Final Test Bank Answers Chapter 19 Plants

Chapter 19

Plants

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following is not a characteristic of all plants?

1. They are autotrophs.
2. They are eukaryotes.
3. They are multicellular organisms.
4. They are heterotrophs.
5. They carry out photosynthesis.

2. The organelle that contains chlorophyll a and carries out photosynthesis in plants is the

1. central vacuole.
2. cell membrane.
3. Golgi body.
4. mitochondrium.
5. chloroplast.
6. In flowering plants, the gametophyte
7. is larger than the sporophyte.
8. is smaller than the sporophyte.
9. is both smaller than the sporophyte and can grow independently.
10. can grow independently of the sporophyte.
11. is both larger than the sporophyte and can grow independently.
12. In plants, the
13. diploid zygote develops into the gametophyte.
14. diploid zygote develops into the sporophyte.
15. haploid gametophyte develops into the sporophyte.
16. haploid zygote develops into the sporophyte.
17. haploid gametophyte produces gametes by meiosis.
18. The part of the plant that absorbs water and nutrients is the

A. root.

B. stem.

C. stomata.

D. leaves.

E. cuticle.

1. The tissue of the vascular plant that conducts water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves is the
2. phloem.
3. xylem.
4. cuticle.
5. root.
6. stomata.
7. Openings in plant leaves called allow for the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen.
8. cuticle
9. phloem
10. stomata
11. root
12. xylem
13. The part of the vascular plant that is a waxy coating to minimize water loss from leaves is the
14. phloem.
15. cuticle.
16. xylem.
17. stoma.
18. root.
19. The part of the vascular plant that transports sugars produced by photosynthesis to the nongreen parts of the plant is the
20. stomata.
21. xylem.
22. phloem.
23. cuticle.
24. root.
25. After a biology field trip, you make a thin section of a flowering plant stem. You observe these two main sets of cells: the lower set of cells is large, has thick walls, and tests positive for the lignin molecule, while the smaller, but uniform red cells do not have lignin. From this evidence, you conclude that the larger cells with lignin are
26. rhizoids.
27. phloem.
28. xylem.
29. cuticles.
30. stomata.
31. Production of the lignin molecule in xylem cells is an adaptation that gives vascular plants the ability to
32. promote active transport pumping of water and nutrients in each cell.
33. grow tall and form branches.
34. reduce water loss to the atmosphere.
35. All of the answer choices are correct.
36. transport sugars produced in photosynthesis.

12. In dry weather, plants reduce water loss by closing their

1. gap junctions.
2. stomata.
3. cell membranes.
4. None of the answer choices is correct.
5. vascular tissues.

13. In gymnosperms and angiosperms, a plant embryo (young sporophyte) packaged with a food supply in a tough outer coat is a

1. sperm.
2. seed.
3. pollen grain.
4. gemmae.
5. fruit.

14. Which of the following is not a member of the gymnosperms?

1. cycads
2. conifers
3. ginkgos
4. ferns
5. gnetophytes

15. The term gymnosperm literally means

1. naked ovule.
2. clothed ovule.
3. naked seed.
4. clothed sperm.
5. clothed seed.
6. The four phyla of the gymnosperms are
7. conifers, monocotyledons, dicotyledons, and cycads.
8. monocotyledons, dicotyledons, conifers, and cycads.
9. conifers, cycads, ginkgos, and gnetophytes.
10. horsetails, true ferns, whisk ferns, and club mosses.
11. mosses, liverworts, club mosses, and hornworts.
12. Conifers produce
13. only seeds in cones.
14. only flowers.
15. both seeds and pollen in cones.
16. pollen in flowers and seeds in cones.
17. only pollen in cones.
18. The adaptive benefit of flowers in the angiosperms is that they
19. are structures of plants that are only ornamental and have no reproductive value in plants.
20. produce both pollen and egg cells.
21. are produced by both gymnosperms and angiosperms.
22. produce egg cells only.
23. produce pollen only.
24. A cotyledon is
25. a nutritional resource for the embryo plant.

