Final Test Bank Chapter 5 Gender Socialization - Psychology of Women and Gender 1e Complete Test Bank by Miriam Liss. DOCX document preview.
Chapter 5: Gender Socialization
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
5.1 Theories of Gender Development
5.1a. Define gender socialization, describe when and how it occurs, and identify challenges in understanding gender socialization related to binary classifications of gender.
5.1b. Distinguish between the main elements of classic psychoanalytic theories of Freud, Horney, and Chodorow, describe how each is linked to gender role development, and identify contemporary critiques of each theoretical perspective.
5.1c. Summarize the behavioral, social learning, and cognitive explanations for gender role development.
5.1d Outline the social construction approach to understanding gender role development and the implications of this approach for new understandings of the development of gender.
5.2 Sources of Gender Socialization
5.2a. Describe pervasive media messages about gender that shape individuals’ understandings of themselves and others.
5.2b. Summarize the messages about gender communicated by toys marked to girls versus boys.
5.2c. Identify the ways in which parents typically show gender-related biases with regard to their children.
5.2d. Outline the ways in which peer interactions shape gender role development.
5.2e. Summarize the ways in which school systems affect gender socialization differently for diverse children and teens.
5.3 Stages of Gender Development
5.3a. Identify when and how gender socialization begins.
5.3b. Define gender schemas and summarize typical understandings of gender among pre-school aged children.
5.3c. Explain normative shifts in the understanding of gender role development among elementary school aged girls.
5.3d. Characterize typical gender socialization processes during the adolescent years.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The complex, lifelong process of understanding oneself and others in terms of gendered expectations is known as
a. | gender socialization. |
b. | social learning. |
c. | social construction. |
d. | gender intensification. |
2. Sigmund Freud’s theory suggested that anatomical differences between girls and boys that give way to personality differences
a. | begin at about age 3. |
b. | are rooted in a type of anxiety for boys and a type of envy for girls. |
c. | are based on an assumption of male superiority and female inferiority. |
d. | All of the answer choices are correct. |
3. Freudian theories about the development of gendered personalities seem to assume which of the following?
a. | Inherent male superiority and female inferiority direct boys and girls to have different qualities. |
b. | Children are raised in two parent homes by both a mother and a father. |
c. | Boys and girls alike each show unconscious hostility toward their same-sex parent. |
d. | All of the answer options are correct. |
4. Lottie, age 4, protests when her parents embrace. She pushes her mother away and hugs her father’s leg, saying, “my daddy.” Freudian theorists might interpret Lottie’s reactions as a sign of which of the following?
a. | castration anxiety |
b. | penis envy |
c. | an Oedipus complex |
d. | an Electra complex |
5. Based on the text, at what age will a girl resolve unconscious conflicts related to gender and love for her father/envy for her mother?
a. | 3 |
b. | 7 |
c. | 12 |
d. | never |
6. According to Freudian theory, which is NOT an inherent feminine personality trait?
a. | self-harming tendencies |
b. | arrogant narcissism |
c. | passivity |
d. | nurturance |
7. From a psychoanalytic perspective, which of the following concepts BEST explains men’s objections to women having ready access to birth control and abortion?
a. | womb envy |
b. | Oedipus complex |
c. | gender intensification |
d. | social construction |
8. Jennifer and Jeffrey are fraternal twins. According to Chodorow, how are they likely to be different from one another?
a. | Jennifer will feel envy about not having a penis, which will make her hostile toward Jeffrey as well as other boys/men throughout her life. |
b. | Until age 7, Jeffrey will be anxious that his father will castrate his penis, which will make Jeffrey more similar to Jennifer. |
c. | Starting during puberty, Jeffrey will be hostile toward Jennifer because she may bear children in the future and he may not. |
d. | Both will develop a sense of self in relation to their mother; Jennifer will see herself in terms of similarity to others, whereas Jeffrey will see himself in terms of difference. |
9. According to the principles of ___________________, gender-typed behavior develops when certain behaviors are rewarded and others are punished.
