Exam Questions Ch.14 Integrating Social Psychology 7e

Chapter 14

Integrating Social Psychology

Total Assessment Guide (T.A.G.)

Chapter 14 Integrating Social Psychology

Multiple Choice Questions

1) According to the textbook, who approved wiretaps of Martin Luther King Jr.’s phone?

A) Stanley Levinson

B) Jack O’Dell

C) Barack Obama

D) Robert Kennedy

Learning Objective: None

Topic: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

2) From a social psychological perspective, what was the primary significance of the wiretapping of Martin Luther King Jr.’s phone?

A) that the Kennedys, who were becoming more committed to solving the race problem, were involved

B) that Martin Luther King Jr. had had extramarital affairs

C) that Martin Luther King Jr. was friends with Barack Obama

D) that Martin Luther King Jr. was a communist

Learning Objective: None

Topic: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

3) The textbook’s discussion of social psychology began with a discussion of __________.

A) searching inside the individual

B) group processes

C) romantic relationships

D) social dilemmas

Learning Objective: 14.1 Explain why our discussion of research in social psychology proceeded from social cognition to social dilemmas.

Topic: What Ground Have We Covered?

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

4) Research has shown that giving to other people can make you __________.

A) happier and healthier

B) more generous but angry

C) happier but more physically unwell

D) have less self-esteem

Learning Objective: 14.1 Explain why our discussion of research in social psychology proceeded from social cognition to social dilemmas.

Topic: Findings and Theories

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

5) Research has shown that the neurological effects of being excluded from a social interaction are __________.

A) impossible to detect

B) similar to those experienced when we fail at a task

C) similar to those experienced when we are in physical pain

D) related to those experienced when we fall in love

Learning Objective: 14.1 Explain why our discussion of research in social psychology proceeded from social cognition to social dilemmas.

Topic: Findings and Theories

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

6) Research has shown that athletes who are blind from birth __________.

A) lose self-esteem if they think sighted athletes believe they are noncompetitive

B) make the same facial expressions as sighted athletes when they win or lose

C) have political attitudes more closely aligned to their physical condition than do sighted athletes

D) are found to be more attractive than sighted athletes

Learning Objective: 14.1 Explain why our discussion of research in social psychology proceeded from social cognition to social dilemmas.

Topic: Findings and Theories

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

7) Research has shown that a woman’s self-esteem __________ if she thinks a man rejected her because of her appearance; a man’s self-esteem __________ if he thinks the rejection was based on __________.

A) decreases; decreases; insufficient status

B) increases; increases; insufficient status

C) decreases; decreases; his appearance

D) increases; decreases; his appearance

Learning Objective: 14.1 Explain why our discussion of research in social psychology proceeded from social cognition to social dilemmas.

Topic: Findings and Theories

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

8) __________ explanations of social behavior focus on immediate causes in the here and now.

A) Mediational

B) Proximate

C) Ultimate

D) Group

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: Major Theoretical Perspectives of Social Psychology

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

9) Proximate explanations of social behavior focus on __________.

A) historical causes

B) future causes

C) immediate causes

D) group causes

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate-ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: Major Theoretical Perspectives of Social Psychology

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

10) __________ explanations of social behavior focus on background or historical causes.

A) Mediational

B) Proximate

C) Ultimate

D) Group

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: Major Theoretical Perspectives of Social Psychology

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

11) Ultimate explanations of social behavior focus on __________.

A) historical causes

B) future causes

C) immediate causes

D) group causes

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: Major Theoretical Perspectives of Social Psychology

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

12) Which statement is correct regarding proximate and ultimate explanations of social behavior?

A) Proximate explanations focus on background causes.

B) Proximate and ultimate explanations are not alternatives to one another.

C) Ultimate explanations focus on immediate causes.

D) Ultimate questions are narrower in focus.

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: Major Theoretical Perspectives of Social Psychology

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

13) Ultimate causes are associated most closely with __________, whereas proximate causes are most closely associated with __________.

A) modern times; ancestral times

B) particular cultures; all of human history

C) social cognitive explanations; evolutionary

D) ancestral times; modern times

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: Major Theoretical Perspectives of Social Psychology

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

14) Which theoretical perspective primarily focuses on ancestral environments?

