c. The range
d. The mean
Learning Objective: 11
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: z Scores
Difficulty Level: Medium
46. The numerator of the z score formula is:
a. The standard deviation
b. The difference between a score and the mean
c. The range
d. The mean
Learning Objective: 11
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: z Scores
Difficulty Level: Medium
47. A z score of 0.00 means that:
a. A person had zero points on a test
b. A person scored at the mean
c. A person scored below the mean
d. A person scored in the bottom percentile
Learning Objective: 11
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: z Scores
Difficulty Level: Medium
48. In a normal distribution, 95% of the scores fall between z scores of:
a. -1 thru +1
b. -2 thru +2
c. -3 thru +3
d. 0 thru + 3
Learning Objective: 11
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: z Scores
Difficulty Level: Medium
49. On an IQ test with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, what is the z score for someone with an IQ of 70?
a. -1.30
b. -2.00
c. -1.00
d. -13
Learning Objective: 11
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: z Scores
Difficulty Level: Hard
50. Below are z scores for four people who took a test. Which one scored the highest?
John -2.9, Samantha +2.1, Sally +0.1, and Joshua +1.0
a. John
b. Samantha
c. Sally
d. Joshua
Learning Objective: 11
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: z Scores
Difficulty Level: Hard
51. A contingency table is:
a. A frequency distribution for a single variable
b. A table displaying information in cells formed by the intersection of two or more categorical variables
c. A table containing correlation coefficients
d. A normal curve representation of two variables
Learning Objective: 12
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Contingency Tables
Difficulty Level: Easy
52. Below is a contingency table containing frequencies and column percentages that looks at the relationship between handedness and majoring in science versus the humanities. Is there a likely relationship between handedness and major?
a. Yes
b. No
Learning Objective: 12
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Contingency Tables
Difficulty Level: Medium
53. Which statement best captures the relationship between handedness and major?
a. Major is unrelated to handedness
b. Left-handed people are more likely to major in humanities than right-handed people
c. Right-handed people are more likely to major in science than left-handed people
d. Left-handed people are more likely to major in science than right-handed people
Learning Objective: 12
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Contingency Tables
Difficulty Level: medium
54. Examine the following table. A researcher is interested in whether learning from instruction that includes video will be more likely to transfer (be applicable in new contexts) than learning that takes place with still photos or a written document. Is there a likely relationship between instructional group and transfer of learning?
a. Yes
b. No
Learning Objective: 12
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Contingency Tables
Difficulty Level: Hard
55. Which statement below is true?
a. Instructional group is unrelated to transfer of learning
b. The video group was three times more likely to transfer than the text group
c. The video group was less likely to transfer than the picture group
d. The text group was more likely to transfer than the picture group
Learning Objective: 12
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Contingency Tables
Difficulty Level: Medium
56. Examine the following table. A researcher is interested in whether learning from instruction that includes video will be more likely to transfer (be applicable in new contexts) than learning that takes place with still photos or a written document. Which statement below is true?
a. The video group was less likely to transfer than the picture group
b. The picture group had the largest number of participants show transfer
c. The picture group was more likely to transfer than the written text group
d. All groups were equally likely to show transfer of learning
Learning Objective: 12
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Contingency Tables
Difficulty Level: Hard
57. Regression analysis involves:
a. Creating a graph that shows changes across time
b. Creating a test where people do not regress toward the mean
c. A statistical procedure used to predict or explain the values of a dependent variable based on the values of one or more independent variables
d. A statistical procedure for analyzing contingency table
Learning Objective: 13
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Regression Analysis
Difficulty Level: Easy
58. A simple regression examines:
a. How two or more independent variables predict or explain the scores on a dependent variable
b. How to create a graph that shows changes across time
c. How one independent variable is confounded with another independent variable
d. The prediction or explanation of scores on one dependent variable based on the scores from one independent variable
Learning Objective: 13
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Regression Analysis
Difficulty Level: Easy
59. Multiple regression examines:
a. How two or more independent variables predict or explain the scores on a single dependent variable
b. How to create a graph that shows changes across time
c. How one independent variable is confounded with another independent variable
d. The prediction of one dependent variable from one independent variable
Learning Objective: 13
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Regression Analysis
Difficulty Level: Easy
60. In a regression equation, the Y-intercept defines:
a. The point where the regression line crosses the y-axis
b. The point where the regression line crosses the x-axis
c. The amount of change in the dependent variable per one unit change in the independent variable
d. The amount of change in the independent variable per one unit change in the dependent variable
Learning Objective: 14
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Simple Regression
Difficulty Level: Easy
61. In a simple regression, the regression coefficient tells you:
a. The mean of the variable.