B. a spore-like structure used for reproduction in plants.

C. the first leaf structure to arise in the embryo of an angiosperm.

D. a part of the fruit tissues of the plant.

E. both a nutritional resource and the first leaf for the embryonic plant.

1. The two classes that make up the angiosperms are
2. mosses and club mosses.
3. horsetails and ferns.
4. conifers and gnetophytes.
5. ginkgos and cycads.
6. monocots and eudicots.
7. A gaseous hormone produced by plants that helps control fruit ripening is
8. carbon dioxide.
9. auxin.
10. ethylene.
11. chlorophyll.
12. carotene.
13. Flowers and fruits are unique to
14. gymnosperms.
15. angiosperms.
16. conifers.
17. bryophytes.
18. cycads.
19. In angiosperms, double fertilization
20. must happen to the pollen, forming the male gametophyte, and also to the egg, forming the female gametophyte.
21. happens in the eudicot group of plants with two cotyledons.
22. is a pairing of fertilization events, with one forming the sporophyte and the other forming the gametophyte.
23. results in the diploid zygote, and the triploid endosperm.
24. produces the four microspores in the male, and the four megaspores in the female.

24. The fruits of plants function in

1. seed dispersal.
2. providing food for animals and seed protection.
3. providing food for animals.
4. seed protection.
5. seed protection and seed dispersal.

25. In a biology lab experiment, you and your classmates planted seeds from eudicot and monocot plants in soil that had been processed to remove nutrients. The seeds of each plant were still able to perform metabolism, enabling them to germinate and develop into seedlings. The nutrients were provided from the

1. spore coat.
2. seed coat.
3. endosperm.
4. pollen grain.
5. fruit.

26. What adaptation arose in plants that allowed the uptake of water and minerals in a terrestrial environment?

1. development of stomata
2. production of pollen
3. production of lignin
4. production of a cuticle

E.development of roots

27. What adaptation arose in plants that allowed the uptake of gases without drying out on land?

1. production of a cuticle
2. development of stomata
3. production of pollen
4. development of vascular tissue
5. production of lignin

28. Plants and algae most recently shared a common ancestor 480 million years ago, and plants colonized land shortly after that. In sexual reproduction, an alga simply releases gametes into the water, and the current carries the sex cells to another individual. What adaptation arose in gymnosperms and angiosperms that allowed reproduction on dry land and over great distances?

1. development of stomata
2. production of lignin
3. development of vascular tissue
4. production of pollen
5. production of a cuticle
6. Some evidence that algae are the closest relatives to plants is that they both

A. have chloroplasts.

B. contain chlorophyll a.

1. have cellulose-rich cell walls.
2. use starch as a nutrient reserve.
3. All of the answer choices are correct.
4. Gymnosperms and angiosperms are able to live and reproduce in much drier habitats than bryophytes and plants such as club mosses. The adaptations that are most responsible for reproduction in drier habitats are
5. spores and gemmae.
6. seeds, spores, and fronds.
7. vascular tissue, spores, fronds, and gemmae.
8. pollen grains and seeds.
9. All of the answer choices are correct.
10. What key adaptation distinguishes ferns from bryophytes?
11. Ferns do not require water to reproduce.
12. Ferns go through alternation of generations.

C. Ferns are also heterotrophs.

D. Ferns are able to conduct photosynthesis.

E. Ferns have a vascular system, which allows them to grow taller.

1. What key adaptation distinguishes gymnosperms from ferns?
2. Gymnosperms produce pollen and do not require water to reproduce.
3. Gymnosperms can produce flowers and fruits to aid in seed dispersal.

C. Gymnosperms have a vascular system, which allows them to grow taller.

1. Gymnosperms go through alternation of generations.
2. Gymnosperms can grow larger gametophytes.
3. What key advantage do angiosperms have over gymnosperms?
4. Angiosperms go through alternation of generations.
5. The angiosperms can produce spores which are more stable than seeds from gymnosperms.
6. Angiosperms produce pollen and do not require water to reproduce.
7. Angiosperms can produce flowers and fruits to aid in seed dispersal.
8. Angiosperms have a vascular system, which allowed them to grow taller.
9. Fossil evidence places the origin of angiosperms in the Jurassic period, at least 144 million years ago. The major lineages of angiosperms today were in place approximately 100 million years ago. Now, angiosperms make up 95% of all modern plant species. What relationship between angiosperms and animals may have aided the rapid diversification of flowering plants?
10. Animals eating the plants helped to disperse both pollen and seeds.
11. Competition with animals helped spread pollen and seeds.
12. Animals died off, allowing more plants to survive.
13. Animals became carnivores, allowing plants to survive.
14. Coevolution with animals helped spread pollen and seeds.
15. In alternation of generations, a haploid gametophyte goes through mitosis to form a gamete.