a. | classical conditioning |
b. | operant conditioning |
c. | social learning theory |
d. | social constructivist theory |
10. Which of the following situations BEST exemplifies operant conditioning?
a. | Suk-ja watches her mother cook and imitates her mother by playing with her toy kitchen set. |
b. | Sarvesh decides he wants to be a football player because of how much his dad enjoys watching football games. |
c. | Sondra loves wearing pink after her father says how beautiful Sondra looks in this color. |
d. | Steve wants to help his mother with vacuuming but his mother tells him he should learn to mow the lawn instead. |
11. Which theory BEST explains the following events: after Wendy watches her mother feed and rock her new baby brother, she holds and rocks her doll and pretends to feed the doll with a bottle.
a. | Chodorow’s psychoanalytic theory |
b. | behavioral theory |
c. | social learning theory |
d. | social constructivist theory |
12. When children actively seek out information about how to behave as girls or as boys, they are exhibiting a process of
a. | self-reflection. |
b. | self-socialization. |
c. | gender intensity. |
d. | gender fluidity. |
13. Which statement BEST expresses cognitive developmental theories of gender socialization?
a. | “Environments shape how children understand gender.” |
b. | “Gender is part of the body that eventually becomes part of the mind.” |
c. | “As cognitive skills develop, children’s understanding of gender also develops.” |
d. | “Gender can only be understood based on the given sociocultural context of development” |
14. When children are about ___________ months old, they show gender labeling, or the ability to use a binary category to differentiate between girls and women versus boys and men.
a. | 15 |
b. | 24 |
c. | 30 |
d. | 40 |
15. Which of the following statements about the cognitive development of gender is LEAST accurate?
a. | Most children develop a sense of themselves as being a girl or a boy between ages 2 and 3. |
b. | Experts recommend that children who are born intersex be allowed to explore gender possibilities without being labeled with a gender assignment that may not be accurate. |
c. | The binary choices available to children who are learning to understand their own gender identity create stress for children who are not cisgender. |
d. | After children develop a sense of gender constancy, they may become less rigid in gender conforming behaviors. |
16. Which of the following focuses on how children integrate their own sense of self with the network of assumptions they’ve learned about how people with different genders are supposed to think, feel, and act?
a. | gender constancy |
b. | gender schema theory |
c. | social construction theory |
d. | postmodern theory |
17. Professor Nguyen begins her lecture with, “Because we can only understand gender in terms of the options that are socioculturally available, people in different cultures recognize and adopt different gender identities for themselves.” The topic of this lecture is most likely
a. | postmodern perspectives on gender. |
b. | gender schema theories. |
c. | gender constancy. |
d. | social learning theory. |
18. Which of the following is the theoretical perspective that BEST explains why children are expected to identify within binary categories (i.e., girl or boy) even if these labels do not feel accurate in representing their internal experience?
a. | postmodernism |
b. | gender schema theories |
c. | gender constancy |
d. | social learning theory |
19. According to ________, cultural beliefs about gender are not based on objective facts about inherent essential characteristics of gender; rather, these beliefs uphold particular social and economic systems and inequalities.
a. | gender schema theory |
b. | social construction theories |
c. | gender constancy |
d. | gender fluidity |
20. Which of the following individuals is “doing gender”?
a. | Max, who is washing his car |
b. | Maritza, who is walking her dog |
c. | Maxine, who is wearing high heels |
d. | Mark, who is playing the piano |
21. Which is the LEAST accurate description of character representation in books and stories for children?
a. | About twice as many children’s books feature a male protagonist rather than a female protagonist. |
b. | Less than a 25% of children’s books feature people of color. |
c. | In modern times, children are equally likely to encounter female and male animals in their story books. |
d. | The most common type of character with a disability in a children’s book has some type of visual limitation (e.g., an eyepatch). |
22. Concerns about gender representations raised by those who have completed content reviews of children’s books include all of the following EXCEPT
a. | women characters tend to be depicted as homemakers, rarely as paid employees. |
b. | girl characters are described as less active and powerful than boys. |
c. | girl characters are rarely protagonists in adventure stories. |
d. | boy characters are more likely than girl characters to defy gender stereotypes. |
