Chapter 3 Social Transitions Test Bank

Adolescence, 12e (Steinberg)

Chapter 3 Social Transitions

1) When Diego turned 18, he started to think more about his education and potential future careers. He felt more independent and capable. What has changed for Diego?

A) His cognitive functions have improved.

B) His self-concept is different.

C) He has achieved menarche.

D) His intelligence quotient has risen.

2) Jacob is looking forward to the upcoming presidential election because he is now able to cast his vote. Based on your knowledge of the social redefinition of adolescence, what has Jacob attained?

A) elongation of adolescence

B) juvenile attainment

C) quinceañera

D) the age of majority

3) Kaji, a 16-year-old male, has gone through the rite of passage and is now considered a warrior by the people in his tribe. Psychologists refer to this change in Kaji's role and status as

A) status offense.

B) scarification.

C) social redefinition.

D) inventionist.

4) The universal process through which an individual's position or status is changed by society is called

A) collective efficacy.

B) social redefinition.

C) social specification.

D) self-image stability.

5) Compared to 100 years ago, the adolescent period has been ________ and the transition into adulthood ________.

A) shortened; abbreviated

B) lengthened; prolonged

C) shortened; more continuous

D) lengthened; abbreviated

6) Which of these is a notable factor in the modern elongation of adolescence compared to previous eras?

A) later onset of puberty

B) earlier entry into adult work roles

C) later entry into adult family roles

D) later development of emotional maturity

7) Arwen and Nick have dated exclusively for 18 months and say they are in love. Both are age 20 and live in the United States. Based on what you have read in this chapter, which of these statements is most likely to be true?

A) They currently feel younger than their chronological age.

B) They will feel pressure to get married before they complete their formal schooling.

C) They will marry later than their counterparts of 40 years ago did.

D) Both are looking forward to their first quinceañera.

8) You describe what you have learned in psychology class to a relative who is in her 50s. She says, "There is no way that a 22-year-old should feel like an adolescent. That is nonsense." Based on what you have read in this chapter, which of these points would it make sense for you to bring up to refute her statement?

A) Many people in their early 20s have had to delay their transition into adult work and family roles because they need more schooling to succeed.

B) People in their early 20s are less financially dependent on their parents nowadays, but smaller family sizes means that they are more emotionally dependent on parents.

C) Puberty does not last as long as it used to, which means that even people in their early 20s often feel as if they are still adolescents.

D) Most people in their early 20s today are less emotionally mature than their counterparts of a century ago.

9) Dr. Jones argues that adolescence is primarily a social construct rather than a biological or cognitive phenomenon. Her view that the broader environment influences our conception of adolescence is most in line with the

A) Piagetian perspective.

B) psychometric perspective.

C) inventionist perspective.

D) contextual perspective.

10) Which of the following statements about the inventionist perspective is true?

A) Adolescence is a separate period that has been largely determined by the broader social environment.

B) Adolescence is driven by the physiological changes of puberty.

C) The cognitive advances of adolescence are what make this period distinct from all others.

D) Adolescence is not a distinct period in the life cycle and should not be regarded as such.

11) Before the Industrial Revolution, the term child referred to

A) ages 3-12.

B) ages 5-10.

C) anyone under age 18 or 21.

D) anyone from the ages of 3 to 25.

12) According to the inventionist theory, adolescence was not considered a distinct transitional period until

A) the publication of Seventeen magazine.

B) the creation of child labor laws.

C) the Industrial Revolution.

D) girls and boys started going through puberty earlier.

13) In the 19th century, what distinguished children from adults?

A) what job they performed

B) whether they owned property

C) their marital status

D) their religious confirmation

14) The term adolescent became widely used at what time?

A) the 1600s

B) the 1700s

C) the 1800s

D) the 1900s

15) Which of the following contributed to the popularization of the term "youth movement"?

A) increased materialism among college students

B) a declining college population

C) a rise in political protests at colleges

D) a desire to return to childhood's pleasures

16) Which of the following was an outcome of the Industrial Revolution?

A) a greatly increased number of job opportunities

B) the shortening of schooling for adolescents

C) a decrease in crime as machines replaced people in the workforce

D) a social movement to keep adolescents out of the workplace

17) The status of adolescents as full-time students arose as a result of

A) the Industrial Revolution.

B) increases in scientific knowledge.

C) political changes resulting from the Civil War.

D) the advent of technical careers.

18) Before industrialization, the term youth referred to

A) all children.

B) ages 12-24.

