Exam Questions History Addressing Needs Ives Ch.1

Chapter 1

Historical Foundations of Addressing Needs:
Indigenous, French, and English Traditions

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Mino-pimatisiwin is a Cree word that means ________.

a) social work

b) the Medicine Wheel

c) the good life

d) First Nations

e) a gathering of elders

2. Canadian social work has largely been shaped by ________ traditions.

a) British and American

b) American only

c) Western European

d) Australian

e) Scandinavian

3. ________, a principle contained in the Medicine Wheel, refers to understanding each aspect of the four cardinal directions of the Wheel and the directions' interconnections for holistic well-being.

a) Stability

b) Wholeness

c) Treatment

d) Fulfillment

e) Welfare

4. Historically, which of the following has not been a way Elders have passed on knowledge?

a) Role modelling

b) Written texts

c) Storytelling

d) Ceremonies

e) Sharing circles

5. Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit is the Inuktitut term for ________.

a) traditional or Indigenous knowledge of the Inuit

b) working with non-Inuit Peoples

c) Inuit ways of knowing

d) Inuit territory

e) Inuit elder education

6. After Quebec, the province or territory with the largest number of residents whose mother tongue is French is ________.

a) New Brunswick

b) British Columbia

c) Ontario

d) Alberta

e) Yukon

7. It is through ________ for healing and growth that individuals, families and communities can attain mino-pimatisiwin.

a) personal responsibility

b) long-term therapeutic interventions

c) harmony

d) collective work

e) institutional treatment

8. ________ authored an analysis of the conditions of Montreal's working-class communities in the late 1800s.

a) L'Abbé Charles-Edouard Bourgeois

b) Marie Lacoste Gérin-Lajoie

c) Frederick Marsh

d) Herbert Ames

e) Charlotte Whitton

9. The Public Charities Act of 1921 ________.

a) was the first legislation enacted which brought together charity organizations to formalize and organize relief provision to the poor

b) was the first social legislation enacted, mandating that government was required to help those in need

c) was the legislation which provided public funding to parishes to serve communities living in poverty

d) provided targeted funding for the distribution of aid in rural communities

e) formally brought together Charity Organization Societies to systematically provide relief

10. In seventeenth-century Montreal, a(n) ________ combined relief with moral rehabilitation through labour for the undeserving poor.

a) maison d'industrie

b) settlement house

c) hostel

d) almshouse

e) halfway house

11. The bureaux des pauvres were established and operated in the cities of Quebec, Montreal, and Trois-Rivières in ________.

a) 1566

b) 1601

c) 1688

d) 1710

e) 1750

12. An early belief about poverty was that it was ________.

a) a result of economic forces

b) evidence of the shortcomings of the education system

c) individually driven

d) a consequence of the lack of collaboration between the provinces and the federal government

e) tied to a region's agricultural productivity

13. ________was one of the first in Quebec to challenge conventional attitudes toward the poor, asserting poverty was more related to unemployment than laziness.

a) Marie Lacoste Gérin-Lajoie

b) L'Abbé Charles-Edouard Bourgeois

c) Sœurs Dominicaines du Rosaire in Trois-Rivières

d) Herbert Ames

e) J.S. Woodsworth

14. The 1871 census recording in Quebec found that ________ of the population was Roman Catholic.

a) 50 per cent

b) 55 per cent

c) 99 per cent

d) 85 per cent

e) 70 per cent

15. In Quebec in the nineteenth century, most charitable activities were carried out ________.

a) under the supervision of or directly by churches

b) by local government officials

c) by settlement houses

d) by wives of wealthy businessmen

e) by provincial administrators

16. In ________, the Civil Code of Lower Canada sought to codify all aspects of civil relations, primarily persons, property, succession, and marriage.

a) 1935

b) 1866

c) 1937

d) 1897

e) 1901

17. In the 1800s in Quebec, ________ were an early model for charity organization societies.

a) workhouses

b) benevolent societies

c) civil offices

d) municipal welfare offices

e) local independence societies

18. Material assistance provided to individuals and families in their own homes was referred to as ________.

a) indoor relief

b) poorhouse provision

c) outdoor relief

d) alms

e) organized charity

19. In the 1800s in Quebec, ________ were entities founded by groups of workers to provide for workers and their families in case of sickness or death.

