Families Full Test Bank Chapter 4 12th Edition

Adolescence, 12e (Steinberg)

Chapter 4 Families

1) The fact that most books for parents of teenagers tend to focus on the problems instead of normative development is concerning because

A) the stereotypes are usually based on facts.

B) the more parents believe in the stereotypes, the worse their relationships with their teenagers become.

C) most parents have no idea what to expect when their children reach adolescence.

D) the more parents expect that their teenagers will be difficult, the more prepared they will be.

2) The idea that an individual’s behavior is influenced by other’s expectations for them is a description of a(n)

A) parent-child rift.

B) self-fulfilling prophecy.

C) empty nest syndrome.

D) midlife crisis.

3) The tensions that result from teenagers and adults having differences of personal taste and preferences are referred to as the

A) parent-child rift.

B) generation gap.

C) empty nest syndrome.

D) midlife crisis.

4) Which of the following statements about family conflict is true?

A) Family problems are more likely to occur during adolescence than in other developmental periods.

B) Among teenagers and parents who report having problems, the great majority had problematic relationships during childhood.

C) Adolescents frequently report declines in the quality of family interactions.

D) A large percentage of families who have positive relations during childhood develop serious problems during adolescence.

5) As Alex enters adolescence, he and his parents are experiencing severe relationship problems. The most likely explanation is that

A) adolescence is a period of "storm and stress."

B) the generation gap is a major issue for parents and their adolescents.

C) their problematic relationship has existed since Alex's childhood.

D) Alex has been negatively affected by his entrance into the high school system.

6) Peers usually have more influence than parents on matters of

A) occupational ambitions.

B) educational goals.

C) patterns of leisure activity.

D) basic values.

7) When it comes to basic, core values (e.g., religion, work, education), diversity within the adolescent population is much more striking than are differences

A) between the generations.

B) within the adult population.

C) between families.

D) between siblings.

8) The popular notion of a "generation gap" has only been supported in differences between parents and children with regard to

A) values and attitudes.

B) personal taste.

C) mother-daughter relationships.

D) father-son relationships.

9) Research on the nature of parent-adolescent relationships reveals that most adolescents

A) experience considerable storm and stress in relationships with their parents.

B) resent their parents and rebel against their restrictions.

C) appear to maintain close, respectful, and loving relationships with parents.

D) become even closer to parents, and report almost no disruptions in their relationships with them.

10) Jim and Savannah are the parents of two preteen girls. Throughout the girls' childhood, the family has enjoyed fairly harmonious relationships. The likelihood that they will experience serious problems as the girls go through adolescence is

A) highly likely.

B) average.

C) not likely.

D) not easily predicted.

11) Which of the following has the most influence over a typical adolescent's beliefs regarding religion and morality?

A) teachers

B) friends

C) media

D) parents

12) Research has indicated that one source of conflict between teenagers and parents is that they define issues very differently. This finding

A) has not been replicated in non-White groups.

B) is not true for middle- and lower-class adolescents.

C) has not been replicated internationally.

D) has been replicated across many cultural and ethnic groups.

13) Which statement concerning parent-adolescent conflict is true?

A) Ethnic minority adolescents are more likely than White adolescents to experience conflict with their parents.

B) Ethnic minority adolescents are less likely than White adolescents to experience conflict with their parents.

C) Adolescents and their parents do not tend to conflict over everyday issues, such as chores.

D) Less conflict resulting from the generation gap is seen outside the United States.

14) Conflict between parents and adolescents over appropriate leisure activities is

A) most common in East Asian countries.

B) seen mostly in democratic countries.

C) primarily found in the United States.

D) common across many cultures.

15) For which of the following decisions would Nozomi, an older adolescent, be most likely to accept her parents' rules?

A) what she should wear on her first day of school

B) what music she should play at her birthday party

C) what time of night she needs to be home by

D) how clean and organized her room should be

16) Marcus is a teenager who generally respects his parents. On which of the following issues, however, is Marcus most likely to side with his friends and against his parents?