C) ages 10-18.

D) ages 3-12.

19) Your psychology professor has invited you to take part in a historical study on the invention of the teenager. Which of the following topics will be the most important for you to research?

A) art and design

B) marketing

C) interpersonal communication

D) labor laws

20) In Western societies, adolescence has been redefined as a time of ________ rather than ________.

A) invention; imagination

B) preparation; participation

C) working; schooling

D) apprenticeship; autonomy

21) The Boy Scouts is an example of an organization that grew out of the ________ school of thought.

A) revolutionary

B) Piagetian

C) child protectionist

D) inventionist

22) During the Industrial Revolution, child protectionists argued that

A) adolescents were becoming psychologically mature too early in life.

B) adolescents needed parental permission to marry.

C) young people needed to be kept away from the labor force.

D) adolescent music was too controversial and needed to be censored.

23) Popularized about 75 years ago, this expression refers to young people in a more frivolous and lighthearted manner than the term adolescent.

A) youngster

B) youth

C) teenager

D) punk

24) Which of the following was a result of industrialization?

A) a return to old patterns of work

B) more time spent in school

C) the shortening of adolescence

D) more time working with family members

25) Today, most people go through ________ earlier than they did 100 years ago, but they tend to stay in ________ longer.

A) puberty; school

B) marriage; school

C) school; puberty

D) school; marriage

26) In contemporary America, the process of adolescent social redefinition, which typically begins at age 15 or 16, is something that occurs over

A) a relatively long period of time.

B) a few months.

C) a few days for males and a relatively longer time for females.

D) a relatively short period of time.

27) Which of the following statements about the concept of emerging adulthood is true?

A) It is more common among politically conservative youth.

B) It is term that applies only to a minority of people in their early 20s.

C) It is an economic phenomenon rather than a social one.

D) It is a social phenomenon that is part of all cultures.

28) Recent research on psychological well-being in emerging adulthood suggests it is a time of ________ for most people.

A) positive and improving mental health

B) increasing stress caused by financial instability

C) shaky and deteriorating mental health

D) carefree optimism and independence

29) Which of these statements about emerging adulthood, the developmental period between adolescence and adulthood, is true?

A) It exists in nearly all cultures that anthropologists have studied.

B) It is most common in communist and socialist countries.

C) It exists in very few cultures.

D) It exists wherever there is a large discrepancy between the rich and the poor.

30) Which of the following people is most likely to be experiencing emerging adulthood?

A) Javier, a 21-year-old living in a wealthy nation.

B) Dion, a 28-year-old living in a poor nation.

C) Rebecca, a 21-year-old living in a wealthy nation.

D) Gia, a 28-year-old living in a poor nation.

31) Bella is 26. She expected to receive a two-year degree but has not yet finished it. She goes on dates a couple of times a month. She has her own apartment but still gets a small monthly allowance from her mother. Based on the description of developmental task domains, many psychologists would consider Bella to be

A) succeeding.

B) maintaining.

C) stalling.

D) failing.

32) Valerie, a 15-year-old, faced punishment for dropping out of school and leaving home without permission. "They don't punish 20-year-olds for doing what I did," she says. Which of these terms accurately describes Valerie's situation?

A) status offenses

B) criminal justice

C) social adulthood

D) initiation ceremonies

33) Research into the ability of juveniles to make competent legal decisions has found that

A) about one-fifth of 14- and 15-year-olds are not competent to stand trial.

B) about one-tenth of 14- and 15-year-olds are not competent to stand trial.

C) almost all youths are competent to stand trial.

D) nearly three-quarters of youths under the age of 15 are competent to stand trial.

34) Research into juveniles and the justice system has found that juveniles are more likely than adults to

A) understand their rights when being questioned by the police.

B) confess to a crime, rather than remain silent.

C) discuss disagreements about their defense with their lawyers.

D) consider the long-term consequences of accepting a plea agreement.

35) Which of the following statements best characterizes the U.S. Supreme Court's position on the status of adolescents?

A) The Court has not been able to give consistent guidance about the status of adolescents.

B) In recent decades the Court has consistently treated adolescents as miniature adults.

C) Again and again, the Court has regarded adolescents as having only a little more maturity than children do.

D) The Court has said that adolescents do not have the maturity to exercise religious freedoms.

36) Jennifer, who is 16, ran away with her friend Tonya, who is 18. The police arrested Jennifer, who is likely to be tried

A) at the age of majority.

B) as an adult.