A) evolutionary

B) sociocultural

C) social learning

D) social cognition

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: Major Theoretical Perspectives of Social Psychology

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

15) Which theoretical perspective of social psychology primarily focuses on the here and now?

A) evolutionary

B) sociocultural

C) social learning

D) social cognition

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: Major Theoretical Perspectives of Social Psychology

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

16) Sheila says men are more aggressive because of sexual selection for dominance, whereas Rudy thinks it’s because men are taught to be more aggressive by the culture. Sheila is giving a(n) __________ explanation, whereas Rudy is giving a(n) __________ explanation for the same behavior.

A) ultimate; proximate

B) individual; social

C) proximate; ultimate

D) developmental; individual

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: Major Theoretical Perspectives of Social Psychology

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

17) Which perspective provides the most proximate explanations for human social behavior?

A) social cognitive perspective

B) social learning perspective

C) evolutionary perspective

D) sociocultural perspective

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: Major Theoretical Perspectives of Social Psychology

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

18) Powerful new tools are being used to study __________, or the ways in which attitudes and behaviors spread and cluster within groups.

A) dynamical systems

B) groupthink

C) static phenomena

D) mass communications

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: The Sociocultural Perspective

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

19) One of the central explanatory elements of the sociocultural perspective is __________.

A) the impact that genes have on behavior

B) the effects of one’s learning history on one’s behavior

C) the role of attentional processes on behavior

D) the focus on the role of norms in regulating behavior

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: The Sociocultural Perspective

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

20) The finding that in some cultures it is unacceptable for men to wear skirts, whereas in other cultures wearing a particular type of skirt signifies family honor, is best described as an example of __________.

A) the influence of genetics on behavior

B) the influence of punishment on behavior

C) the influence of norms on behavior

D) the influence of learning on behavior

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: The Sociocultural Perspective

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

21) A group of researchers is investigating different social norms regarding multiple body piercings. This research is most closely related to the __________ approach.

A) social learning

B) social cognitive

C) evolutionary

D) sociocultural

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: The Sociocultural Perspective

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychology phenomena.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

22) Explaining why the Japanese tend to be less comfortable talking into answering machines than Americans are is probably best tackled from a(an) __________ perspective.

A) evolutionary

B) sociocultural

C) collectivistic

D) individualistic

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: The Sociocultural Perspective

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

23) The perspective that studies human social behavior through the lens of the influence of natural selection on the brain is the __________.

A) social cognitive perspective

B) sociocultural perspective

C) social learning perspective

D) evolutionary perspective

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: The Evolutionary Perspective

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

24) Which of the following is accurate regarding cross-cultural research on marriage patterns?

A) In societies where polygyny is allowed, most men are polygynous.

B) Where polygamy is allowed, polyandry is more common than polygyny.

C) Most people pair up monogamously with one man and one woman.

D) In most societies, only people of high social status may marry monogamously.

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: The Evolutionary Perspective

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychology phenomena.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

25) Psychologists working from a contemporary evolutionary perspective argue against which of the following?

A) that genes play a role in contemporary human psychology

B) that genes and culture interact to impact human psychology

C) that culture doesn’t explain human behavior, only genes do

D) that inclusive fitness can help explain the origins of some altruistic behavior

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: The Evolutionary Perspective

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

26) Whereas archeologists hunt for fossils in the ground, psychologists can be said to seek fossils __________.

A) in the artifacts of culture

B) inside the head as psychological mechanisms

C) in the books and journals people write

D) in the behavior of animals

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: The Evolutionary Perspective

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

27) Nira says men are more aggressive because of sexual selection for dominance, whereas Shalini thinks it’s because men are taught to be more aggressive by the culture. Nira is giving a(n) __________ explanation, whereas Shalini is giving a(n) __________ explanation for the same behavior.

A) social learning; sociocultural

B) evolutionary; social cognitive

C) evolutionary; sociocultural

D) social cognitive; evolutionary

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: The Evolutionary Perspective

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

28) Sociocultural theorists and evolutionary theorists both look across cultures to study social behavior, but, whereas sociocultural theorists focus on __________, evolutionary theorists focus on __________.

