Chapter 20 Verified Test Bank Fungi

Chapter 20

Fungi

Multiple Choice Questions

1. In the ecosystems of the world, fungi act primarily as
2. primary consumers.
3. producers.
4. decomposers.
5. detritovores.
6. secondary consumers.
7. Yeasts are
8. multicelled heterotrophs.
9. All of the answer choices are correct.
10. single-celled autotrophs.
11. single-celled heterotrophs.
12. multicelled autotrophs.
13. Fungi and animals are similar in that they both
14. are phototrophs.
15. are heterotrophs.
16. are decomposers.
17. use starch as their main storage carbohydrate.
18. have cell walls made of chitin.
19. Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the characteristics of fungi?
20. Fungi have cellulose as the main component of their cell walls.
21. Fungi carry out photosynthesis.
22. Fungi obtain nutrients through organic matter.
23. Glycogen is the main storage carbohydrate in fungi.
24. All of the answer choices are correct.
25. The main nutrient storage molecule in fungi is
26. cellulose, a carbohydrate.
27. glycogen, a carbohydrate.
28. chitin, a carbohydrate.
29. starch, a polysaccharide.
30. glucose, a monosaccharide.
31. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is commonly referred to as
32. common bread mold.
33. the "false morel."
34. the "death angel."
35. bread yeast.
36. an antibiotic producer.
37. The individual microscopic filaments that make up most of a multicellular fungus are
38. gills.
39. spores.
40. fruiting bodies.
41. chitin.
42. hyphae.
43. Microscopic reproductive cells produced by most fungi are
44. hyphae.
45. fruiting bodies.
46. spores.
47. gills.
48. mycelium.
49. In biology lab, you have just collected a sample of fungus. With magnification, you can see that there are individual filaments of cells that make up the visual mass

you collected. This larger collection of the individual filaments is called a

1. gill.
2. mycelium.
3. ascus.
4. conidia.
5. spore.
6. The spore-producing structure of aggregated hyphae, as shown in the diagram below, is the

1. hyphae.
2. gills.
3. sporophytes.
4. mycelium.
5. fruiting body.

11. Fungi are classified into phyla based on the

1. number of cells, multicellular or unicellular.
2. composition of the cell wall.
3. ability to undergo photosynthesis.
4. organelles.
5. sexual structures.

12. The familiar growth form represented by edible mushrooms, as well as some poisonous mushrooms, is associated with the phylum.

1. Zygomycota
2. Ascomycota
3. Chytridiomycota
4. Basidiomycota
5. Glomeromycota

13. Fungi that can live only in mycorrhizal association with roots of plants may be placed into phylum

1. Symbiomycota.
2. Ascomycota.
3. Deuteromycota.
4. Rootomycota.
5. Glomeromycota.

14. The fungi that are referred to as ancient fungi are

1. deuteromycetes.
2. basidiomycetes.
3. ascomycetes.
4. chytridiomycetes.
5. zygomycetes.
6. Zygospores are formed when two haploid hyphae fuse. Zygospores are which of the following?
7. sterile
8. asexual
9. dikaryotic
10. haploid
11. diploid
12. Associations of fungi and plant roots are called
13. root forks.
14. mycorrhizae.
15. lichens.
16. gnetophytes.
17. rhizoids.
18. Valley fever, a medical condition caused by Coccidioides immitis, is caused by
19. common allergic reactions that many people have to the fungus.
20. entry of the fungal spores by inhalation.
21. toxins produced by the fungus.
22. a mutation of the common fungal inhabitant of human hair, nails, and skin.
23. eating the fruiting body, rather than the mycelium of the fungus.
24. A disease-causing fungus found in bird droppings is called
25. Histoplasma capsulatum.
26. Aspergillus flavus.
27. Claviceps purpurea.
28. Staphylococcus aureus.
29. Coccidioides immitis.
30. A plant disease called ergot is caused by
31. Coccidioides immitis.
32. Histoplasma capsulatum.
33. Aspergillus flavus.
34. Claviceps purpurea.
35. Staphylococcus aureus.
36. The carcinogen aflatoxin is produced by the fungus
37. Claviceps purpurea.
38. Staphylococcus aureus.
39. Coccidioides immitis.
40. Histoplasma capsulatum.
41. Aspergillus flavus.
42. Chytridiomycetes produce enzymes that digest cellulose, chitin, and similar molecules. These fungi are contributing to the decline of amphibians worldwide through what mechanism?
43. by digesting cellulose in the cell wall of the frog's cells
44. by digesting chitin in the cell wall of the frog's cells
45. by infecting their lungs
46. by killing their eggs in the water
47. by digesting keratin in the frog's skin
48. Chytridiomycetes produce enzymes that digest cellulose, chitin, and similar molecules. Because of this, they are found in the digestive tract of
49. lichens.
50. ruminants.
51. plants.
52. frogs.
53. people.
54. During the treatment of a bacterial infection with antibiotic, the yeast Candida can grow out of control and cause a vaginal or intestinal infection. What is the best explanation for fungal infection?
55. There are fewer bacteria present to compete with the yeast.
56. Antibiotics are often contaminated with Candida yeast.
57. The antibiotic weakens the immune system.