b. The point where the regression line crosses the x-axis.
c. The amount of change in the dependent variable per unit change in the independent variable.
d. The amount of change in the independent variable per one unit change in the dependent variable.
Learning Objective: 14
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Simple Regression
Difficulty Level: Easy
62. Below is a regression equation predicting children’s math achievement from their parents’ education level (years of education).
Y = 1 + 2x,
where x is the number of years of parental education.
What would be the predicted score for a child whose parents had 12 years of education?
a. 15
b. 24
c. 25
d. 3
Learning Objective: 14
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Simple Regression
Difficulty Level: Hard
63. What is the difference between the regression coefficient in a simple regression and the regression coefficients in a multiple regression?
a. The simple regression coefficient is always less than one
b. The multiple regression coefficients do not control for other independent variables
c. The simple regression coefficient does not control for other independent variables
d. There are no differences between simple and multiple regression
Learning Objective: 14
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Simple Regression, Multiple Regression
Difficulty Level: Easy
64. Let us suppose we are predicting the score on a training posttest from the number of years of education and the score on an aptitude test given before training. Here is the regression equation:
Y = 25 + .5X1 +10X2,
where X1 = years of education and X2 = aptitude test score.
What is the predicted score for someone with 10 years of education and an aptitude test score of 5?
a. 25
b. 50
c. 35
d. 80
Learning Objective: 14
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Multiple Regression
Difficulty Level: Hard
65. Let us suppose we are predicting the score on a training posttest from the number of years of education and the score on an aptitude test given before training. Here is the regression equation:
Y = 25 + .5X1 +10X2,
where X1 = years of education and X2 = aptitude test score.
What does the .5 in front of X1 tell us?
a. Where the equation crosses the y-axis
b. How much change in posttest score you get per unit change in aptitude test score
c. How much change in the posttest score you get per unit change in years of education
d. How much change in the years of education you get per unit change in posttest score
Learning Objective: 14
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Multiple Regression
Difficulty Level: Medium
66. Let us suppose we are predicting the score on a training posttest from the number of years of education and the score on an aptitude test given before training. Here is the regression equation:
Y = 25 + .5X1 +10X2,
where X1 = years of education and X2 = aptitude test score.
Which of the following are true about this equation?
a. The equation is a simple regression analysis
b. The regression coefficient for aptitude test controls for years of education
c. The equation is in standard score form
d. For every unit change in X1, there is a 10 unit change in Y
Learning Objective: 13
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Multiple Regression
Difficulty Level: Medium
67. In simple regression, the _____ is defined as the predicted change in Y given a one-unit change in X.
a. Y intercept
b. Regression coefficient
c. Error term
d. X intercept
Learning Objective: 13
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Simple Regression
Difficulty Level: Easy
68. If one wishes to visualize the relationship between two quantitative variables, which of the following should be used?
a. A contingency table
b. A bar graph
c. A scatter plot
d. A frequency distribution
Learning Objective: 4
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Scatter Plots
Difficulty Level: Easy
69. When the points in a scatter plot clearly move in a bottom-left to top-right direction, one has a _______ relationship.
a. Positive
b. Negative
c. Causative
d. None of the above
Learning Objective: 4
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Scatter Plots
Difficulty Level: Hard
70. When the points in a scatter plot clearly move in a top-left to bottom-right direction, one has a _______ relationship.