a) mutual benefit societies

b) Charity Organization Societies

c) settlement house organizations

d) missions

e) municipal councils

20. The principle requiring that the standard of living of a labourer who works the lowest-paying labour market job be higher than that of an individual receiving public assistance is ________.

a) benefit adjusting

b) administrative welfare

c) civil eligibility

d) dependence-prevention

e) less eligibility

21. According to the Puritan doctrine of vocation, relief to those who are poor leads to ________.

a) famine

b) outdoor relief

c) increased dependence

d) character improvement

e) increased independence

22. Provision of care for the poor shifted from work done by volunteers to paid social work largely because of the application of a "scientific approach." This reflects the idea that ________.

a) volunteers need to be paid to undergo training to make moral judgments of who is "deserving"

b) social work should involve the ability to prescribe medication; hence, social workers need to be paid professionals with training in medicine and/or science

c) it is necessary for the worker to have specific training to gain a scientific understanding of human behaviour and social processes

d) it is not important to understand the behavioural aspects of clients but only to address physical symptoms

e) social work in hospitals requires further training for process diagnoses

23. The Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601 had its origins in ________.

a) France

b) New France

c) American colonies

d) England

e) Ireland

24. Proponents of the Charity Organization Societies believed that the application of a rigorous welfare delivery system would provide ________ evaluations of poverty's causes.

a) objective

b) interdependent

c) subjective

d) religious

e) individual

25. ________ is assistance provided in an institutional setting.

a) Familial relief

b) Outdoor relief

c) Domicile relief

d) Provincial relief

e) Indoor relief

26. Addressing an issue by systematically gathering data on an individual, analyzing the data, and then making a data-based diagnosis and treatment plan is referred to as ________.

a) structured charity

b) social casework

c) anti-poverty measures

d) social planning

e) organized system plans

27. Social welfare provision at the beginning of the twentieth century was marked by ________.

a) a growing antagonism toward social evidence

b) an increasing emphasis on private welfare

c) the emergence of "friendly visitors"

d) a provincial push to increase local parish involvement

e) a shift from moral judgment to a scientific approach to problem solving

28. ________, as related to poverty, is the belief that indiscriminate relief would weaken a person's moral character, leading to a weakening of society.

a) Utilitarianism

b) Individualism

c) Altruism

d) Social Darwinism

e) Socialism

29. Friendly visitors representing Charity Organization Societies would evaluate individuals' eligibility for relief by assessing their ________.

a) social environment

b) economic environment

c) community's dynamics

d) individual character

e) level of education

30. Settlement house workers used ________ as a main tool for social change.

a) material welfare provision

b) relationships with community members

c) family tax credits

d) local parishes

e) municipal tax benefits

31. Settlement House Movement proponents placed a greater emphasis on ________ than proponents of the Charity Organization Societies.

a) religious foundations

b) provincial intervention

c) social reform

d) moral rehabilitation

e) individual character

32. In the early 1900s, ________ conducted a study to discover how to encourage the neighbourliness found in rural areas in urban areas, as a way to address social challenges.

a) J.S. Woodsworth

b) Herbert Ames

c) Jane Addams

d) Charlotte Whitton

e) Daniel Matthews

33. The most famous settlement house, Hull House, was founded in ________.

a) Toronto

b) Chicago

c) Montreal

d) New York

e) Winnipeg

34. The ________ was a theological and social movement devoted to social development and change.

a) Social Democratic Movement

b) Social Methodist Movement

c) Religious Activist Movement

d) Social Rebellion Movement

e) Social Gospel Movement

35. In 1914, the Moral and Social Reform Council of Canada evolved into the ________.

a) Social Service Council of Canada

b) Settlement House Societies Council of Canada

c) Canadian Association of Schools of Social Work

d) All Peoples' Mission of Canada

e) United Church of Canada Reform Council

36. In 2007, the prevalence of poverty among women either unmarried or not in common-law relationships was ________ the prevalence among women in families.

a) greater than

b) less than

c) the same as

d) not recorded

e) negligible compared to

37. One of the oldest, largest Black churches in Canada, ________ was founded in 1907 in Montreal by a group of Black railroad porters who no longer felt welcome in White churches and wanted to control their own institution.