23. Which character would you be LEAST likely to find in a children’s book?
a. | An adventurous girl who searches to find a new intergalactic system. |
b. | An adventurous girl who finds herself suddenly propelled into a new intergalactic system where she must rescue vulnerable alien babies. |
c. | An adventurous boy who searches to find a new intergalactic system. |
d. | An adventurous boy who finds himself suddenly propelled into a new intergalactic system where he must rescue vulnerable alien babies. |
24. Within a book, movie, or TV show, the Smurfette principle refers to whether
a. | women are depicted as doing anything other than talking about a topic other than a man. |
b. | women are depicted solely as beautiful with no other substantive qualities. |
c. | there is one token female character who exists only in reference to male characters. |
d. | there is one token female character who initially appears masculine but later surrenders to feminine expectations (e.g., for heterosexual marriage). |
25. How are diverse women typically depicted in TV commercials?
a. | Black women are shown as hypersexual. |
b. | Asian women are shown as tech savvy. |
c. | White women are shown as conforming to beauty ideals. |
d. | All of the answer choices are correct. |
26. In movies for children that feature a female protagonist of color (e.g., Disney’s Mulan),
a. | male and female characters speak an equal amount of time. |
b. | neither male nor female characters are sexualized. |
c. | male characters speak more often than female characters, and female characters are sexualized and scantily clad. |
d. | female characters speak more often than male characters, and male characters are sexualized and scantily clad. |
27. Youth who watch more TV and play more video games depicting gender stereotypic messages also
a. | show more gender-conforming pretend play. |
b. | develop attitudes that devalue the worth of girls and women. |
c. | are likely to believe that a women’s primary role is as a mother. |
d. | All of the answer choices are correct. |
28. Which of the following is NOT a documented gender difference in social media use among youth?
a. | Compared to boys, girls use social media less often. |
b. | Compared to boys, girls are more likely to use photo-based applications that revolve around whether and how often others “like” photos of them. |
c. | Compared to boys, girls are more likely to compare themselves to others on social media. |
d. | Compared to boys, girls are at greater risk for depression related to negative peer feedback. |
29. Elisa wants to buy her nephew a toy that encourages nurturing. Based on research in the text, Elisa is most likely to interest him in playing with a doll if it
a. | has fangs. |
b. | is blue. |
c. | is angular. |
d. | is male. |
30. Toys marketed for girls tend to
a. | be packaged in pink. |
b. | involve domestic and nurturing tasks. |
c. | focus attention on beauty and appearance. |
d. | All of the answer choices are correct. |
31. Toys that advance children’s cognitive skills, such as microscopes, tend to be viewed as
a. | masculine. |
b. | gender neutral. |
c. | feminine. |
d. | gender fluid. |
32. Toys that feature bold colors, action, and construction tend to be viewed as
a. | masculine. |
b. | gender neutral. |
c. | feminine. |
d. | gender fluid. |
33. Based on a meta-analysis of how parents treat sons versus daughters, research shows that parents report greater ___________ toward sons than daughters.
a. | love |
b. | warmth |
c. | affection |
d. | None of the answer options is correct. |
34. Parents tend to treat their daughters and sons differently in all of the following ways EXCEPT
a. | who is assigned which type of chores. |
b. | which emotional states receive attention. |
c. | in expressing warmth and affection. |
d. | in permitting risk-taking behavior. |
35. Research has shown that mothers exhibit which of the following biases based on their child’s gender?
a. | Working women under stress rely more on daughters than sons to help around the house. |
b. | Mothers underestimated the physical abilities of 11-month-old infant daughters but not sons. |
c. | Mothers responded more favorably to daughters than sons who showed sadness. |
d. | All of the answer options are correct. |
36. Based on past research on fathers’ responses to their children, which of the following would you predict about Morty’s behavior toward his son and daughter?