a. Positive
b. Negative
c. Causative
d. None of the above
Learning Objective: 4
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Scatter Plots
Difficulty Level: Hard
71. If you sum your scores for a variable and divide that sum by the number of scores in the variable, what do you obtain?
a. Mode
b. Median
c. Mean
d. Variance
Learning Objective: 5
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Mean
Difficulty Level: Medium
72. If you square the standard deviation, what do you obtain?
a. Range
b. Variance
c. Percentile rank
d. Median
Learning Objective: 10
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Variance and Standard Deviation
Difficulty Level: Easy
73. If the owner of Microsoft moved into your neighborhood, which of the following statistical indexes for the income in your neighborhood would become radically larger?
a. Mean
b. Median
c. Mode
d. Percentile rank
Learning Objective: 6
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Mean
Difficulty Level: Medium
74. An IQ score of 100 is equivalent to a z score of ____.
a. 15
b. 1
c. 0
d. -1
Learning Objective: 11
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: z Scores
Difficulty Level: Medium
75. If you want to determine the relationship between two or more categorical variables, what should you do?
a. Calculate the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient
b. Construct a contingency table
c. Conduct a regression analysis
d. Conduct an analysis of variance
Learning Objective: 12
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Contingency Tables
Difficulty Level: Medium
76. Below is a regression equation predicting children’s math achievement from their parents’ education level (years of education). Y = 1 + 2x,
where x is the number of years of parental education.
What would be the predicted score for a child whose parents had 10 years of education?
a. 21
b. 20
c. 12
d. 11
Learning Objective: 13
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Simple Regression
Difficulty Level: Medium
77. Sally wants to graphically represent her data from her study. She collected data on the number of hours her students spent on homework every day of the week. What pictorial representation should she use for her study?
a. A bar graph.
b. A histogram
c. A contingency table
d. A scatter plot
Learning Objective: 4
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Histograms
Difficulty Level: Medium
78. In a scatter plot, when the dots are close together and fall in a relatively straight slanted line, what does this suggest?
a. A strong positive or negative relationship
b. A curvilinear relationship
c. A dispersal of data that should be discarded
d. A weak positive or negative relationship
Learning Objective: 4
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Scatter Plot
Difficulty Level: Medium
79. While studying families living in an inner city neighborhood (where most of the residents have incomes well below the poverty level), Dr. Westbrook found that one resident was actually a very wealthy individual. In terms of income level this person would be considered:
a. A variance
b. A standard deviation
c. An outlier
d. A mode
Learning Objective: 6
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: A Comparison of the Mean, Median, and Mode
Difficulty Level: Medium
80. A measure of variability is a numerical index:
a. of the central tendency of the data values in a set of data
b. that indicates how spread out the data values are in a set of data
c. that indicates the level of skewness of the data
d. that indicates if two variables vary together
Learning Objective: 9
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Measures of Variability
Difficulty Level: Medium
81. A researcher gathered the following set of data: 54, 56, 56, 56, 57, 57, 58, 58, 59, 59. Which term would best describe these data?
a. Homogeneous
b. Heterogeneous
c. Skewed
d. Homoscedastic
Learning Objective: 9
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Measures of Variability
Difficulty Level: Medium
82. A researcher is planning a study that has one dependent variable and two independent variables. Which data analysis procedure would she use?
a. Simple regression analysis
b. Standard deviation analysis
c. Multiple regression analysis
d. z score analysis
Learning Objective: 13
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Multiple Regression
Difficulty Level: Easy
83. Joe wants to make assumptions about characteristics of a population based upon his sample. In order to do this he must use:
a. Descriptive statistics
b. Inferential statistics
c. Multiple regression
d. Point estimates
Learning Objective: 1, 2
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Chapter Introduction
Difficulty Level: Medium
84. If you wanted to characterize, summarize, and/or explain data you had collected you would use:
a. Descriptive statistics
b. Inferential statistics
c. Multiple regression
d. Hypothesis testing
Learning Objective: 1, 2
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Chapter Introduction
Difficulty Level: Medium
85. Helen has used vertical bars to represent her categorical data. She has created a:
a. Frequency distribution
b. Histogram
c. Scatterplot
d. Bar graph
Learning Objective: 4
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Bar Graphs
Difficulty Level: Medium
86. Line graphs should used to depict:
a. Nominal variables only
b. Categorical variables only
c. Trends over time
d. Percentile ranks
Learning Objective: 4
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Line Graphs
Difficulty Level: Easy
87. Which measure of variability is used the least by researchers?
a. Average
b. Range
c. Standard deviation
d. Variance
Learning Objective: 9
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Range
Difficulty Level: Easy
88. With IQ scores with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, what is the range of scores between which 95% of people should score?
