Exam Questions Racial Minorities And The Law Chapter 13

CHAPTER 13

RACIAL MINORITIES AND THE LAW

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. By its very nature, _____________ is responsive to "the will of the people"-that is, the will of the majority of the people.

a. independence

b. law

c. democracy

d. equality

2. What practice is as old as human history, and few practices instituted by human beings are more repulsive?

a. prostitution

b. differential treatment

c. slavery

d. illegitimacy

3. Under which English practice could people pay off their debts by working for an employer for a fixed number of years?

a. shire reeves

b. apprenticeship

c. indentured servitude

d. apprentice servitude

4. Some claim that the English case of ____________ should have been followed and all enslaved people freed because "the precedent had become part of common law."

a. United States, Appellants v. The Libellants and Claimants of the Schooner Amistad

b. Scott v. Sandford

c. Somerset v. Stewart

d. The Slave, Grace

5. What portion of the U.S. Constitution refers to "free Persons" and "three-fifths of all other Persons"?

a. Article I, Section 2

b. Article II, Section 3

c. Article I, Section 1

d. Article II, Section 1

6. Which case is discussed by the text as being an important moral step in the direction aimed at securing the status of "we the people" for African Americans?

a. Somerset v. Stewart

b. The Slave, Grace

c. Scott v. Sandford

d. United States, Appellants v. The Libellants and Claimants of the Schooner Amistad

7. The practice of freeing slaves who had sojourned on free soil was based on which court case?

a. The Slave, Grace

b. Scott v. Sandford

c. United States, Appellants v. The Libellants and Claimants of the Schooner Amistad

d. Somerset v. Stewart

8. The passage of which act of 1854 opened up areas of the West to slavery?

a. Treaty of Fort Pit

b. Discovery Doctrine

c. Northwest Ordinance

d. Kansas-Nebraska Act

9. Which of the following was fought to preserve the Union, not to free enslaved people, though of course, slavery was a major factor leading up to the war, making it almost inevitable?

a. Revolutionary War

b. Emancipation War

c. World War I

d. Civil War

10. Which proclamation issued by Abraham Lincoln did not free enslaved people in slave states loyal to the Union, since that might have driven them into the arms of the Confederacy?

a. Equality

b. Revolution

c. Emancipation

d. Race

11. Blacks fared better in the immediate aftermath of the ____________, during the period known as Reconstruction.

a. World War I

b. Revolutionary War

c. World War II

d. Civil War

12. Which of the following is true regarding how Blacks fared during the Reconstruction period?

a. some did not leave their former masters, and others were left with nothing but the clothes on their backs and a few meager possessions

b. the federal government made attempts to help the emancipated slaves by establishing the Freedman's Bureau

c. they were not prepared to succeed in white society even if they had been welcomed into it

d. all of the above

13. Passed in the South, what authorized local authorities to arrest unemployed Black people and to fine them for vagrancy?

a. Jim Crow laws

b. Reconstruction codes

c. Black Codes

d. Establishment laws

14. The U.S. Congress struck back at the Black Codes by passing the _______________ in 1868.

a. Fourteenth Amendment

b. Fifteenth Amendment

c. Twelfth Amendment

d. Thirteenth Amendment

15. Which of the following forms of bigotry involves fear and dislike of out-groups and attitudes of in-group superiority, but these attitudes may be eased by contact and assimilation?

a. xenophobia

b. ethnocentrism

c. racism

d. both a and b

16. What act stipulated that all persons were entitled to full access and enjoyment of all accommodations and facilities in public places?

a. Anti-racism Act of 1875

b. Equal Opportunity Act of 1875

c. Civil Rights Act of 1875

d. Equal Rights Act of 1875

17. Most states were not overly troubled with granting ____________ rights to Black people.

a. all types

b. civil

c. political

d. social

18. Which type of rights involve the right to vote, hold political office, or serve on juries?

a. political

b. social

c. civil

d. both a and c

19. What rights were less important in a practical sense, but the lack of them was more objectionable to Blacks because it marked them as inferior and unfit to come into close proximity to whites?

a. political

b. social

c. civil

d. moral

20. The issue before the U.S. Supreme Court in which case was the reasonableness of a Louisiana statute requiring Black and white people to ride in "separate but equal" accommodations on trains?

a. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

b. Williams v. State of Mississippi

c. Smith v. Allwright

d. Plessy v. Ferguson

21. After the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment, the issue for Southern states became how to deny which right to Blacks without seeming to do it on the basis of race?

a. voting

b. school integration

c. social

d. property ownership

22. In which case did the U.S. Supreme Court interpret literacy tests as excluding Blacks on the basis of literacy, not race, because the tests also excluded illiterate whites not covered by grandfather clauses; thus, the tests did not violate the Fourteenth or Fifteenth Amendments?

a. Smith v. Allwright

b. Williams v. State of Mississippi

c. Plessy v. Ferguson

d. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

23. Which of the following Black leaders emerged in the robust era of Jim Crowism with radically different ideas about how Blacks should respond?

a. Martin Luther King Jr. and Booker T. Washington

b. Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. DuBois

c. W. E. B. DuBois and Martin Luther King Jr.

d. Reverend Al Sharpton and Martin Luther King Jr.