C) in the juvenile justice system.

D) in the criminal justice system.

37) Adolescents who are convicted of crimes become part of the ________ justice system, whereas adults convicted of the same crimes are part of the ________ justice system.

A) child; adult

B) status; majority

C) criminal; adult

D) juvenile; criminal

38) Legal decisions have tended to support adolescent autonomy when the behavior at issue is

A) viewed as potentially dangerous.

B) supported by the adolescents' parents.

C) also legal for adults.

D) viewed as having potential benefit.

39) Compared to a child, an older adolescent is likely to

A) experience more stress and less happiness until the transition to full-fledged adulthood.

B) face a range of decisions that may have serious long-term consequences.

C) have fewer long-term possibilities.

D) have an identity crisis.

40) Can society assume a 15-year-old is more competent than a mentally ill adult who has been found not competent to stand trial? What about a 13-year-old?

A) A significant number of 13- and 15-year-olds are likely to be as impaired in their abilities to stand trial as mentally ill adults who are incompetent to stand trial.

B) The 15-year-old is definitely more competent to stand trial than a mentally ill adult; however, it is likely that the 13-year-old would be as impaired in her or his ability as a mentally ill adult.

C) Both of these adolescents are likely to be more competent than a mentally ill adult who has been determined to be not competent to stand trial.

D) It is not possible to predict whether 15- or 13-year-olds would be more competent to stand trial than a mentally ill adult.

41) Compared to when adults are interrogated by the police, juveniles are more likely to

A) understand their rights.

B) confess to a crime than remain silent.

C) discuss disagreements with their attorney.

D) consider the long-term effects of a plea deal.

42) Why is it so difficult to draw a legal boundary between when someone should be treated like a child and when someone is ready to be treated like an adult?

A) Development can be rapid and varies widely between individuals.

B) It is difficult to predict when individuals will go through puberty.

C) These laws have been in place for hundreds of years and they are difficult to change.

D) Most adolescents look older than they feel.

43) Which of the following Supreme Court cases demonstrated the Court's belief that adolescents may be less blameworthy than adults?

A)  Roper v. Simmons

B) Hodgson v. Minnesota

C) Board of Education v. Mergens

D) Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier

44) One discrepancy in the way that society treats adolescents is that courts have ruled that teenagers have the right to obtain ________; however, the courts have also upheld laws forbidding adolescents to obtain ________.

A) cigarettes; contraceptives

B) vulgar magazines; contraceptives

C) contraceptives; cigarettes or vulgar magazines

D) vulgar magazines; cigarettes

45) Thirteen-year-old Ari is Bar Mitzvahed and gains the right to take part in public worship in his synagogue. Which of these terms would a psychologist use to describe Ari's Bar Mitzvah?

A) variation in clarity

B) quinceanera

C) status offense

D) initiation ceremony

46) During social redefinition, the separation of adolescents from parents can be ________ or ________.

A) protectionist; imaginist

B) juvenile; criminal

C) psychological; economic

D) actual; symbolic

47) One common aspect of social redefinition during adolescence is ________ of the differences between males and females.

A) an accentuation

B) an elimination

C) the creation

D) a deemphasis

48) Which group of individuals is likely to describe themselves as more mature than adolescents, but not as mature as adults?

A) "tweens" between the ages of 9 and 12

B) college students

C) individuals in their late 20s

D) emancipated minors

49) A groups of peers who are approximately the same age is known as

A) a cohort.

B) colleagues.

C) juveniles.

D) a sample.

50) Which of the following themes is a usual element in the process of social redefinition?

A) the downplaying of physical and social differences between males and females

B) the real or symbolic separation of the adolescent from his or her peers

C) the separation of adolescents experiencing menarche from elder members of the community

D) the passing on of cultural, historical, and practical information

51) In some cultures, the accentuation of differences between sexes during the social redefinition of adolescence occurs partly because of

A) the uncertainty of when puberty will take place.

B) adult work roles that are rarely sex-differentiated.

C) adult family roles that are highly sex-differentiated.

D) a lack of understanding of what adolescents want and need.

52) Modernization and globalization have extended the transition from adolescence to adulthood primarily because of ________ in the cultures they have affected.

A) the delayed and erratic onset of puberty

B) a lengthier period of prefrontal cortex development

C) the failure of young adults to settle down in marriage-like relationships

D) the increased importance of formal education in making a successful transition into adult roles

53) A Bas Mitzvah, religious confirmation in a church, and a quinceañera are all examples of

A) status offenses.