a. | Morty will be sensitive to his son’s anger and his daughter’s sadness. |
b. | Morty will encourage his son’s academic achievement more so than his daughter’s. |
c. | Morty will spend more time with his daughter than his son in order to teach her athletic skills. |
d. | Morty will spend more time with his son than his daughter in order to enhance his athletic skills. |
37. Social class is related to how parents socialize their children with regard to gender; parents who are lower class and lower-middle class tend to be which of the following, compared to those who are middle and upper-middle class in how they treat their daughters and sons?
a. | more traditional |
b. | less traditional |
c. | equally traditional |
d. | less traditional if they are also White |
38. Which of the following parents are MOST likely to foster flexible attitudes about gender in their children?
a. | Tina and Lisa, who are a lesbian married couple parenting two daughters |
b. | Tom and Laura, who are a heterosexual cohabiting couple parenting one son and one daughter |
c. | Theo and LeeAnn, who are a heterosexual and recently-engaged couple now that LeAnn is pregnant with their first child |
d. | Tristram and Leona, who are a heterosexual married couple parenting two sons |
39. The tendency for children to affiliate with others of the same gender and to avoid those of the other gender is known as
a. | borderwork. |
b. | gender intensification. |
c. | gender segregation. |
d. | gender snobbery. |
40. Liam is crying because a girl in his class grabbed his arm and told him he now has girl germs that won’t wash off. The children in this class are enacting which of the following concepts?
a. | borderwork |
b. | gender intensification |
c. | gender segregation |
d. | gender snobbery |
41. Popular _____ are permitted by peers to violate gender stereotypes, and they also ______________.
a. | boys; ignore when other children violate stereotypes |
b. | boys; police other children to ensure that they conform to stereotypes |
c. | girls; ignore when other children violate stereotypes |
d. | girls; police other children to ensure that they conform to stereotypes |
42. Popular girls are different from popular boys in terms of being
a. | physically attractive. |
b. | bright. |
c. | socially skilled. |
d. | financially well-off. |
43. Regina and Ronald both earned a perfect score on their World History exam. Based on research from the text on how teachers make sense of student success, how will their teacher understand each student’s perfect score?
a. | Regina is smart; Ronald worked hard. |
b. | Regina worked hard; Ronald is smart. |
c. | Regina and Ronald both worked hard; Ronald is also smart. |
d. | Regina and Ronald are both smart; Ronald also worked hard. |
44. Which of the following refers to the ways in which the school environment indirectly teaches norms, beliefs, and values?
a. | hidden curriculum |
b. | curricular reform |
c. | boundary work |
d. | stereotype threat |
45. Which of the following statements is LEAST accurate about disciplinary practices in high school?
a. | Dress codes are enforced to restrict girls’ clothing choices that are presumed to arouse boys. |
b. | Although Black girls are somewhat more likely to be suspended than White girls, Black boys are nine times more likely to be suspended than White boys. |
c. | Black girls with darker skin are more likely to be suspended than those with lighter skin. |
d. | Black girls are perceived as needing less nurturance and protection just by virtue of not being White. |
46. Which of the following is the LEAST accurate statement about ultrasound use?
a. | Use of an ultrasound to determine the sex of a fetus is a common practice in developed countries. |
b. | The primary purpose of an ultrasound is to determine fetal sex. |
c. | A majority of pregnant women report wanting to know the sex of the baby they will birth. |
d. | Ultrasounds are sometimes used to determine the sex of a fetus and then to selectively abort female children. |
47. Research shows that expectations about a new baby related to that baby’s sex emerge
a. | before conception. |
b. | when the fetus begins to move. |
c. | in the first trimester. |
d. | in the second trimester. |
48. A gender reveal party
a. | celebrates the apparent sex of the fetus based on the results of an ultrasound. |
b. | is based on the assumption that gender and sex are the same. |
c. | presumes that the baby will be readily identifiable as a boy or girl after birth. |