A) how to wear his hair

B) the issue of capital punishment

C) his religious beliefs

D) the value of a college education

17) Over the period of adolescence, individuals' perspectives change. Research indicates that one manifestation of this change in perspective is a(n) ________ in adolescents' willingness to lie to their parents.

A) increase

B) decrease

C) initial increase, but then a strong decrease

D) increase, but only for girls

18) Adolescents often judge keeping one's room clean and style of dress as matters of personal choice, whereas parents tend to judge these issues as matters of

A) social convention.

B) moral absolutes.

C) house rules.

D) hygiene.

19) One reason that the adolescent years may constitute a difficult period of adjustment is that parents

A) are frequently becoming more involved in building their own careers.

B) seem to be pushing children toward financial independence at earlier ages.

C) are at home more often and do not give their children adequate freedom.

D) may also be experiencing identity crises of their own.

20) After midlife, parents are more likely to think about the future in terms of

A) how much time they have been alive.

B) how much time their children have been alive.

C) how much time until their children are adults.

D) how much time they have left to live themselves.

21) Alesandro has aspirations to become a professional musician, but whenever he speaks to his father about his career plans, his father emphasizes that Alesandro needs a backup plan and should think of something more practical. The most likely reason for this conflict is that

A) parents do not understand their teenagers' tastes and personal preferences very well.

B) those experiencing middle age tend to be more pragmatic and are coming to terms with their life choices.

C) Alesandro and his father experienced a lot of conflict during Alesandro's childhood.

D) Alesandro's values have changed, and his father does not approve of his life choices.

22) The identity changes of adolescence may interact with the ________ to increase family conflict.

A) hormonal surges of puberty

B) family systems theory

C) generational gap

D) midlife crisis of adults

23) Adults tend to be ________ when their children are adolescents than the past generation.

A) younger

B) less busy

C) more conservative

D) older

24) Which of the following statements about parents of adolescents is true?

A) Adjusting to adolescence takes a greater toll on the mental health of children than on their parents.

B) Mothers typically feel the greatest sense of loss when their teenagers leave home.

C) Parents' mental health declines when they enter the "empty nest" stage.

D) Parents' mental health is worse when their teenage children are living at home.

25) Why is it difficult to determine the exact nature (and direction of the effect) of family characteristics and adolescent development?

A) Adolescent behavior may be a stronger determinant of family relationships than parents' behavior.

B) Parents and adolescents reciprocally influence each other.

C) How parenting patterns impact adolescent behavior is unknown until adulthood.

D) Genetic inheritance has a stronger impact on adolescent behavior than parenting practices.

26) Luis and Carla Hernandez are getting a divorce. It is likely that the family will go through a period of ________ before it can adjust to this challenge.

A) disequilibrium

B) equilibrium

C) disinhibition

D) inhibition

27) Professor Ngo is studying family transitions. According to family systems theory, he is most likely to see dramatic changes in family relationships during which of the following events?

A) when individual family members are changing, such as during adolescence

B) when the family is free from major outside distractions, such as job changes or moves

C) when children are in elementary school and parents are approaching middle age

D) when the family is financially stable and its prospects for the future are strong

28) In addition to coping with the increasing importance of an adolescent's peer group, one of the biggest concerns in families with adolescents is often

A) the future.

B) sexual appeal.

C) money.

D) adult roles.

29) Which of the following is one of the three major factors that influence the transformation in family relationships that takes places during early adolescence?

A) the adolescent's peer group

B) pubertal maturation

C) gender of the adolescent

D) the parents' mental health

30) Before making weekend plans with his friend, 15-year-old Adithan considers his family's schedule and checks with his parents to see if they need his help with anything. He also offers to bring along his 13-year-old sister, so that his parents can have time to relax. Adithan's attitude toward the importance of his family's needs is an example of

A) obligation.

B) familism.

C) prosocial values.

D) generational dissonance.

31) Studies of immigrant families suggest that parental effectiveness is greatest in households in which

A) adolescents and their parents prefer communicating in the same language.