24. Which early influential Black leader counseled that Blacks should aspire to higher education, not be content with manual work, and agitate for the restoration of their rights?

a. Booker T. Washington

b. Martin Luther King Jr.

c. Nelson Mandela

d. W.E. B. DuBois

25. In the aftermath of World War I, there was a revival of the ___________, numerous white race riots, and an increase in lynching from 36 cases in 1917 to 76 in 1919.

a. NAACP

b. Skinheads

c. Ku Klux Klan

d. Black Panther party

26. The most significant test of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 came in which year, when the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) was called in to investigate the lynching of Michael Donald?

a. 1881

b. 1981

c. 2008

d. 2011

27. What case was the first significant post-World War II U.S. Supreme Court ruling on Black rights?

a. Plessy v. Ferguson

b. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

c. Williams v. State of Mississippi

d. Smith v. Allwright

28. Which court case ended racial segregation in American schools?

a. Smith v. Allwright

b. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

c. Plessy v. Ferguson

d. Williams v. State of Mississippi

29. Which act gave federal officials both the power to bring desegregation suits on behalf of individuals and the power to withhold federal funds to school districts practicing racial discrimination?

a. Civil Rights Act of 1998

b. Civil Rights Act of 1968

c. Civil Rights Act of 1964

d. Civil Rights Act of 1875

30. Which amendment declared the poll tax unconstitutional in 1964?

a. Twenty-Seventh

b. Twenty-Fourth

c. Nineteenth

d. Sixteenth

31. The cases of Smith v. Allwright and Brown v. Board of Education gave legitimacy, support, and impetus to Black protest movements and precipitated an unprecedented level of:

a. activism

b. rights

c. independence

d. violence

32. Indians were enslaved in how many of the thirteen colonies?

a. 7

b. 9

c. 11

d. 13

33. Which act essentially established the British government as the protector of Indian rights and the Indian tribes as its wards?

a. Treaty of Fort Pitt

b. Proclamation Act of 1763

c. Discovery Doctrine

d. Kansas-Nebraska Act

34. What treaty was the first of about 350 treaties made with the Indians?

a. Kansas-Nebraska Act

b. Discovery Doctrine

c. Treaty of Fort Pitt

d. Northwest Ordinance

35. Which case was the first of the Marshall Trilogy and was a land ownership dispute between whites, although the U.S. Supreme Court used it to define the relationship of the federal government to the Indian nations?

a. Worcester v. Georgia

b. Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

c. South Carolina v. Katzenbach

d. Johnson v. McIntosh

36. Which 1830 act called for the removal of all Indians in the southeastern states to "Indian territory"?

a. Manifest Destiny

b. Indian Removal Act

c. Northwest Ordinance

d. Indian Reorganization Act

37. In 1838-1839, which Native American group were marched over 1,000 miles in the dead of winter, losing 25 percent of their number to death along the way?

a. Sioux

b. Algonquin

c. Chippewa

d. Cherokee

38. In which case did the U.S. Supreme Court rule in favor of Standing Bear on both counts, stating that "an Indian is a person within the meaning of the law of the United States"?

a. Standing Bear v. Crook

c. Ex Parte Standing Bear

b. United States v. Standing Bear

d. Cherokee Tobacco case [in re Standing Bear]

39. The U.S. Supreme Court endorsed the right of Congress to abrogate Indian treaties in the _____________, which upheld the federal government's right to tax Cherokee tobacco sales in violation of an 1866 treaty.

a. Standing Bear v. Crook

b. United States v. Kagama

c. Cherokee Tobacco

d. Ex Parte Crow Dog

40. The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) was first established by which federal department in 1824?

a. War Department

b. State Department

c. Department of Homeland Security

d. Bureau of Reclamation

41. The original seven offenses in the _____________ became the "index crimes" published yearly in the FBI's Uniform Crime Reports.