A) cultural norms; cultural learning

B) cross-cultural differences; cross-cultural similarities

C) cross-cultural similarities; cross-cultural differences

D) the behavior of groups; the behavior of individuals

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: The Evolutionary Perspective

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

29) One difference between the evolutionary and sociocultural perspectives is __________.

A) that the former focuses on similarities across cultures and the latter on differences across cultures

B) that the former focuses on mating and the latter focuses on childrearing

C) that the former emphasizes proximate influences and the latter ultimate influences

D) that the former takes into account people’s needs and the later focuses on societal needs.

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: The Evolutionary Perspective

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

30) Some sociocultural theorists argue that to understand human behavior, all we need to do is understand the way culture shapes behavior. According to your textbook, what is wrong with this assessment?

A) Culture is shaped by evolutionary factors, so to understand culture you need to include evolution.

B) Culture really doesn’t influence human social behavior.

C) There is a one-way relationship such that cultural factors influence evolution.

D) Culture is only a proximate cause of behavior.

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: The Evolutionary Perspective

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

31) How do evolutionary psychologists study human behavior?

A) by looking for cross-cultural differences in behavior

B) by living with gorillas or other primates and studying their behavior

C) by testing evolution-based hypotheses in studies with humans

D) by examining individual differences in perceptions of reality

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: The Evolutionary Perspective

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

32) The perspective that focuses on an individual’s response to rewards and punishments in a given environment is the __________ perspective.

A) sociocultural

B) social learning

C) evolutionary

D) social cognitive

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: The Social Learning Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

33) Martin Luther King Jr. used powerful patriotic symbols and images of happy children to ensure that listeners were in a positive mood when they heard about his civil rights cause. This effective technique draws primarily from the __________ perspective.

A) evolutionary

B) social learning

C) social cognitive

D) sociocultural

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: The Social Learning Perspective

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

34) The finding that children raised together in a kibbutz pod do not feel romantically attracted to each other is best explained by __________.

A) the social learning perspective

B) the sociocultural perspective

C) a combination of the sociocultural and social learning perspectives

D) a combination of the social learning and evolutionary perspectives

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate mate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: The Social Learning Perspective

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

35) Noticing, interpreting, judging, and remembering are __________.

A) social cognition processes

B) behavioral responses

C) societal expectations

D) group dynamics

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: The Social Cognitive Perspective

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

36) Which of the following is one of the core processes involved in social cognition?

A) attending

B) norming

C) studying

D) changing

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate mate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: The Social Cognitive Perspective

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

37) The social cognitive perspective primarily focuses on __________ explanations of social behavior.

A) background

B) immediate

C) historical

D) individual

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: The Social Cognitive Perspective

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry

38) The distinction between automatic and thoughtful or effortful processing discussed in relation to attitude change is an example of the __________ perspective.

A) social cognitive

B) evolutionary

C) social learning

D) sociocultural

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: The Social Cognitive Perspective

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

39) Two students hear a speech by a presidential candidate. One student concludes that the candidate is a forceful leader with innovative ideas, but the other student concludes that the candidate is a poor leader with no new ideas. Which perspective can best explain these different interpretations?

A) social cognitive

B) sociocultural

C) social learning

D) evolutionary

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: The Social Cognitive Perspective

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

40) Toshikazu’s parents threaten to take away his video games if he doesn’t do his homework. However, this threat depends on whether or not Toshikazu believes his parents will follow through. This is an example of the interaction between the __________.

A) social cognitive and sociocultural perspectives

B) evolutionary and social cognitive perspectives

C) social learning and sociocultural perspectives.

D) social learning and social cognitive perspectives

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate ate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: The Social Cognitive Perspective

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

41) Attributional processes are best considered under the __________ approach to social psychology.

A) evolutionary

B) social cognitive

C) sociocultural

D) social learning

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: The Social Cognitive Perspective

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

42) According to Cross and Markus (1993), why does it bother us so much when we are unable to discern a person’s sex?

A) Sex is a vivid social category.

B) Human beings are inherently nosy.

C) We want to know whether the person is a potential romantic partner.

D) Sex is not a particularly relevant social category.

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: Are Sex Differences in Our Genes, in Our Cultural Learning Experiences, or All in Our Minds?