B) parents communicate in English as much as possible.

C) adolescents use English to communicate, and the parents use their native language.

D) parents have adjusted to living in the United States.

32) Which of the following is an accurate example of familism, an orientation in which the needs of one's family take precedence over the needs of the individual.

A) Because tennis practice would conflict with Friday night dinners with Nyala's grandparents, she chooses to join the track team instead.

B) Chanthou hates driving his little sister to her voice lessons, so he asks his mother to do it instead.

C) Although Daphne's father is fluent in English, he and Daphne both prefer to speak Greek at home.

D) Gael's mother allows him to go to a movie with friends on Saturday, even though they originally had plans to visit to his uncle.

33) Which of the following research findings best describes the phenomenon known as generational dissonance?

A) Recent studies have found that stress and conflict are higher in Latino families in which adolescents are relatively more acculturated than their parents.

B) One recent study of Black families found that teenagers rated their mothers' behaviors far more negatively than did either the mothers or the researcher.

C) Several researchers have demonstrated that family relationships change during puberty, with bickering between adolescents and their parents increasing and closeness between adolescents and their parents diminishing.

D) Research suggests that the distancing that takes place between parents and teenagers in early and middle adolescence is temporary.

34) Which of the following American adolescents is more likely to become depressed and experience conflict with his or her parents?

A) Agwe, a 17-year-old boy who lies to his Jamaican immigrant mother about which friends he is spending time with.

B) Mei Lien, a 15-year-old girl who would rather spend time with her American friends than do the chores assigned by her Chinese immigrant mother.

C) Manuel, a 15-year-old boy who speaks Spanish with his Guatemalan immigrant father and feels it is important to spend time with his parents.

D) Nevinka, a 17-year-old girl whose Sri Lankan immigrant parents speak English with her and encourage her to socialize with her American friends.

35) Which child would be expected to have the most conflict with his parents?

A) Li, an 8-year-old

B) Robert, a 13-year-old

C) Anton, a 17-year-old

D) Eduardo, a 19-year-old

36) The divergence of views between adolescents and parents that is common in families consisting of immigrant parents and U.S.-acculturated adolescents is called generational ________.

A) rebellion

B) dissonance

C) familism

D) separation

37) Benjamin's parents expect him to tell them everything. However, now that he's 13 years old, he feels entitled to keep secrets from them. This is an example of an adolescent-parent disagreement over which kind of issue?

A) parental control

B) emotional distress

C) compromise

D) familism

38) Which of the following statements best describes how adolescent sons and daughters interact with their parents?

A) Girls are closer to their mothers, while boys are closer to their fathers.

B) Girls are closer to their fathers, while boys are closer to their mothers.

C) Girls and boys interact with their parents in similar ways.

D) Boys are closer to both parents, while girls are more distant.

39) Which of the following statements about the way in which teenagers relate to mothers and fathers is true?

A) Adolescents tend to be closer to their mothers.

B) Adolescents relate to their mothers and fathers very similarly.

C) Adolescents fight more often with their fathers than their mothers.

D) Adolescents perceive fathers as more controlling than their mothers.

40) Which of the following examples best represents a typical relationship between an adolescent and his or her mother and father?

A) Although Noelia fights often with her mother, she confides in her when she has issues with her friends. She is not as close to her father and mostly talks to him about her soccer team.

B) Connor is closest with his father and goes to him for advice about his girlfriend. He doesn't spend much time with his mother, who tends to rely on his father for information.

C) Bao is close to both her parents and spends about equal time with both her mother and father. She is likely to talk about emotional matters with either parent.

D) Lishan is distant from both his parents. He does not confide in either parent and spends little time at home. Lishan is most likely to talk to his peers about emotional matters.

41) Adolescents tend to perceive their mothers as ________ than their fathers.

A) less nurturing

B) more distant

C) less supportive

D) more controlling

42) Adolescents who spend more time with their fathers are more likely to experience

A) poor school performance and delinquent behavior.