B) inventionism.

C) initiation ceremonies.

D) universal rites of passage.

54) In many non-Western cultures, there is a huge discrepancy in the extension of privileges to males and females. In general, girls' behavior is more ________, whereas boys are given more ________.

A) subject to the control of peers; responsibilities

B) subject to the control of adults; freedom and autonomy

C) likely to be regulated by community standards; family-level rules

D) educational opportunities; work opportunities

55) Veronica had to wait until she was 13 years old before her parents would allow her to get her ears pierced. A psychologist would call this an example of

A) a body ritual.

B) inventionism.

C) elongated adolescence.

D) an initiation ceremony.

56) The Bar Mitzvah and Bas Mitzvah are contemporary examples of traditional society's practice of ________ in adolescence.

A) the introduction of work-related skills

B) the separation of males and females

C) the separation of parents and children

D) the importance of inventionism

57) Which of the following is an aspect of social redefinition?

A) the passing on of information from the younger generation

B) the accentuation of similarities between males and females

C) the real or symbolic separation from parents

D) the completion of informal schooling

58) The messages that contemporary society sends adolescents are

A) full of sexual innuendos.

B) unclear and inconsistent.

C) outdated.

D) inappropriate for young people.

59) In Marley's society, adolescents are expected to attain adult roles at a certain age; however, they are provided with little training for such responsibilities. Additionally, adolescents tend to be segregated from the workforce and receive little training in school for the types of jobs they will hold as adults. What type of society does Marley most likely belong to?

A) traditional

B) contemporary

C) child protectionist

D) non-industrialized

60) Charles feels older than his actual age. He is most likely to be which of the following ages?

A) 18

B) 26

C) 35

D) 55

61) Initiation ceremonies for young women in traditional societies most often coincide with

A) marriage.

B) menarche.

C) scarification.

D) the completion of formal schooling.

62) Research has established that circumcision is associated with

A) negative outcomes for both males and females.

B) positive outcomes for both males and females.

C) negative outcomes for males but not for females.

D) negative outcomes for females but not for males.

63) Which of these is an important way in which male circumcision and female circumcision differ?

A) Female circumcision is very common in the United States.

B) Female circumcision causes extreme physical and psychological damage.

C) Many international groups consider male circumcision a human rights violation.

D) Male circumcision involves cutting or removing the clitoris.

64) Which of the following statements about female circumcision is true?

A) Although the risks are well-known, the prevalence of circumcision in the United States has grown to 18% of female adolescents.

B) Female circumcision carries some health benefits and some health risks.

C) Female circumcision can cause infection and chronic pain during urination, menstruation, and sexual intercourse.

D) After female circumcision, it is more likely for a woman to achieve an orgasm during sex.

65) Individuals who were adolescents in the late 1950s and 1960s are known as members of the

A) Leave It to Beaver generation.

B) baby-boom generation.

C) back-to-basics generation.

D) Great Depression generation.

66) In 1960, the average age of marriage for women was ________; today it is ________.

A) 20; 27

B) 26; 20

C) 30; 27

D) 20; 20

67) Dr. Ramirez believes that the passage into adulthood is a gradual process in which the adolescent assumes the roles and status of adulthood bit by bit. Dr. Ramirez is a believer in

A) continuous transition.

B) discontinuous transition.

C) longitudinal perspective.

D) the abstemious approach.

68) Dr. Goodrich believes that the passage into adulthood is a sudden change in which adult roles and statuses are abruptly assumed. This view is most closely associated with the

A) continuous transition.

B) discontinuous transition.

C) longitudinal perspective.

D) abstemious approach.

69) Since Mark was 5 years old, he has been helping his father maintain the family farm. Now, 30 years later, Mark owns the farm and is teaching his own son how to manage it. Based on your knowledge about the continuity of adolescence, how would you describe Mark's transition?

A) attenuated

B) longitudinal

C) discontinuous

D) continuous

70) Compared to the situation 50 or 60 years ago, today's transition to adulthood is

A) short and smooth.

B) short and disorderly.

C) long and disorderly.

D) long and smooth.

71) Societies in which hunting, fishing, and farming are the primary work activities tend to exhibit a more ________ transition between adolescence and adulthood.

A) continuous

B) discontinuous

C) exaggerated

D) protracted

72) In contemporary society, the transition into adult work roles is fairly

A) discontinuous.

B) continuous.

C) smooth.

D) unlikely.

73) The current transition into adult occupations in America is considered a

A) functional transition.