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

43) Todd, a 6-year-old boy, sees a girl performing amazing aerial acrobatics on her skateboard. Later, he tells his mom he saw a boy doing neat tricks on his skateboard. According to the findings of Martin and Halverson (1983), why didn’t Todd tell the truth?

A) Todd is intentionally lying to his mother.

B) The girl was acting out of line with gender stereotypes for girls, which distorted Todd’s memory.

C) Todd is jealous of the girl’s abilities, so he decided to say that it was a boy.

D) Boys do not remember gender information as well as girls do.

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: Are Sex Differences in Our Genes, in Our Cultural Learning Experiences, or All in Our Minds?

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychology phenomena.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

44) In the Condry and Condry study (1976), why did people change their perception of the baby’s reaction to a jack-in-the-box based on whether they were told the baby was a girl or a boy?

A) They knew that girl babies acted differently than boy babies.

B) The people misremembered the baby’s reactions.

C) They knew that boys and girls react differently to punishment.

D) They adjusted their perceptions to fit with gender-role schemas.

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: Are Sex Differences in Our Genes, in Our Cultural Learning Experiences, or All in Our Minds?

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychology phenomena.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

45) What was the main conclusion of Martin’s research comparing actual gender differences to stereotypes of gender differences?

A) There are very few actual gender differences.

B) Stereotypes of gender differences are smaller than actual gender differences.

C) Men actually rated themselves as more tender and compassionate than women.

D) Stereotypes are magnifications of smaller, actual gender differences.

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: Are Sex Differences in Our Genes, in Our Cultural Learning Experiences, or All in Our Minds?

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychology phenomena.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

46) The textbook argues that, instead of trying to explain gender differences in terms of a single focus, such as genes, cultural learning experiences, or in one’s mind, one should __________.

A) look for gender differences as a product of all of these working together

B) look for gender differences only in our culture and our genes

C) focus primarily on how gender differences assist with mating behavior

D) focus primarily on how gender differences impact helping behavior and aggression

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: Are Sex Differences in Our Genes, in Our Cultural Learning Experiences, or All in Our Minds?

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychology phenomena.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

47) Which perspective would explain gender differences in behavior by emphasizing the division of labor arising from reproductive biology?

A) evolutionary

B) social learning

C) sociocultural

D) social cognitive

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: The Evolutionary Perspective

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychology phenomena.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

48) A graduate student wants to study features of the person that influence the type of romantic relationship that people desire. The graduate student decides to focus on genetic predispositions and human nature. Which perspective is the graduate student utilizing?

A) social cognitive perspective

B) social learning perspective

C) sociocultural perspective

D) evolutionary perspective

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: The Evolutionary Perspective

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

49) The two basic principles of social behavior are that __________.

A) situations change people and people change situations

B) that social behavior is goal oriented and it represents a person–situation interaction

C) that evolution affects psychology and psychology affects evolution

D) that people are driven to gain status and to manage their self-image

Learning Objective: 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Topic: Combining the Different Perspectives

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

50) One of the basic principles of social behavior is __________.

A) it is driven by evolutionary pressures

B) it helps to conserve mental effort

C) it helps us gain and retain mates

D) it is goal oriented

Learning Objective: 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Topic: Combining the Different Perspectives

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

51) François associates with high-status friends in order to gain and maintain status, whereas Antonio acts aggressively in order to gain and maintain status. What principle of social behavior does this situation illustrate?

A) Different people use different behaviors to attain the same goal.

B) The same goals underlie different social behaviors.

C) Some behaviors are more effective for particular goals than others.

D) When people fail to gain status via association, they resort to aggression.

Learning Objective: 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Topic: Social Behavior Is Goal Oriented

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

52) The social motive of social status includes benefits such as __________.

A) reducing physical illness

B) attracting mates and promoting the survival of offspring

C) understanding ourselves better

D) increasing mental health

Learning Objective: 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Topic: Social Behavior Is Goal Oriented

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

53) The goals of being seen as likable, fitting in, conforming to the preferences of others, and gaining approval are all associated with the fundamental goal of __________.