a) Union Methodist Church

b) Union Saint-Joseph

c) Union Congregational Church

d) African Methodist Episcopal Church

e) All People's Mission Church

38. ________ was/were at the centre of the social order in colonial society.

a) Elders

b) The church

c) Clergy members

d) The family

e) Fathers

39. A perspective that began in the colonial era defining a woman's role solely as a wife and mother is ________.

a) patriarchy

b) the family ethic

c) the Protestant work ethic

d) feminism

e) matriarchy

40. The Great Depression caused Canadians to see unemployment as a(n) ________.

a) problem that was largely located in the Prairie provinces

b) socio-economic structural problem rather than a personal problem

c) acceptable fact of life

d) result of government intervention in the economy

e) failure of private philanthropy

41. The stock market crash in ________ brought on massive unemployment and poverty across Canada.

a) 1909

b) 1934

c) 1945

d) 1924

e) 1929

42. In ________, the Assistance to Needy Mothers was enacted in Quebec.

a) 1901

b) 1897

c) 1968

d) 1937

e) 1928

43. A(n) ________ state describes a country whose government assumes responsibility for ensuring that its citizens' basic needs are met.

a) revolutionary

b) private

c) welfare

d) individualistic

e) charity-focused

44. In 1963, the ________ marked the end of an era requiring that a person in need have "good morals" as eligibility for assistance.

a) Marsh Report

b) Boucher Report

c) Romanow Report

d) Social Welfare Council Report

e) Lajoie Report

45. The Quiet Revolution occurred in ________ in the ________.

a) Quebec; mid-1920s

b) Ontario; mid-1960s

c) Quebec; mid-1960s

d) New Brunswick; mid-1970s

e) New Brunswick; mid-1950s

46. In addition to ensuring that basic needs are met, the fundamental idea of any welfare system is to increase ________.

a) access to services

b) opportunity

c) equality

d) freedom

e) collectivism

47. A state where limited support is only given to people in need as a last resort is referred to as ________.

a) institutional

b) systemic

c) structural

d) residual

e) socialist

48. The first schools of social work opened in Toronto and Montreal in the 1910s as a response to ________.

a) political turmoil overseas

b) the Great Depression

c) educational reforms for women

d) the growing Socialist movement

e) the desire for greater professionalization of social service provision

49. Neoliberalism can be defined as ________.

a) economic policies that support the shift of control of economic factors from the public sector to the private sector

b) economic policies that increase funding for liberal social programs to alleviate poverty

c) a political movement that seeks to remove government control from local regions

d) economic policies that seek to tighten control of social spending by increasing public sector control

e) a political ideology that seeks only minimal state intervention in civic life

50. Neoliberal policies began with the election of ________.

a) Stephen Harper

b) Brian Mulroney

c) Justin Trudeau

d) Paul Martin

e) Jean Chrétien

TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS

1. Those who are in need of healing must submit to the wisdom of an Elder and follow the Elder's recommendations.

2. Harmony, a principle contained in the Medicine Wheel, is focused on caring for connections within oneself, with nature and non-humans, and in the world and universe.

3. The Medicine Wheel has one exclusive interpretation.

4. Traditional healers are integral to the health of Indigenous communities through assisting the body in healing not only by employing herbal medicines but also by employing physiological practices.

5. Elders are all members of an Indigenous community aged 65 and over.

6. Maligait is an Inuktitut word which refers to the laws that contribute to "living a good life."

7. Inuit Elders typically wait for those in need to seek them out.

8. Indigenous Elders are key knowledge connections not only to the past but also to the present and future.

9. Canadians whose mother tongue is French live only in Quebec.

10. Quebec was the last Canadian province to grant the vote to women in 1940.

11. Enabling women to work outside of the home to support their families financially was known as the family ethic.

12. L'Abbé Charles-Edouard Bourgeois founded the first Francophone social service agency which focused on helping orphaned and neglected children.

13. Early relief provision in Quebec was the responsibility of municipally funded charities.

14. The 1871 census recorded Quebec as being 97 per cent Roman Catholic.

15. In the nineteenth century in Quebec, hospitals and hospices were also providers of care for the poor and were organized along religious lines.