a. Indian Reorganization Act

b. Major Crimes Act of 1885

c. Indian Crime Act

d. Proclamation Act of 1763

42. From the time of the Dawes Act to 1934, the Indians lost approximately how much of their lands to whites?

a. one-third

b. half

c. two-thirds

d. three-fourths

43. In which case did the legal status of Indians hit its lowest point?

a. Elk v. Wilkins

b. United States v. Kagama

c. Standing Bear v. Crook

d. Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock

44. In which year did the U.S. Congress finally confer American citizenship on all Indians in the Indian Citizenship Act?

a. 1922

b. 1924

c. 1926

d. 1928

45. Although it supposedly accorded every Indian the same legal rights that whites enjoyed, which of the following eliminated tribal sovereignty and law?

a. reclamation

b. self-determination

c. termination

d. assimilation

46. From the time they arrived in the United States, which group was subjected to special taxes; barred from holding land or citizenship; and beaten, lynched, and driven out of towns all across the West?

a. Irish

b. Mexicans

c. Italians

d. Chinese

47. Although previous legislative efforts to limit immigration from "undesirable" European countries by individual states had been ruled unconstitutional, the U.S. Congress passed which act in 1882 without legal challenge?

a. Asian Limitation Act

b. Asian Exclusion Act

c. Chinese Exclusion Act

d. Chinese Limitation Act

48. In which landmark case did the U.S. Supreme Court rule that the government could not deny citizenship to anyone born in the United States?

a. In Re Ah Yup

b. Korematsu v. United States

c. Ex Parte Endo

d. United States v. Wong Kim Ark

49. Executive Order 9066 was justified as a "_______________," but very few of the many more numerous "enemy aliens" of German or Italian origin were likewise rounded up.

a. military necessity

b. national emergency

c. war emergency

d. national necessity

50. In which case did the U.S. Supreme Court rule that although interment was constitutionally suspect, it was justified during circumstances of wartime "emergency and peril" and that the government's need to protect against espionage outweighed individual rights?

a. United States v. Wong Kim Ark

b. Korematsu v. United States

c. Ex Parte Endo

d. In Re Ah Yup

51. Which U.S. Supreme Court case began the release of all Japanese detainees and the beginning of the struggle for redress?

a. Korematsu v. United States

b. Ex Parte Endo

c. Ozawa v. United States

d. In re Ah Yup

52. Until fairly recently, Hispanics have been a "_______________ minority," which may be why few people can identify circumstances, issues, and struggles associated with this group while most educated people have at least some knowledge of the struggles faced in the past by other minority groups.

a. model

b. troubled

c. criminal

d. silent

53. Which Texas immigration case put an end to disenfranchisement efforts against Hispanics?

a. Van Reynegan v. Bolton

b. Hernandez v. Texas

c. In re Rodriguez

d. White v. Regester

54. Which treaty ceded over 525,000 square miles of territory to the United States (present-day Texas, Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, as well as parts of Colorado, Kansas, and Wyoming)?

a. Treaty of the Alamo

b. Treaty of Texas Hidalgo

c. Treaty of Mexicano Alamo

d. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

55. According to U.S. law, American-born citizens cannot be "_______________" because the term means "return to one's native land".

a. immigrated

b. repatriated

c. emigrated

d. assimilated

56. Which of the following is true regarding the Bracero Program

a. it provided free farmland of up to 160 acres of undeveloped federal land west of the Mississippi

b. farmers had to pay the costs of transporting the contract laborers from Mexico and ensure their return at the expiration of their contract

c. it was a cooperative American/Mexican effort to stem the tide of illegal immigrants

d. it involved the manipulation of geographic boundaries to exclude Hispanics in order to achieve desired electoral results

57. In which case did the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously rule that the Fourteenth Amendment rights extend to all racial/ethnic groups?

a. In re Rodriguez

b. Van Reynegan v. Bolton

c. Hernandez v. Texas

d. White v. Regester

58. Which of the following prohibited illegal aliens from obtaining social services such as health care and public education, with the expectation that this would prevent more illegal immigration and even drive some back across the border?

a. Operation Wetback

b. Save Our State Initiative

c. Bracero Program

d. Mexican Deportation Program

59. In which case did the U.S. Supreme Court deny Indian tribal sovereignty criminal jurisdiction over non-Indians in Indian country?