A) establishing social ties

B) attracting and retaining mates

C) understanding ourselves and others

D) defending ourselves and those we value

Learning Objective: 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Topic: Social Behavior Is Goal Oriented

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

54) Nancy finds out that her friends formed a study group and didn’t invite her to join. Nancy begins to think badly of herself, and her self-esteem decreases. According to the work of Leary et al. (1995), self-esteem is acting as a __________ that tells Nancy she has been excluded.

A) barometer

B) cyclometer

C) sociometer

D) neurometer

Learning Objective: 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Topic: Social Behavior Is Goal Oriented

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

55) Roger is highly motivated to be the chief editor of the college newspaper. He concentrates on it so much that sometimes he’s rude to others on the paper. Roger’s need for __________ is interfering with the extent to which others find him __________.

A) winning; dominant

B) dominance; agreeable

C) agreeableness; dominant

D) structure; intelligent

Learning Objective: 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Topic: Social Behavior Is Goal Oriented

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

56) The goal of defending ourselves and others whom we value is often associated with which of the following social behaviors?

A) aggression, prejudice, and intergroup conflict

B) passivity, racism, and intergroup harmony

C) intergroup harmony, racism, and intelligence

D) social norms, intergroup harmony, and reproduction

Learning Objective: 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Topic: Social Behavior Is Goal Oriented

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

57) You have a friend who keeps a list of his “enemies” and is constantly doubting your loyalty. This person has some symptoms of __________.

A) obsessive-compulsive disorder

B) paranoid personality disorder

C) histrionic personality disorder

D) antisocial personality disorder

Learning Objective: 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Topic: Social Behavior Is Goal Oriented

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

58) J. Edgar Hoover may have kept extensive records of the sex lives of powerful people in order to keep anyone from exposing the potentially damaging fact that he was a homosexual. This fits with which fundamental goal?

A) managing one’s self-image

B) gaining social approval

C) gaining and maintaining status

D) supporting and protecting one’s group

Learning Objective: 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Topic: Social Behavior Is Goal Oriented

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

59) According to your textbook, one of the reasons that J. Edgar Hoover had a tendency to see communist associations was that he could easily bring to mind examples of communist associations. This cognitive bias is known as the __________.

A) representativeness heuristic

B) confirmation bias

C) availability heuristic

D) false consensus bias

Learning Objective: 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Topic: Social Behavior Is Goal Oriented

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

60) The cognitive bias that results from seeking evidence that is consistent with our theories, and ignoring evidence that is inconsistent, is known as the __________.

A) confirmation bias

B) normative heuristic

C) availability heuristic

D) false consensus bias

Learning Objective: 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Topic: Social Behavior Is Goal Oriented

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

61) The central lesson in your textbook’s account of J. Edgar Hoover’s behavior is that __________.

A) disordered social behavior is very difficult to treat

B) disordered social behavior is best treated as very dissimilar from so-called normal behavior

C) disordered social behavior is best treated with outpatient, rather than inpatient, care

D) disordered social behavior often highlights and exaggerates normal psychological mechanisms

Learning Objective: 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Topic: Social Behavior Is Goal Oriented

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

62) Which statement is correct about human reproduction?

A) Humans have a large number of offspring.

B) Most human males invest little more than sperm in reproduction.

C) Humans lavish a great deal of care on each offspring.

D) Humans care for their offspring for less time than other species.

Learning Objective: 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Topic: Social Behavior Is Goal Oriented

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

63) Humans are relatively unique among mammals in our reproduction and child-rearing tendencies in that __________.

A) we tend to be monogamous

B) fathers invest more in offspring than most other species do

C) we have evolved mechanisms for finding mates

D) our goals regarding mate selection are conscious

Learning Objective: 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Topic: Social Behavior Is Goal Oriented

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

64) Which statement is true of the goal of attracting and retaining mates?

A) We are consciously aware of the goal.

B) It involves perfectly tuned mechanisms.

C) It consists of strategies that were not beneficial to our ancestors.

D) It is flexible and sensitive to the environment.

Learning Objective: 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Topic: Social Behavior Is Goal Oriented

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

65) Which of the following principles is common to all five basic motives in social psychology?

A) Social behavior is the result of experience with reward and punishment.

B) Social behavior is influenced by natural selection.

C) Social behavior is dependent on an individual’s perception of events.

D) Social behavior represents an interaction between the person and the situation.