B) social competence and feelings of self-worth.

C) academic and athletic success.

D) frequent conflict with their mother.

43) Felicia is very warm and accepting towards both of her two children, but she also sets firm rules that the children must follow with very few exceptions. According to Baumrind, the characteristics that best describe her are

A) responsive and demanding.

B) indulgent and submissive.

C) authoritarian and understanding.

D) lenient and supportive.

44) Max tells his friends that his mother is a "real marshmallow" who does whatever he wants and never enforces the rules she tries to set. If Max's statement is true, his mother's parenting style is best characterized as

A) authoritarian.

B) indifferent.

C) indulgent.

D) submissive.

45) Yusuf's parents set rules for him, but he feels that when a rule seems unfair, he can discuss it with his parents and even if they don't agree to change the rule, they at least listen to his opinions. Yusuf's parents fit best into which of the following parenting styles?

A) authoritative

B) authoritarian

C) indulgent

D) indifferent

46) Tamari's father has absolute standards and expects Tamari to conform to them without exception. If she disobeys he generally punishes her and sees no reason why he should explain his rules to Tamari. Instead, his response is, "I'm the father and I love you. I know what's best for you." Her father is best described as having what kind of parenting style?

A) authoritative

B) authoritarian

C) indulgent

D) indifferent

47) Lupe's parents express love toward her and want her to be happy. They let her, for the most part, establish her own schedule. Lupe eats when she's hungry, has full run of the house, goes out when she pleases, and sleeps when she's tired. This parenting style is best described as

A) authoritative.

B) authoritarian.

C) indulgent.

D) indifferent.

48) Decha's teacher is concerned about him because he is passive and indifferent to new experiences and shows little intellectual curiosity. He also shows signs of developing low self-esteem. Based on Baumrind's classification of parenting styles, Decha's parents are most likely

A) authoritative.

B) authoritarian.

C) indulgent.

D) indifferent.

49) Corinna is more responsible, more self-assured, more adaptive, more creative, and more intellectually curious than most of her peers. Felix, on the other hand, is very dependent, more passive, less socially adept, less self-assured, and less intellectually curious than most of his peers. It is most likely that Corinna has ________ parents and Felix has ________ parents.

A) authoritarian; indifferent

B) authoritative; authoritarian

C) indulgent; authoritative

D) indifferent; indulgent

50) Viktor feels like his parents do not care about him because they allow him to set his own rules and they seldom provide much support. He even wishes they would punish him because that would at least indicate they are paying attention to him. Viktor's parents would be described best as fitting into which of Baumrind's parenting styles?

A) authoritative

B) authoritarian

C) indulgent

D) indifferent

51) Authoritative parenting promotes intellectual development and psychosocial maturity through which of the following?

A) discussions about decisions and rules that help children understand social relationships

B) asserting parental authority by turning adolescents' personal decisions into moral issues

C) giving children as much independence as possible as young as possible to help them develop self-reliance

D) making children spend time with their parents, even when they do not get along

52) According to Baumrind, children of indulgent parents tend to be

A) more involved in delinquent behavior.

B) less mature and more conforming to their peers.

C) more curious and more impulsive.

D) more dependent and less socially adept.

53) Which of the following parenting styles is most closely associated with overall psychological competence?

A) authoritative

B) authoritarian

C) indulgent

D) indifferent

54) Which of the following is one of the 10 Basic Principles of Good Parenting?

A) Avoid being too loving and indulgent.

B) Use harsh discipline only when necessary.

C) Demand that your child treat you with respect.

D) Adapt your parenting to fit your child.

55) Ethnic differences in parenting practices suggest that

A) authoritarian parenting is most likely to be used by Black, Asian, and Hispanic families.

B) ethnic minority families are more likely than White families to use an authoritative parenting style.

C) authoritative parenting is less commonly used by ethnic minority families, but its effects are beneficial in all ethnic groups.

D) authoritarian parenting has equally negative effects on adolescent development across all ethnic groups.

56) Which parenting characteristic is more prevalent among ethnic minorities?