D. Bacteria normally digest yeast cells.

E. The antibiotic causes mutations in the yeast that give the yeast resistance.

1. A lichen is made up of which two types of organisms?
2. a fungus and a nonvascular plant species
3. a fungus and an algal species
4. an alga and a vascular plant species
5. an alga and a nonvascular plant species
6. a fungus and either an algal or bacterial species
7. Of the following, which is the best description of the mutual benefit to both species found in a lichen?
8. The autotroph produces antibiotics to ward off infection by bacteria.
9. The autotroph prevents dehydration and the heterotroph provides a carbon source.
10. The autotroph provides a carbon source and the heterotroph absorbs moisture and minerals.
11. The autotroph produces oxygen and the heterotroph consumes oxygen.
12. The heterotroph protects the autotroph from predation.
13. Why are lichens a good indicator of environmental quality?
14. Toxins inhibit their reproduction.
15. If the air is polluted, they cannot get enough sunlight for photosynthesis.
16. If the soil is polluted, they cannot produce roots.
17. They cannot absorb toxins.
18. They cannot excrete absorbed toxins.
19. The leaf-cutter ants of Central America use leaves as food to cultivate the basidiomycete Lepiota in special underground chambers. To use leaves as an energy source, Lepiota must do which of the following?
20. secrete enzymes to digest cellulose
21. ingest and break down the leaves
22. secrete enzymes to digest chitin
23. produce antibiotics to kill the ascomycete
24. produce antibiotics to kill Streptomyces

28. Endophyte translates to "inside plant" and refers to which of the following?

1. fungi that live inside of plants and help protect plants from disease-causing organisms
2. fungi that live inside of plants and produce oxygen for the plant
3. bacteria that live inside of plants and produce carbon dioxide for the plant

D. bacteria that live inside of plants and help protect plants from disease-causing organisms

E. protozoans that live within plant cells and kill invading microorganisms

29. Within the life cycle of Neurospora crassa, strands of exactly eight spores are

1. haploid.
2. diploid.
3. asci.
4. both diploid and haploid.
5. both asci and haploid.

30. The fungus Drechslerella anchonia, a carnivorous fungus that forms sacs containing eight spores, belongs to the phylum

1. Chytridiomycota.
2. Deuteromycota.
3. Zygomycota.
4. Basidiomycota.
5. Ascomycota.
6. Ascomycetes are the largest group of fungi. When their haploid hyphae fuse without fusion of their nuclei, the resulting cells are
7. asexual.
8. haploid.
9. asci.
10. diploid.
11. dikaryotic.
12. About 80% of all land plants, including grasses, shrubs, and trees, form mycorrhizae. Mycorrhizae are best described as

A. parasitic associations between fungi and plant leaves.

B. balanced competitive associations between plants and fungi.

1. mutualistic associations between fungi and plant roots.
2. parasitic associations between fungi and plant roots.
3. mutualistic associations between fungi and plant leaves.
4. Which part of an endophyte penetrates inside of a plant?
5. the fruiting body
6. the spore
7. the mycelium
8. the exoenzyme
9. the hyphae
10. Unlike plant cells, fungal cells lack
11. cell walls.
12. cytoplasm.
13. mitochondria.
14. chloroplasts.
15. nuclei.

1. In the figure, what was the dependent variable?
2. the presence or absence of the pathogen Phytophthora
3. the percent of the leaf area damaged
4. the percent of the leaf area containing endophytes
5. the age of the leaf
6. the presence or absence of endophyte spores
7. An endophyte that absorbs nutrients and water from a live cacao leaf is classified as
8. a producer.
9. an autotroph.
10. a heterotroph.
11. a detritovore.
12. a decomposer.
13. Endophytes that colonize leaves to feed on the dead tissue are examples of
14. decomposers.
15. detritovores.
16. producers.
17. herbivores.
18. carnivores.
19. In the experiments by Arnold, et al., why were some leaves on a cacao plant treated with endophytes and others were not?
20. to control the amount of Phytophthora that spread to other plants
21. to provide a control for comparison of treated and untreated
22. to reduce the amount of endophyte spores that were needed
23. endophytes spread from one leaf to another
24. to reduce the number of plants that were needed
25. Beneficial relationships between two organisms, like the one observed between the cacao tree and endophyte fungi, are examples of
26. mimicry.
27. parasitism.
28. competition.
29. commensalism.
30. mutualism.
31. When a haploid spore germinates, it goes through mitosis, forming hyphae. The resulting hyphae would be which of the following?
32. haploid
33. zygotes
34. diploid
35. dikaryotic
36. gametes

True / False Questions

1. A mushroom is a structure that is attached to a much larger growth form of the organism.

True False

1. Molecular evidence places fungi closer to plants than to animals.

True False

1. Molecular evidence places fungi closer to animals than to plants.

True False

1. A yeast is a multicellular fungus.

True False

1. Mycologists classify fungi into five phyla based on their sexual structures.

True False

1. Ascomycetes are fungi that cause disease and are not beneficial to humans in any way.

True False

1. A dikaryotic stage is common in the life cycle of many plants, protozoans, and fungi.

True False

1. Salt and sugar in high enough concentrations retard mold growth by limiting the ability of these organisms to take up water by osmosis.

True False