Learning Objective: 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Topic: Social Behavior Is Goal Oriented

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

66) Cherie is kissed by Humroy. Whether or not Cherie feels this kiss is rewarding or punishing depends primarily on __________.

A) the social context and the goals that are activated at the time

B) Cherie’s current mood state

C) the relevance for Cherie of the social motive of maintaining status

D) sociocultural factors

Learning Objective: 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Topic: Social Behavior Is Goal Oriented

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

67) The boss calls two employees into his office and tells them that they’ve not been working to their potential and that he wants them to put more effort into their jobs. One employee breaks down in tears and decides he is worthless, while the other smiles and embraces the opportunity to reach her potential. This is an example of the way in which __________.

A) situations choose the person

B) different people respond differently to the same situation

C) gender affects perception

D) people choose their situations

Learning Objective: 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Topic: The Interaction Between the Person and the Situation

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

68) Francesca participates in sorority rush at her university. She chooses two sororities that she really likes, and one of these chooses her as a member. This is an example of __________.

A) a situation choosing the person

B) a person changing a situation

C) a situation changing a person

D) different people reacting differently to the same situation

Learning Objective: 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Topic: The Interaction Between the Person and the Situation

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

69) From the evolutionary perspective, __________ are aspects of the person, whereas __________ are aspects of the situation.

A) schemas; habits

B) internal social standards; societal norms

C) habits; rewards

D) genetic predispositions; features of our ancestors’ environment

Learning Objective: 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Topic: The Interaction Between the Person and the Situation

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

70) From the sociocultural perspective, societal norms are features of the __________ that influence social behavior, whereas internal social standards are features of the __________ that influence social behavior.

A) person; situation

B) interaction; situation

C) situation; person

D) society; smaller group

Learning Objective: 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Topic: The Interaction Between the Person and the Situation

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

71) From the social learning perspective, __________ are aspects of the person, whereas __________ are aspects of the situation.

A) schemas; habits

B) internal social standards; societal norms

C) habits; rewards

D) genetic predispositions; features of our ancestors’ environment

Learning Objective: 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Topic: The Interaction Between the Person and the Situation

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

72) From the social cognition perspective, __________ are aspects of the person, whereas __________ are aspects of the situation.

A) schemas; attention-grabbing features

B) internal social standards; societal norms

C) habits; rewards

D) genetic predispositions; features of our ancestors’ environment

Learning Objective: 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Topic: The Interaction Between the Person and the Situation

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

73) Research has shown that individuals with aggressive tendencies prefer to watch violent movies, whereas nonaggressive individuals prefer to watch nonviolent movies. This is an example of __________.

A) people choosing their situations

B) different people responding differently to the same situation

C) situations choosing the person

D) different situations priming different parts of the person

Learning Objective: 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Topic: The Interaction Between the Person and the Situation

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

74) Lester grew up in a bireligious household in which one parent was Catholic and one was Muslim. Lester has borrowed elements of each religion in his everyday life. When he sees the Christian symbols in his home, he begins thinking about the Bible, and when he sees the Muslim artifacts, he begins thinking about the Koran. This is an example of __________.

A) different situations priming different norms

B) different people changing his situation

C) different situations priming different parts of the same person

D) the same situation priming different parts of the person

Learning Objective: 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Topic: The Interaction Between the Person and the Situation

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

75) When Cate is coaching basketball, she wants her team to fear and respect her, but when Cate is at home, she wants her husband and children to find her sensitive and loving. Cate is __________.

A) allowing situations to choose the person

B) allowing the person to change the situation

C) hoping that different people respond differently to the same situation

D) responding to different situations priming different parts of the person

Learning Objective: 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Topic: The Interaction Between the Person and the Situation

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

76) Winston Churchill’s inspiring and transforming the British people during World War II is an example of __________.

A) the person changing the situation

B) situations changing the person

C) situations choosing the person.

D) different situations priming different parts of the person

Learning Objective: 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Topic: The Interaction Between the Person and the Situation

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

77) Mark takes a social psychology class. He starts to think of himself as a social scientist and is inspired to pursue a Ph.D. in social psychology. This is an example of __________.