A) supportiveness

B) demandingness

C) warmness

D) intrusiveness

57) Which of the following statements about minority families and parenting styles is true?

A) Because ethnic minorities are more likely to live in dangerous areas, parental control may actually be beneficial for these adolescents.

B) The distinction between authoritative parenting's positive outcomes for adolescents and authoritarian parenting's negative outcomes holds true across all cultures and ethnic groups.

C) Authoritarian parenting is most prevalent among White middle-class families, while minority families tend to use authoritative styles.

D) Authoritarian parenting styles are associated with an even greater number of adverse effects for ethnic minority adolescents, relative to their White adolescent counterparts.

58) Based on developmental research, which adolescent is most likely to experience healthy development?

A) Kenji, whose parents encourage freedom and spontaneity

B) Alonso, whose parents engage with him in verbal give-and-take

C) Sanjay, whose parents encourage dependence and obedience

D) Bernie, whose parents encourage autonomy and personal distance

59) Which of the following is an effective way to enhance the development of an adolescent's reasoning abilities, moral judgment, and empathy?

A) family discussions in which rules and expectations are explained

B) giving them as much freedom as is practical

C) helping adolescents better enforce rules for their younger siblings

D) restricting their activities so they are less likely to make mistakes

60) Over the course of adolescence, relationships among siblings become more egalitarian but ________ distant and ________ emotionally intense.

A) more; less

B) less; more

C) more; more

D) less; less

61) Which of the following statements accurately reflects research on adolescent-sibling relationships?

A) Adolescents see aggression towards siblings as less acceptable than aggression toward friends.

B) Adolescent-sibling relationships involve more conflict than adolescent-friend relationships.

C) Adolescent-sibling relationships are characterized by a significant decrease in sibling rivalry.

D) The quality of adolescent-sibling relationships is not affected by the quality of the parent-child relationship.

62) Which of the following statements concerning sibling relationships is true?

A) The quality of sibling relationships affects adolescents' peer relationships.

B) Sibling relationships do not ameliorate the negative effects of family stress.

C) Siblings are generally not good role models or sources of advice.

D) Siblings are likely to be closer in families under economic stress than in affluent families.

63) When siblings are treated differently by parents, research shows that they are likely to

A) get along worse because they feel competition.

B) perceive the discrepancy as being unfair.

C) get along better because they feel unique.

D) try to be more like one another.

64) Mallory and Malakai are sister and brother. They have grown up together in the same family, just one year apart in age, but they have very different personalities. Which of the following offers the best explanation for this?

A) They have had different perceptions of similar experiences.

B) As a girl, Mallory has a closer relationship with her parents.

C) Genetically, they have very little in common.

D) Second children, like Malakai, harbor resentment toward their family members.

65) Which of the following is an important topic of study in the field of behavioral genetics?

A) whether adolescents and parents who are biologically related get along better

B) whether the same environment affects people with different genetic makeups in the same way

C) whether modifying people's genes leads to better life outcomes

D) whether sibling relationships are positively or negatively affected by biological relatedness

66) According to behavioral geneticists, siblings are actually quite different from each other. Which of the following has been used to explain this difference?

A) Siblings tend to have very little in common aside from their genes.

B) Siblings may experience their family environment very differently.

C) Siblings go through the pubertal transition at different times.

D) Because they are different ages, siblings are always at different developmental stages.

67) What factor offers the most likely explanation the fact that Dorothy and Rose, sisters who are only 1 year apart in age, have different memories of their family life as they were growing up?

A) a shared environment

B) a nonshared environment

C) genetic differences

D) genetic similarities

68) Which of the following is considered a shared environmental influence for siblings?

A) family socioeconomic status

B) differential treatment by parents

C) peer relations

D) school experiences

69) When a specific gene has more than one version, those versions are known as

A) molecules.

B) alleles.

C) diathesis.

D) environmental factors.

70) In adolescents, genetic factors have a strong influence on ________ but have less influence on ________.