a. 100 and 130
b. 85 and 115
c. 70 and 100
d. 70 and 130
Learning Objective: 9
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Standard Deviation and the Normal Distribution
Difficulty Level: Hard
89. Scores that have been converted from one scale to another to have a particular mean and standard deviation are called:
a. Percentile ranks
b. Deviation scores
c. Change scores
d. Standard scores
Learning Objective: 11
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Measures of Relative Standing
Difficulty Level: Easy
90. The regression line is:
a. The line that splits the distribution in half
b. The line that best fits a pattern of observations
c. A line between the median and the mean
d. A line between the median and the mode
Learning Objective: 13
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Simple Regression
Difficulty Level: Medium
91. For the following set of scores: 100, 150, 200, 250, 275, 300, 500. What is the median?
a. 221
b. 250
c. 200
d. 500
Learning Objective: 5
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Median
Difficulty Level: Medium
92. Harold needs to calculate a median. The scores he has are: 10, 1, 9, 3, 4, 8, 6, 5, 2, and 7. The median is:
a. 4.5
b. 5
c. 5.5
d. 6
Learning Objective: 5
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Median
Difficulty Level: Hard
93. On his statistics test, Tom has to calculate a mean on the following scores: 5, 5, 10, 15, and 15. What answer should he come up with?
a. 5
b. 9
c. 10
d. 15
Learning Objective: 5
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Mean
Difficulty Level: Hard
94. Claudia calculated the standard deviation for her data. The value she came up with was 9. What is the variance for her data?
a. 3
b. 9
c. 10
d. 81
Learning Objective: 10
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Variance and Standard Deviation
Difficulty Level: Hard
95. Charlie was looking at the variability of his data. The range for his sample was 150. The variance for his sample was 49. What is the standard deviation for the sample?
a. 7
b. 9
c. 101
d. There is not enough information to tell.
Learning Objective: 10
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Variance and Standard Deviation
Difficulty Level: Hard
96. In regression, the slope of the regression line is indicated by the:
a. range
b. y intercept
c. regression coefficient
d. partial regression coefficient
Learning Objective: 14
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Simple Regression
Difficulty Level: Easy
True-False
1. In a grouped frequency distribution, each row represents a unique value of the variable, the second column is the frequency of that value in the population, and the third column is the percentage of all responses at that value of the variable.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 3
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Frequency Distributions
Difficulty Level: Medium
2. The two subfields in descriptive statistics are estimation and hypothesis testing.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 2
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Chapter Introduction, Figure 18.1
Difficulty Level: Easy
3. The two subfields in hypothesis testing are point and interval exploration.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 2
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Chapter Introduction, Figure 18.1
Difficulty Level: Easy
4. The two subfields in estimation are point and interval estimation.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 2
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Chapter Introduction, Figure 18.1
Difficulty Level: Easy
5. A histogram is a graphic that shows the frequencies and shape that characterize a quantitative variable.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 4
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Histogram
Difficulty Level: Easy
6. If the owner of Microsoft moved into your neighborhood, the distribution of incomes in your neighborhood would become highly skewed to the right.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 7
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: A Comparison of the Mean, Median, and Mode
Difficulty Level: Medium
7. When a distribution of data is perfectly symmetrical, the mean, median, and mode will have the same value.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 8
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: A Comparison of the Mean, Median, and Mode
Difficulty Level: Easy
8. If the mean is less than the median, the data are probably skewed to the right.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 8
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: A Comparison of the Mean, Median, and Mode
Difficulty Level: Medium
9. If the mean is greater than the median, the data are probably skewed to the left.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 8
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: A Comparison of the Mean, Median, and Mode
Difficulty Level: Medium
10. If everyone in your neighborhood had exactly the same income, the variance would be equal to zero.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 9
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Variance and Standard Deviation
Difficulty Level: Medium
11. You take the ACT and have a percentile rank of 34. Your percentile rank shows your standing relative to a reference or norming group.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 11
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Percentile Ranks
Difficulty Level: Medium
12. A contingency table is a matrix based on two or more categorical variables used in a research study.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 12