16. Charity work in Quebec in the 1800s was primarily the domain of French-speaking middle-class and wealthy women.

17. Charity work in Quebec in the 1800s was primarily the domain of English-speaking middle-class and wealthy women.

18. In 1866, under the Quebec Civil Code, married women held the same legal status as minors and those whose civil rights were taken away on the grounds of mental disability.

19. The Public Charities Act of Quebec was the first social assistance legislation to mandate that the government had to intervene to help those in need.

20. Indoor relief refers to the material assistance given to individuals and families in their own homes.

21. Those who were chronically ill were seen as undeserving of public assistance.

22. Charity Organization Societies had their origins in London, England.

23. Mary Richmond asserted that focusing on individual-level problems was the only way to address societal issues.

24. Social casework consisted of collecting statistics about community conditions for comparison to conditions in other communities.

25. Detailed data regarding an individual's environment, including family and other factors outside the family, were called "social evidence."

26. The primary goal of Charitable Organization Societies was to bring educated, middle-class youth and members of the charitable gentry to live among poor, urban populations.

27. Settlement Houses saw dysfunctional families as the root cause of poverty within a well-functioning society.

28. Jane Addams believed that societal problems at the turn of the twentieth century were due to urbanization, industrialization, and the gap between those on one end of the spectrum and those on the other.

29. The first settlement house for Black Canadians opened in 1901.

30. Organized religion has had a profound impact on the development of social work in Canada.

31. Social Darwinism provided the foundation for the development of Settlement Houses.

32. A consequence of burnout is impaired decision making.

33. The Civil Marriage Act, which legalized same-sex marriage across Canada, was enacted in 1991.

34. The Quiet Revolution occurred as a result of the failure of the first referendum on Quebec sovereignty.

35. Residual welfare states provide support to the entire population in the form of universal programs.

36. Canada's welfare model could be considered a hybrid, having some means-testing social programs but also offering universal programs such as Medicare.

37. With regard to welfare, Canada operates from a purely residual model.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. What are the six principles of the Medicine Wheel as summarized by Hart (2002)?

2. In Inuit culture, what is Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit? What are the four laws that are the foundation of IQ?

3. What key roles do Elders play in Indigenous communities?

4. In the early years of relief work, what were the two major tenets regarding poverty that guided relief across Canadian regions?

5. How was relief to the poor organized in Quebec in the nineteenth century?

6. How were women's lives shaped by the family ethic?

7. What is one way in which the development of Quebec's social welfare system was influenced by France's system?

8. What are two examples of factors that shaped the development of social welfare in Quebec?

9. What was one reason for the development of the scientific approach for alleviating poverty?

10. What is Social Darwinism as it relates to poverty?

11. What is a key difference between the Charity Organization Societies and the Settlement House Movement?

12. Why did churches in Black communities evolve into community service providers?

13. How were early settlement houses funded?

14. What is one example of how discrimination was present in social work in the early 1900s?

15. What are the two distinct historical interpretations of the role of the church for Black Canadian populations?

16. Historically, what is the "feminization of poverty"?

17. What education program opportunities are available to those wanting to specialize in Indigenous social work?

18. Why is self-care important for social workers?

19. Why is Canada considered a welfare state?

20. What is neoliberalism?

ESSAY QUESTIONS

1. What is the Medicine Wheel? Describe the six principles contained in the Medicine Wheel. How do they work together for the well-being of all?

2. How did J.S. Woodsworth view poverty? How did Woodsworth believe the needs of the poor should be addressed? Who should be involved?

3. Describe the English, French, and Indigenous foundations of social work practice.

4. How did proponents of the Social Gospel Movement address social and economic problems?

5. Describe and compare the traditional English and French approaches to the provision of relief.

6. How are historical categorizations of those living in poverty as deserving and undeserving still seen in practice today?

7. Describe the Settlement House Movement and the Charity Organization Societies. How did proponents of the SHM conceptualize the causes of poverty? How did their views of the causes of poverty differ from those held by proponents of the Charity Organization Societies?

8. How has neoliberalism affected social work practice? Provide two examples in different social work practice settings.