A) intelligence; school performance

B) antisocial behavior; intelligence

C) school performance; risk of depression

D) risk of depression; antisocial behavior

71) Which of the following is the best example of the diathesis-stress model in action?

A) Dmitry's family has no history of mental health issues; however, after his parents get a divorce, he begins showing signs of depression.

B) Anita's father has obsessive-compulsive disorder. After Anita's girlfriend breaks up with her, Anita begins to show signs of obsessive-compulsive behavior.

C) Kirabo's mother is an alcoholic and responds to stress by drinking. When Kirabo feels stressed, he goes for long runs in the park.

D) Farzin's parents raise her in a supportive and respectful environment. Farzin does well in school and is socially active with both her family and peers.

72) Which of the following adolescents best exemplifies the differential susceptibility theory?

A) Nela's first year of college was very stressful and her grades and her mood were poor. After finding a supportive mentor, however, she became a top student and is now much happier.

B) Bashar has battled addiction problems for several years, and although he has made many changes to his life and sought help on several occasions, nothing seems to help.

C) Kirra has a difficult relationship with her divorced parents and lives in a poor neighborhood. Nevertheless, Kirra strives to do well in school and make the best of her situation.

D) Sergey's parents use an authoritative style and give him a lot of emotional support. In spite of this, Sergey engages in delinquent behavior, skipping school and using alcohol.

73) Divorces are most common

A) among the college-educated.

B) in families with adolescents.

C) in the early years of a marriage.

D) in Hispanic families.

74) With regard to single-parent families in the United States,

A) more of these families are the result of divorce than of the mother never having been married.

B) very few children are born outside marriage and live in a single-parent household from birth.

C) the classification of "single-parent household" often includes other adults, such as the unmarried partner of a child's parent.

D) children living with remarried parents usually live with the biological father.

75) Which of the following adolescents is most likely to be living in a single-parent household?

A) Janet, a White adolescent

B) Naomi, an Asian adolescent

C) Jeff, a Black adolescent

D) Bruce, a Hispanic adolescent

76) Black adolescents are ________ likely to experience their parents' divorce and ________ likely to experience their remarriage.

A) more; less

B) more; more

C) less; more

D) less; less

77) Close to ________ of children in the United States grow up either in abject poverty or in low-income families.

A) 15%

B) 20%

C) 30%

D) 40%

78) Growing up, Tinashe's parents had a lot of marital conflict and divorced when she was 13. Tinashe is more likely to develop depression, aggression, or delinquency if she was also exposed to which of the following?

A) authoritative parenting

B) domestic violence

C) remarriage

D) shared environmental influences

79) Which of the following is a finding of social scientists regarding the effects of divorce on adolescents?

A) Adolescents living with both of their parents, even if their relationships with those parents are not warm, tend to have fewer problems than adolescents from one-parent homes.

B) It is the process of going through a divorce, not the new family structure that results from one, that most affects the mental health of adolescents.

C) The adverse consequences of divorce for adolescents are directly linked to living in a single-parent household.

D) Adolescents from single-parent families that have not experienced divorce have more difficulties than those from divorced or remarried homes.

80) Studies have found that in ethnic groups that emphasize the importance of ________, adolescents may be somewhat buffered from the effects of divorce.

A) extended family

B) school

C) religion

D) peer groups

81) George and Ryan both live in different single-parent households. George is considered a well behaved adolescent, but Ryan frequently engages in delinquent behavior. Which of the following statements about George and Ryan is most likely to be true?

A) Ryan has a strong relationship with his grandparents; George does not.

B) George has a strong relationship with his grandparents; Ryan does not.

C) George lives with his father; Ryan lives with his mother.

D) Ryan lives with his father; George lives with his mother.

82) Which of the following statements regarding divorce in America is true?

A) The divorce rate has been steadily rising since 1980.

B) Black youth are more likely to experience their parents' remarriage than other adolescents.

C) The rate of divorce is lower for second marriages than for first marriages.

D) Social support from relatives buffers the effects of living in a single-parent household.