A) different persons responding differently to the same situation

B) the person changing the situation

C) the situation changing the person

D) different situations priming different parts of the person

Learning Objective: 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Topic: The Interaction Between the Person and the Situation

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

78) Dr. Lopez conducts experimental laboratory research on attraction but also conducts field studies on the way in which attractiveness influences choices of real-world romantic partners. Dr. Lopez is taking a __________ approach to research.

A) backward

B) correlational

C) full cycle

D) theoretical

Learning Objective: 14.4 Discuss the four take-home messages about research methods from this text.

Topic: How to Be a Careful Consumer of Social Science Information

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

79) __________ methods do an excellent job of assessing cause and effect, but __________ methods are important for enhancing external validity or, as the textbook says, “helping to fill out the picture.”

A) Survey; archival

B) Laboratory; field

C) Archival; field

D) Experimental; descriptive

Learning Objective: 14.4 Discuss the four take-home messages about research methods from this text.

Topic: How to Be a Careful Consumer of Social Science Information

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychology phenomena.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

80) The research findings of five facets of personality and three components of love were uncovered via the use of __________.

A) factor analysis

B) hierarchical regression

C) time-series analysis

D) laboratory experiments

Learning Objective: 14.4 Discuss the four take-home messages about research methods from this text.

Topic: How to Be a Careful Consumer of Social Science Information

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychology phenomena.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

81) Juan does a survey of sexual behavior among college students. He presents the class his findings that 60% of men admitted to masturbating and 40% of women admitted to masturbating. As a classmate of Juan’s listening to his presentation, what can you confidently conclude?

A) Men masturbate more than women.

B) Women underestimated how much they masturbate.

C) Both men and women probably underestimated how much they masturbate.

D) Men admit to masturbating at higher rates that women do.

Learning Objective: 14.4 Discuss the four take-home messages about research methods from this text.

Topic: How to Be a Careful Consumer of Social Science Information

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychology phenomena.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

82) At a research meeting, you hear a graduate student report that, according to findings from his survey, racism no longer exists, because in his survey no one admitted to being a racist. What would you suggest to this graduate student as a good course of action?

A) Confirm his findings in a second sample.

B) Publish his findings immediately.

C) Use a different self-report measure of racism to corroborate his findings.

D) Get a covert measure to corroborate his findings.

Learning Objective: 14.4 Discuss the four take-home messages about research methods from this text.

Topic: How to Be a Careful Consumer of Social Science Information

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

83) Studies of twins raised apart versus twins raised together are conducted with __________ methods.

A) meta-analytic

B) factor analytic

C) behavior genetic

D) behavioral learning

Learning Objective: 14.4 Discuss the four take-home messages about research methods from this text.

Topic: How to Be a Careful Consumer of Social Science Information

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychology phenomena.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

84) A variable that systematically varies along with the independent variable in experimental studies is known as a __________.

A) mediator

B) confound

C) dependent variable

D) moderator

Learning Objective: 14.4 Discuss the four take-home messages about research methods from this text.

Topic: How to Be a Careful Consumer of Social Science Information

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychology phenomena.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

85) A researcher conducts a study of the effect of victim’s gender on punishment. In the condition in which the victim is female, the room temperature is higher than 90 degrees. In the condition in which the victim is male, the room temperature is 70 degrees. Temperature of the room is a(n) __________.

A) confound

B) independent variable

C) dependent variable

D) mediator

Learning Objective: 14.4 Discuss the four take-home messages about research methods from this text.

Topic: How to Be a Careful Consumer of Social Science Information

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

86) Consuela wants to run an experiment testing the effects of time of day on cognitive ability. Consuela is the experimenter for all the participants randomly assigned to the “morning” condition, and her research assistant Rick is the experimenter for the “evening” condition. What is the confound in this study?

A) cognitive ability

B) time of day

C) gender of the experimenter

D) random assignment of participants

Learning Objective: 14.4 Discuss the four take-home messages about research methods from this text.

Topic: How to Be a Careful Consumer of Social Science Information

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

87) A research method that allows researchers to statistically combine the results of many similar studies on the same topic is __________.

A) structural equation analysis

B) time-series analysis

C) quasi-analysis

D) meta-analysis

Learning Objective: 14.4 Discuss the four take-home messages about research methods from this text.