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Contingency Tables
Difficulty Level: Easy
13. A simple regression equation includes what are called “partial regression coefficients.”
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 13
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Simple Regression, Multiple Regression
Difficulty Level: Medium
14. A partial regression coefficient shows the relationship between one IV in the multiple regression equation and the DV, controlling for the other IVs in the regression equation.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 13
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Multiple Regression
Difficulty Level: Medium
15. A partial regression coefficient is provided in simple regression but not in multiple regression.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 13
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Simple Regression, Multiple Regression
Difficulty Level: Medium
16. When data are more heterogeneous, the standard deviation will tend to be larger.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 9
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Variance and Standard Deviation
Difficulty Level: Medium
17. When the data tend to be homogeneous, the variance and standard deviation will tend to be larger.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 9
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Variance and Standard Deviation
Difficulty Level: Medium
18. A multiple regression equation based on one dependent variable and four independent variables will have two partial regression coefficients.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 13
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Simple Regression, Multiple Regression
Difficulty Level: Medium
19. The variance is the square root of the standard deviation.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 9
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Variance and Standard Deviation
Difficulty Level: Medium
20. The mean is the square root of the mode.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 5
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Mean, Mode
Difficulty Level: Easy
21. The variance is the average distance of the scores from the mean, in squared units.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 10
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Variance and Standard Deviation
Difficulty Level: Medium
22. A grouped frequency distribution contains each unique data value in the rows of the table.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 3
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Frequency Distributions
Difficulty Level: Medium
23. In a frequency distribution, data values are put into intervals and the frequencies of the intervals are reported.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 3
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Frequency Distributions
Difficulty Level: Medium
24. There is just one type of line graph.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 4
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Line Graphs
Difficulty Level: Medium
25. A measure of central tendency provides information about the variability within a distribution.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 5
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Measures of Central Tendency
Difficulty Level: Medium
26. A measure of variability provides information about the typical values of a variable.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 9
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Measures of Variability
Difficulty Level: Medium
27. “Skewed” means that a distribution is not symmetrical.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 7
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: A Comparison of the Mean, Median, and Mode
Difficulty Level: Easy
28. Percentile ranks and z scores describe where a score falls in relation to other scores in the distribution of data.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 11
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Measures of Relative Standing
Difficulty Level: Medium
29. To calculate a mean, you add up the scores and then divide the sum by the number of scores that you have.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 5
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Mean
Difficulty Level: Medium
30. To calculate a variance, you take the square root of the standard deviation.
a. True
b. False
Learning Objective: 10
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Variance and Standard Deviation
Difficulty Level: Medium
Essay
1. Compare and contrast descriptive and inferential statistics.
Learning Objective: 2
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Chapter Introduction, Descriptive Statistics
Difficulty Level: Medium
2. Describe the similarities of and differences between frequency distributions and grouped frequency distributions.
Learning Objective: 3
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Frequency Distributions
Difficulty Level: Medium
3. Explain what we mean by positive and negative skew.
Learning Objective: 7
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: A Comparison of the Mean, Median, and Mode
Difficulty Level: Medium
4. Compare and contrast simple and multiple regression.
Learning Objective: 13
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Simple Regression, Multiple Regression
Difficulty Level: Medium
5. How do the y-intercept and the regression coefficient differ?
Learning Objective: 14
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Simple Regression
Difficulty Level: Easy
Document Information
Connected Book
Educational Research 6e Answer Key + Test Bank
By Robert Burke Johnson