83) Which of the following is the most likely result of the effects of divorce on a child in the United States?

A) Nubia's peers tease her because her father no longer lives in her family's house.

B) Jacinta spends more time with her grandfather and therefore engages in more misbehavior.

C) Mekwi gets poorer grades and behaves aggressively towards his classmates.

D) Njal is happier and does better in school after his mother remarries his stepfather.

84) Amalia is most likely to be adversely affected by her parents' divorce if

A) the conflict between her parents is covert.

B) she blames herself for her parents' problems.

C) her parents attempt to keep their relationship with her positive.

D) her parents keep her out of their arguments.

85) Although young children may seem unaffected by a divorce at the time, problems may emerge when they are adolescents. This delayed effect is called a

A) sleeper effect.

B) deferred effect.

C) delayed adjustment.

D) gradual manifestation.

86) Although Suyin's parents divorced seven years ago, the counselor at school attributes Suyin's poor school performance and delinquent behavior to the divorce. This counselor is probably referring to the

A) deferred effect of divorce.

B) sleeper effect of divorce.

C) generation gap between adolescents and parents.

D) gradual adjustment of adolescence.

87) The factor that seems most important in influencing how well children adjust to divorce over time is

A) whether they are in dual or sole custody.

B) the degree of conflict between parents.

C) whether they have contact with the nonresidential parent.

D) the sex of the custodial parent.

88) Current research on the effects of remarriage indicates that

A) younger children have more problems than older children.

B) boys and girls show equal distress.

C) boys have more problems than girls.

D) girls have more problems than boys.

89) Which of the following statements about stepfamilies is true?

A) Adolescents have an easier time adjusting to a stepfather if they have a poor relationship with their biological father.

B) Younger children have an easier time adjusting to stepfamilies than adolescents.

C) Adolescents growing up in stepfamilies have fewer problems than adolescents growing up in single-parent families.

D) Girls show less difficulty in stepfamilies than boys.

90) Research assessing the effects of stepfamilies on children's adjustment suggests that over time

A) if the remarriage lasts, gender differences in adjustment disappear.

B) boys continue to adjust better than girls to the remarriage.

C) girls adjust better than boys to the remarriage.

D) girls and boys both experience serious adjustment problems even if the remarriage lasts.

91) Jesse has just married a woman who has two adolescent daughters. These children will adjust best if Jesse establishes which of the following types of discipline?

A) consistent

B) indulgent

C) controlling

D) authoritarian

92) According to the Family Stress Model, financial strain increases mothers' and fathers'______, which, in turn, make parents more irritable, which adversely affects the quality of their parenting.

A) tendency to use an indifferent parenting style

B) feelings of depression and anxiety

C) resiliency and positive outlook

D) desire to exert control

93) Denise's parents have both been laid off from work and are unable to pay the bills. Denise's parents are likely to do which of the following?

A) become less nurturing toward Denise

B) be more indulgent than they were in the past

C) develop a stronger, more loving relationship with each other

D) be more involved in Denise's life

94) Which of the following teenagers is most likely to be homeless?

A) Alexa, a 15-year-old Latina girl whose parents are divorced

B) Desiree, a 14-year-old Black, transgender girl

C) Zarif, an 16-year-old boy from a poor neighborhood

D) Bryn, an 18-year-old White boy who is gay

95) Luis's family has lived below the poverty level his entire life. Research suggests that Luis is likely to experience ________ than non-poor adolescents.

A) stronger ties to religious institutions

B) greater family cohesiveness

C) greater alienation from school

D) more consistent parenting

96) An adolescent living in a poor neighborhood may benefit more from ________ than adolescents from other neighborhoods.

A) indifferent parenting

B) very harsh discipline

C) indulgent parenting

D) vigilant parental monitoring

97) Which of the following adolescents is most at risk of mental health problems?