B) discontinuous transition.

C) continuous transition.

D) consonant transition.

74) In modern societies, people are expected to perform capably in the realms of work, family, and citizenship upon becoming adults

A) even though young adults are not mentally mature enough to do so.

B) thanks to gradual socialization into these roles by their parents.

C) because school provides them with the tools to succeed in these areas.

D) despite having little experiencing with them as adolescents.

75) Dr. Mondragon, a psychologist, is a member of a blue-ribbon government panel that is seeking to speed up the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Which of these measures should she advocate?

A) Suggest that people in their early 20s delay marriage.

B) Encourage people in their early 20s to move back in with their parents.

C) Advise a decrease in the costs of housing and transportation for people under 35.

D) Encourage people in their late teens and early 20s to finish their formal education.

76) The transition into adulthood 50 or 60 years ago was characterized by ________ prior preparation for family roles and ________ prior preparation for work roles.

A) more; less

B) more; more

C) less; more

D) less; less

77) In 2016, which of the following living arrangements was most common for Americans between the ages of 18 and 34?

A) living in parent(s)' home

B) living alone, single parents, and other family heads

C) other living arrangement

D) married or cohabitating in own household

78) Compared to 100 years ago, contemporary adolescents take on full-time employment ________ and live under adult supervision ________ than adolescents in earlier times.

A) later; more

B) later; less

C) earlier; more

D) earlier; less

79) In the early twenty-first century, roughly______ of American adolescents were from ethnic minority groups. By the end of the century, it is estimated that nearly ________ of American adolescents will be non-White.

A) 45%; 1/3

B) 10%; 2/3

C) 10%; 1/3

D) 45%; 2/3

80) Which of the following individuals is likely to have the most difficulty negotiating the transition into adolescence in the United States?

A) Naomi, an Asian American

B) Ken, a White American

C) Charlie, a Native American

D) Sara, a White American

81) The transition into adulthood is more likely to be impeded among ________ adolescents than among ________ adolescents.

A) minority; White

B) White; minority

C) American; European

D) European; American

82) Black, Hispanic, and Native American youth have more trouble negotiating the transition into adulthood than do their counterparts of which group or groups?

A) White youth only

B) Asian youth only

C) White and Asian youth

D) multiracial and adopted youth

83) On average, the mental health and school performance of immigrant adolescents is better

A) than their U.S.-born peers.

B) the more Americanized they are.

C) than adolescents living in their native countries.

D) the older they are.

84) Which of the following individuals is most likely to have their transition into adulthood disrupted?

A) Ella, who experienced an out-of-wedlock pregnancy during adolescence

B) Lula, who lives in a neighborhood with high socioeconomic status

C) Gerald, who became engaged at age 19

D) Max, who did not do well in high school but plans to enroll in college

85) In general, is "Americanization" a positive and desirable experience for immigrant adolescents?

A) No, Americanization appears to be associated with worse, not better, outcomes.

B) Yes, Americanization appears to be associated with better outcomes.

C) There is no clear correlation between Americanization and adolescent outcomes.

D) Yes, but only adolescents who began Americanization while they were still children have been shown to have better outcomes.

86) Why do adolescents who move into wealthier neighborhoods sometimes feel worse off than their peers who stay in less wealthy neighborhoods?

A) Wealthy neighborhoods do not have significantly better parks, gyms, or libraries than poorer neighborhoods.

B) Moving to a wealthier neighborhood is a letdown because they have difficulty making new friends.

C) U.S. poverty has become less concentrated in recent decades, so a move to a wealthier neighborhood does not mean much of a difference in circumstances.

D) Moving to a wealthier neighborhood makes it easier to contrast their situations with their new neighbors' circumstances.

87) Which of the following can protect adolescents against the negative effects of exposure to violence?

A) structured extracurricular activities

B) regular exercise and a nutritious diet

C) intellectually stimulating high school classes

D) the ability to declare independence from peers

88) A recent study found that instruction in which of these lessened some of the stresses felt by adolescents in poor urban neighborhoods?

A) mindfulness

B) Americanization

C) scarification rituals

D) transition rituals

89) One reason that poverty adversely affects the behavior and development of adolescents is that

A) social problems are contagious and can spread from one adolescent to another.

B) poverty in neighborhoods reduces levels of social isolation.

C) adolescents growing up in poverty are more likely to be exposed to religious rituals.

D) good parenting is less impactful in poor neighborhoods.