A. haploid

B. sporo-

1. tetraploid
2. diploid

E. micro-

1. In alternation of generations, a diploid sporophyte goes through meiosis to form spores.
2. haploid
3. tetraploid

C. endo-

D. diploid

E. gameto-

1. In alternation of generations, two haploid gametes fuse in fertilization to form a zygote.
2. tetraploid
3. haploid

C. gametophytic

D. diploid

E. triploid

1. In angiosperms, pollen is the product of a haploid microspore dividing mitotically. Therefore, pollen is
2. a sporophyte.
3. a seed.
4. a gametophyte.
5. a spore.
6. sperm.
7. In the life cycle of plants, what is the difference between a seed and a spore?
8. Seeds are diploid, and can grow directly into a gametophyte.
9. Seeds are haploid, and can grow directly into a sporophyte.
10. Seeds are diploid, and can grow directly into a sporophyte.
11. Seeds are haploid, and can grow directly into a gametophyte.

E. None of the answer choices is correct.

1. Arabidopsis thaliana is a small angiosperm related to mustard that is commonly used in plant research experiments. In one experiment, an antifreeze protein from a species of bacteria was inserted into the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana, and the plants were exposed to freezing temperatures. Plants without the antifreeze protein had 90% mortality,

while those with the antifreeze protein only had 20% mortality. What was the dependent variable in this experiment?

1. the bacteria
2. the temperature
3. Arabidopsis thaliana
4. the percent of the plants surviving
5. the presence or absence of the antifreeze proteins
6. Which of the following was the last to appear in the fossil record?

A. pines and other gymnosperms

B. all major groups of plants we see today

1. mosses and other bryophytes
2. ferns and other seedless vascular plants
3. angiosperms (flowering plants)
4. When studying an ancient ecosystem's organisms, what was the advantage of looking for DNA samples in permafrost?
5. The freezing temperature preserves the DNA.
6. The enzymes that make DNA are still active in the cells.
7. Areas with permafrost are older than other parts of the world, allowing scientists to collect samples back 1.5 to 2 million years.
8. It is easier to take solid core samples.
9. Most plants and animals evolved in Siberia.
10. Why did the authors choose to look for the rubisco gene in the DNA samples taken from permafrost?
11. It is used in respiration by all plants.
12. It is used in photosynthesis by all plants.
13. Plant cells do not have a nucleus.
14. Plant cells do not have mitochondria.
15. It is only present in angiosperms (flowering plants).
16. Why did the authors choose to look specifically for vertebrate mitochondrial genes in their core samples?
17. Only vertebrates eat plants.
18. Animal cells do not have chloroplasts.
19. Animal cells do not have a nucleus.
20. Animals would have been present in Beringia before plants.
21. They wanted to distinguish animal mitochondria from plant mitochondria.

1. Of the three plants measured in the figure, which requires water to allow sperm to swim to the egg?

A. shrubs

B. All of the plant groups rely on sperm swimming to the egg in water.

1. None of the plant groups relies on sperm swimming to the egg in water.
2. mosses
3. herbs
4. In the figure, the decrease of herbs (grasses) and increase in mosses would suggest that the climate in Siberia has become in the past 10,000 years.
5. drier
6. wetter
7. hotter

D. more windy

1. In suggesting alternative hypotheses to explain the figure above, your lab partner states that perhaps mosses didn't evolve until recently, which is why they increase after herbs and shrubs. Which of the following would be the best response to your lab partner?

A. If you look carefully at the graph, there were a few mosses present 300,000 years ago, so they probably arose then.

B. The percent of moss species has actually been steadily increasing since 300,000 years ago as climates became drier.

C. Mosses are bryophytes and resemble early plants, so increases in more recent years more likely indicate a shift in climate.

D. Mosses are angiosperms, so they didn't become widespread until the climate was dry enough for pollen transfer.

E. Mammoths probably ate the mosses, so they did not appear until after the mammoths went extinct.

48. Mosses are an example of which of the following?

1. primary consumers
2. detritovores
3. decomposers
4. autotrophs
5. heterotrophs

True / False Questions

49. Molecular evidence suggests that plants and green algae did not descend from a common ancestor.

True False

1. Stomata allow plants to exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen with the atmosphere.

True False

1. In bryophytes, the sporophyte is conspicuous or dominant.

True False