A) Mason, a 13-year-old homeless boy

B) Angelica, a 15-year-old girl living with a single mother

C) Uri, a 12-year-old boy living with his mother and stepfather

D) Ji-woo, a 14-year-old girl whose parents are having financial difficulties

98) According to many well-designed studies that have looked at the psychological consequences of growing up with lesbian or gay parents

A) the quality of the parent-child relationships at home is more contentious than in straight families.

B) children and adolescents with lesbian or gay parents are not psychologically different from those with straight parents.

C) children and adolescents with lesbian or gay parents differ substantially from those with straight parents in the domains of gender identity and sexual orientation.

D) children and adolescents with lesbian or gay parents suffer from more emotional turmoil than children and adolescents with straight parents.

99) Among adolescents, placement into a foster care group home is associated with

A) an easier transition to independence.

B) greater delinquency.

C) more stable living arrangements.

D) a lengthier stay in the foster care system.

100) Which of the following statements about adolescents who have been adopted or spent time in foster care is true?

A) Research with youth in the foster care system consistently indicates that these individuals have more problems than other youth.

B) Children and adolescents with foster or adoptive parents have more problems than other individuals.

C) Foster care children are more detached and resilient and consequently, have fewer problems than youth who have been adopted.

D) There are no differences between youth who have been adopted or placed in foster care and youth who are reared by biological parents.

101) New technologies and social innovations have

A) transformed family life, and as a result, parents do not really make a difference.

B) not transformed family life; however, these technologies have caused parental influence to be overshadowed by the peer group.

C) not changed the fact that adolescents continue to need the love, support, and guidance of adults who care about them.

D) given teens a new way to rebel against their parents' moral preferences.

102) Give an example of how an adolescent might conflict with his or her parents about a matter of personal preference and reasons why the adolescent and parent see the issue differently.

103) Tammy's father has strict rules and expects Tammy to obey them without exception. If she misbehaves, he generally punishes her, and he sees no reason why he should explain his expectations to Tammy. Instead, his response is, "I know what's best for you. I'm your father, and you must do as I ask." Jada's father sets rules for her, but she feels that when a rule seems unfair, she can discuss it with him. Even if he doesn't agree to change the rule, he at least listens to her opinions.

Explain which adolescent is likely to be better adjusted and why. Be sure to contrast the parenting styles exemplified by Tammy's and Jada's fathers and detail the impact each style is most likely to have.

104) You have been asked to talk to a child development class about issues related to ethnic differences in parenting practices. Which parenting strategies are most and least likely to be used in different ethnic groups? Do the effects of parenting strategies differ for different groups? What parenting practices have the greatest likelihood of facilitating healthy development for adolescents? What cautions can you offer them about how parenting behaviors are interpreted?

105) Researchers have found that siblings' scores on standard measures of personality traits are virtually uncorrelated. Discuss how parental treatment of their children can serve as a nonshared environmental influence. Give an example of how differential treatment might affect two siblings.

106) Give an example of how an adolescent who is sensitive to his or her environment (or "malleable") will respond to positive or negative influences, based on the differential susceptibility theory. How will a "fixed" individual respond to these same influences?

107) Your next-door neighbor tells you she is getting divorced and is planning to remarry as soon as the divorce is final. She has two teenagers, a son and a daughter, and is worried about how they are going to deal with the divorce and her remarriage. She wants to make the transition as easy as possible for them and asks your advice on how to do that. What should you tell her to expect, and what advice can you offer on making a smooth transition?

108) Tomas and his family have been living in chronic poverty for the last few years. His mother has asked you, an expert in adolescent psychology, whether their family's financial strain will place Tomas at risk for psychological difficulties and problem behavior. She also asks you whether there is anything she can do alleviate the effects of poverty. What would you tell her?

109) Imagine you are a school psychologist at a public high school. Your school has just accepted three new transfer students: Vincent, who has been reared by his adoptive parents; Jayden, who lives with foster parents; and Takeru, who has been reared by lesbian parents. The principal has asked you whether any of these adolescents are at risk for behavioral problems or maladjustment. What would you tell him? Who is most at risk? Who is least at risk? Why might this be?