90) Tamika and Theresa both live in single-parent households that receive welfare payments. Tamika lives in a wealthier neighborhood than Theresa. According to community researchers, who is more likely to drop out of school or become pregnant?

A) Tamika

B) Theresa

C) Both have an equal chance.

D) It is not possible to predict this.

91) Evaluations of mentoring programs have indicated that

A) mentoring in and of itself is a sufficient program to meet the needs of at-risk youth.

B) mentoring is most beneficial for adolescents with poor social skills.

C) the success of the mentoring program depends in part on the length of the mentor relationship.

D) mentoring tends to be more successful when the mentor involves the adolescent in one or two specific activities.

92) Researchers studied teenagers who live in wealthy neighborhoods and found that they have ________ levels of delinquency than teenagers in ________ neighborhoods.

A) lower; middle-class

B) higher; poor

C) higher; middle-class

D) lower; poor

93) What is the most likely explanation for the fact that relocating adolescents from poor neighborhoods to more advantaged neighborhoods sometimes has negative effects on the adolescents?

A) Adolescents may encounter more discrimination in their new neighborhoods.

B) Parents of adolescents in wealthier neighborhoods may monitor their children more vigilantly.

C) Adolescents who move to new neighborhoods may end up feeling less disadvantaged.

D) Wealthier neighborhoods allow access to fewer but higher-quality resources than poorer neighborhoods do.

94) You are designing a study on how neighborhoods affect adolescent development. Based on your knowledge of this topic, which of the following do you anticipate?

A) It will be difficult to determine which outcomes can be traced to the impact of the neighborhood and which are due to other factors, such as level of parental involvement.

B) There will most likely be a direct correlation between each neighborhood's average income and its rate of delinquency, with the wealthiest areas having the lowest rates of delinquency.

C) There will likely be a direct correlation between available resources and adults' view of teenagers, with adults in the richest areas having the lowest opinions of teenagers.

D) It will be difficult to determine whether any outcomes can be traced to the impact of the neighborhood, since most neighborhoods have similar resources available.

95) A neighborhood where the inhabitants trust each other and can count on each other to monitor the activities of youth in the community is a neighborhood with

A) low levels of violence.

B) strong access to resources.

C) high collective efficacy.

D) high levels of wealth.

96) Which of the following is true about adolescents who have been exposed to violence?

A) They are less likely to engage in violence.

B) They are more likely to think about killing themselves.

C) They are more likely to report symptoms of mania.

D) They are less likely to experience feelings of hopelessness.

97) How does social redefinition link together rights, privileges, responsibilities, and obligations for adolescents in the United States? Provide at least two examples.

98) You are a specialist in adolescent development and have been invited to serve as an expert witness in a high-profile case. The case involves a 15-year-old girl who is being charged with a gruesome first-degree murder. The judge would like to hold this girl to the same standards of criminal responsibility as he would an adult. For this reason, the judge has chosen to process this girl in a criminal court. Do you think the teenage murderer would be competent to stand trial in a criminal court? Based on what you know about the legal boundaries between childhood and adulthood, do you agree with the judge's decision? Where does our society typically draw the line between adolescence and adulthood?

99) Applying what you have learned about initiation ceremonies and social redefinition, design an initiation ceremony for American adolescents in the 1800s. Describe at what age this would take place. What general themes would be present within your ceremony?

100) Since Mark was 5 years old, he has been helping his father maintain the family farm. Now, 30 years later, Mark owns the farm and is teaching his own son to manage it. Mark's brother, Jeffrey, left the farm to attend college and has worked in several different fields since graduating. Who most likely had the easier transition from adolescence to adulthood? How do you know this?

101) You have been appointed to a commission charged with making the transition from adolescence to adulthood smoother for all young people. Based on your knowledge of what experts consider the most important factors to adjust, make at least two specific recommendations of how the transition process could be improved.

102) Amanda, a 13-year-old Hispanic girl, lives below the poverty line with her mother in a poor neighborhood. Based on what you know about the effects of poverty on the transition to adulthood, what would you predict for Amanda? Be sure to include the role of race or ethnicity and neighborhoods in your answer.

103) Imagine that your class just finished discussing all the ways that poverty negatively affects development. After the discussion, one of your peers turns to you and asks, "Why do people need to continue studying poverty? Don't we already know it's bad? Why is neighborhood research so complicated? Can we just use the funds that currently support this type of research to relocate families living in poor neighborhoods to wealthier neighborhoods?" What would you tell your classmate?