d. | All of the options are correct. |
49. When a new baby is born, “Is it a boy or a girl?” is the first question about _____ % of the time.
a. | 40 |
b. | 60 |
c. | 80 |
d. | 100 |
50. You are holding a newborn baby dressed in all white asleep against your shoulder. Someone asks if the baby is a boy or a girl. If you say, “_____,” research suggests that the person who asked is MOST likely to mention the word, “_______”
a. | girl; bold |
b. | boy; sweet |
c. | girl; sweet |
d. | boy; precious |
51. Which of the following children appears to have a normative cognitive understanding of gender?
a. | Benita, who is 1 year old, knows she is a girl. |
b. | Bridget, who is 2 1/2 years old, says that dolls are for girls and cars are for boys. |
c. | Beto, who is 4 years old, says that it’s okay for boys to like pink and for girls to like Superman, since everyone is different. |
d. | Brian, who is 5 years old, says that if he grows his hair long he will be a girl. |
52. Which of the following is true about children who exhibit gender rigidity?
a. | They may correct other people who seem to be violating gender normative expectations. |
b. | They think in absolute terms (i.e., all boys, all girls) and not relative terms (i.e., most boys, most girls). |
c. | They may be cisgender or transgender. |
d. | All of the answer options are correct. |
53. Which of the following children is showing the LEAST gender rigidity?
a. | Joaquim, who says hotdogs are for girls, hamburgers are for boys |
b. | Janet, who says that cooking is for moms, driving is for dads |
c. | Jolene, who says she can’t be a doctor when she grows up because women are nurses |
d. | José, who plays pretend using his sister’s doll house |
54. Which of the following is the LEAST accurate statement about how gender rigidity manifests in young children?
a. | White children show the least gender rigidity of all racial/ethnic groups. |
b. | Gender rigidity peaks between ages 3 and 4 regardless of race/ethnicity. |
c. | Children with gender rigidity typically play only with same gender peers. |
d. | Gender rigidity affects children’s own behavior as well as how they evaluate the behaviors of others. |
55. What makes the preschool years especially significant for parents of transgender children?
a. | Transgender children typically show gender rigidity regarding their gender identity. |
b. | Parents have to decide what they will tell the school or child care facility about their child’s gender identity. |
c. | Transgender children may be subjected to peer bullying at school or child care facilities. |
d. | All of the answer options are correct. |
56. About how many elementary school aged girls identify themselves as tomboys?
a. | 3 to 13% |
b. | 15 to 30% |
c. | 33 to 50% |
d. | 50 to 66% |
57. Ayla, an elementary school aged girl, is no longer interested in dressing in princess outfits and instead wants to join a soccer team. Which is a likely reason for this shift?
a. | Ayla probably is less rigid about stereotypes generally, including gender stereotypes. |
b. | Ayla has probably learned that stereotypes can exist and also that they don’t always apply to all people. |
c. | Ayla has probably developed a sense of gender constancy, so that she can play sports without feeling a threat to her sense of self as female. |
d. | All of the answer options are likely explanations for this shift. |
58. Which child is most likely to have shown a shift to be more flexible and less rigid in gender typing?
a. | Ahmed, who is 4 years old |
b. | Allison, who is 5 years old |
c. | Alexander, who is 6 years old |
d. | Arlene, who is 8 years old |
59. Which of the following is true of public regard?
a. | It refers to an awareness that others may not value one’s own social group. |
b. | It refers to a realization that children may develop about the world as androcentric despite girls’ achievements. |
c. | It may emerge in relation to noticing skewed gender representation (e.g., the number of female presidents in U.S. history, the number of female Nobel Prize winners). |