a. United States v. Sioux Nations of Indians

b. Oliphant v. Suquamish

c. Van Reynegan v. Bolton

d. Nevada v. Hicks

60. Despite less political "muscle" than any other minority, Asians have gone from being loathed as the "yellow peril" to being lauded as the:

a. model minority

b. silent minority

c. lightest minority

d. yellow minority

TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS

1. The practice of slavery is as old as human history, and few practices instituted by human beings are more repulsive.

a. True

b. False

2. American slavery evolved from the English practice of shire reeves.

a. True

b. False

3. The first enslaved Africans were brought by Dutch traders to Jamestown, Virginia, in 1619.

a. True

b. False

4. In United States, Appellants v. The Libellants and Claimants of the Schooner Amistad, the U.S. Supreme Court agreed with the arguments of then lawyer and now former president, John Quincy Adams, and ordered the "kidnapped Africans" released and returned to Africa.

a. True

b. False

5. The Treaty of Fort Pitt was widely interpreted at the time as a precursor to legalizing slavery throughout the United States.

a. True

b. False

6. The Sixteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution banned slavery within the United States and territories.

a. True

b. False

7. Black Codes were enacted under the assumption that Black people would not work unless compelled to do so.

a. True

b. False

8. In regards to the Fourteenth Amendment, the U.S. Congress still left the question of suffrage for Black people to the individual states, but both northern and southern states were very reluctant to grant it.

a. True

b. False

9. Racism is a form of bigotry more insidious than other forms such as xenophobia and ethnocentrism.

a. True

b. False

10. The Citoyens de Comitus's was instrumental to the facts of the Plessy v. Ferguson case.

a. True

b. False

11. With the help of progressive whites, W. E. B. DuBois founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in 1910.

a. True

b. False

12. The Vietnam War signaled the beginning of the end of Jim Crow.

a. True

b. False

13. The Civil Rights Act of 1998 gave federal officials both the power to bring desegregation suits on behalf of individuals and the power to withhold federal funds to school districts practicing racial discrimination.

a. True

b. False

14. In South Carolina v. Katzenbach, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

a. True

b. False

15. The original goal of Black Lives Matter (BLM), was to create a trillion-dollar job program.

a. True

b. False

16. The Discovery Doctrine proclaimed that any land purchases from Indians without a representative of the British royal government present at the proceedings would be illegal.

a. True

b. False

17. The Indian Removal Act was the first of a long series of trails or "long walks" suffered by Indian tribes across the country as the United States pursued its policy of Manifest Destiny.

a. True

b. False

18. The period of physical genocide on the Great Plains was marked by the wholesale destruction of the buffalo herds.

a. True

b. False

19. The Major Crimes Act of 1885 extended federal criminal jurisdiction over Indians, or any other person, in Indian country.

a. True

b. False

20. The U.S. Supreme Court case of Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock involved the government opening up land in Oklahoma defined as "surplus" by the Dawes Act to white settlement.

a. True

b. False

21. The policy of reclamation was meant to be pro-Indian and and designed to fully assimilate them into mainstream American life by encouraging individuals to leave reservations and move to urban areas, however, it had devastating consequences for terminated tribes.

a. True

b. False

22. For the early Chinese immigrants, the conditions of their employment (sometimes referred to as the "coolie trade" often amounted to "a new system of slavery."

a. True

b. False

23. Asian Americans were allowed a greater level of assimilation than African Americans and had even been allowed into integrated schools by the early 1900s.

a. True

b. False

24. Executive Order 9056, issued by President Franklin Roosevelt, authorized the evacuation and relocation of people of Japanese ancestry.

a. True

b. False

25. In Korematsu v. United States, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that although interment was constitutionally suspect, it was justified during circumstances of wartime "emergency and peril" and that the government's need to protect against espionage outweighed individual rights.

a. True

b. False

26. At 16 percent of the population, Hispanics are the largest minority group in the United States.

a. True

b. False

27. The primary cause of the Mexican-American War was the admittance of Texas to the United States in 1845

a. True

b. False

28. Operation Wetback called for the importation of temporary contract laborers from Mexico to the United States from 1942 to 1964.

a. True

b. False

29. In the landmark case of White v. Regester, involving jury representation, the U.S. Supreme Court extended Fourteenth Amendment rights to Mexican Americans.

a. True

b. False

30. Traditionally, immigration to the United States has been mostly Chinese.

a. True

b. False

ESSAY QUESTIONS

1. How did Southern states circumvent the Thirteenth Amendment?

2. What was the Indian Removal Act and how did the Cherokee Nation respond? What was the outcome?

3. Discuss the impact that Executive Order 9066 had on Japanese Americans in the United States.

4. Discuss how the path taken by Hispanics has differed from other minority groups discussed in the chapter.

5. Discuss how far the United states has come in regards to racial civil, political, and social equality for all groups. Which group has come the furthest? Explain your answer.