d. | All of the answer options are correct. |
60. Jyla is an 11-year-old tomboy. Based on the research, which is LEAST likely also true about her?
a. | Jyla believes that her mother’s life is exciting and fulfilling. |
b. | Jyla is comfortable with other people who are gender nonconforming. |
c. | Jyla may support the idea that people should follow their interests over expectations related to gender. |
d. | Jyla is popular among her peers. |
61. The process that often begins in adolescence during which girls and boys start to more rigidly enact their gender roles is known as
a. | gender rigidity. |
b. | gender intensification. |
c. | gender stereotyping. |
d. | genderism. |
62. Which of the following is NOT a reason why some girls who are tomboys become more gender conforming in adolescence?
a. | Gender non-conforming adolescents are at risk for social exclusion. |
b. | Feeling like one is an atypical girl is related to social anxiety and trouble in school a year later. |
c. | Tomboys become seen as gender conforming as norms for femininity shift over time. |
d. | None of the answer options is correct; all are reasons why tomboys become more gender conforming during adolescence. |
63. Addison is a gender non-conforming eighth grader. Based on research from the text, Addison is likely to
a. | show high academic achievement. |
b. | be perceived by peers to be LGBTQ+. |
c. | express an interest in the creative arts. |
d. | express an interest in STEM fields. |
64. How does gender intensification manifest differently in girls versus in boys across the adolescent years (from fifth to ninth grade)?
a. | Girls become more masculine over time; boys do not. |
b. | Girls become more feminine over time; boys do not. |
c. | Both girls and boys become slightly more feminine over time, with no changes in masculinity. |
d. | Both girls and boys become slightly more masculine over time, with no changes in femininity. |
65. Which of the following BEST explains why girls who experience early puberty are at risk for negative consequences, such as depression and delinquency?
a. | They are confused about their bodily changes, which may create an identity crisis of sorts. |
b. | They feel like outcasts because they look different from most of their peer group. |
c. | They spend time with older peers and may engage in behaviors they are not prepared to manage. |
d. | They feel less confident about their academic skills. |
1. Defend the argument that the typical gender socialization processes reflect the greater value placed on men and masculinity as compared to women and femininity. Provide at least three specific examples of how this manifests to support your argument.
2. Explain Nancy Chodorow’s feminist psychoanalytic theory of gender development and outline at least two contemporary critiques of her theory.
3. Dan and Mark are brothers who play together in a group daycare setting. Dan is in pre-kindergarten, and he knows he is a boy and feels strongly that boys should avoid activities or qualities associated with girls. Mark is in second grade, and he knows that he is a boy and will remain a boy even if he were to put a bow in his hair or wear high heels. Using gender schema theory and related concepts, describe what each boy likely knows about his own gender. In addition, predict how each boy would likely act if invited to play with a doll or other stereotypically feminine toy.
4. Describe the social construction of gender specifically in terms of books marketed for children. What are at least three different ways in which girls and boys are represented in books that shape gender development?
5. Jeannine and David are expecting fraternal twins, a boy and a girl. They want to make sure that each of their children is able to develop into their authentic selves, regardless of whether or not each child’s personal interests match with gendered expectations for boys and girls. Based on the research presented on common biases that parents exhibit toward young children, offer Jeannine and David specific advice to help them identify and prevent engaging in potential gender-related biases with their twins.
6. The hidden curriculum refers to the ways in which the school environment indirectly teaches norms, beliefs, and values. Briefly describe at least two specific ways (formal, informal, or both) in which school environments regulate teens and pressure them into conforming to so-called normal behavior that upholds broader structural privileges related to gender, race, and/or and sexuality.
7. Maritza and AJ are worried about their daughter, Sami. Sami rejects the color pink, no longer plays with her dolls or Barbies, and instead spends time with soccer and other stereotypically masculine activities. Their neighbors refer to Sami as a “tomboy.” Provide an explanation for Maritza and AJ that would settle their worries about Sami.
8. Title IX policies provide equal opportunities for girls and boys in high school to participate in sporting activities. Argue for the importance of such policies by describing at least three specific benefits of sports participation for adolescent girls.
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Psychology of Women and Gender 1e Complete Test Bank
By Miriam Liss