Topic: How to Be a Careful Consumer of Social Science Information

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychology phenomena.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

88) Which of the following is a benefit of using meta-analysis as a source of converging evidence for a research finding?

A) Meta-analysis increases the influence of random chance on findings.

B) Meta-analysis allows for the combination of the results of many studies.

C) Meta-analysis rules out systematic bias across studies.

D) Meta-analysis increases the influence of different independent variables across studies.

Learning Objective: 14.4 Discuss the four take-home messages about research methods from this text.

Topic: How to Be a Careful Consumer of Social Science Information

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychology phenomena.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

89) Dr. Hayek conducts a meta-analysis of 54 laboratory studies in which men who watched an erotic film were then asked whether or not they wanted to engage in casual sex. She finds a moderate effect, such that men who see erotic films increase their desire for casual sex. What is one weakness of this study?

A) She can’t be sure that the results are not due to random chance in some studies.

B) She can’t be certain that the results are not due to the particular films used.

C) She can’t be sure that the results are not due to the measures of desire for casual sex used.

D) She can’t easily generalize her findings to the real world.

Learning Objective: 14.4 Discuss the four take-home messages about research methods from this text.

Topic: How to Be a Careful Consumer of Social Science Information

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychology phenomena.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

90) The process of __________ involves examining the same problem using different research methods, each having its own biases.

A) triangulation

B) meta-analysis

C) psychological research

D) factor analysis

Learning Objective: 14.4 Discuss the four take-home messages about research methods from this text.

Topic: How to Be a Careful Consumer of Social Science Information

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

91) A researcher finds that men exhibit higher social dominance than women do in a laboratory study. To triangulate his findings, what should he do?

A) conduct two more laboratory studies using different dependent variables

B) conduct a field experiment and a survey study of the same phenomenon

C) conduct another laboratory study using different independent variables

D) conduct a meta-analysis of all laboratory studies on social dominance and gender

Learning Objective: 14.4 Discuss the four take-home messages about research methods from this text.

Topic: How to Be a Careful Consumer of Social Science Information

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychology phenomena.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

92) Studies of the way in which early observation of reward and punishment for aggression affect later aggressive behavior is a combination of social psychology and __________ psychology.

A) cognitive

B) personality

C) developmental

D) physiological

Learning Objective: 14.5 Describe three connections between social psychology and (1) other areas of psychology; (2) other basic sciences; and (3) applied sciences such as business, medicine, and law.

Topic: How Does Social Psychology Fit Into the Network of Knowledge?

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

93) Which of the following is a research question that incorporates both social psychology and cognitive psychology?

A) How do individual personality differences affect the use of heuristics?

B) How does the social condition affect the use of heuristics?

C) How does obsessive-compulsive disorder affect the use of heuristics?

D) How does memory for facts affect the use of heuristics?

Learning Objective: 14.5 Describe three connections between social psychology and (1) other areas of psychology; (2) other basic sciences; and (3) applied sciences such as business, medicine, and law.

Topic: How Does Social Psychology Fit Into the Network of Knowledge?

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

94) Which of the following is a research question that incorporates both social psychology and clinical psychology?

A) How do individual personality differences affect the use of heuristics?

B) How does the social condition affect the use of heuristics?

C) How is paranoia connected to normal group defensiveness?

D) How does memory for facts affect the use of heuristics?

Learning Objective: 14.5 Describe three connections between social psychology and (1) other areas of psychology; (2) other basic sciences; and (3) applied sciences such as business, medicine, and law.

Topic: How Does Social Psychology Fit Into the Network of Knowledge?

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

95) Which of the following is a research question that incorporates both social psychology and anthropology?

A) Are there universal patterns to human marriage?

B) How does the social condition affect the use of heuristics?

C) How is paranoia connected to normal group defensiveness?

D) How does memory for facts affect the use of heuristics?

Learning Objective: 14.5 Describe three connections between social psychology and (1) other areas of psychology; (2) other basic sciences; and (3) applied sciences such as business, medicine, and law.

Topic: How Does Social Psychology Fit Into the Network of Knowledge?

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

96) A researcher investigating the connection between narcissistic personality disorder and leadership is combining the areas of social and __________ psychology.

A) developmental

B) physiological

C) cognitive

D) clinical

Learning Objective: 14.5 Describe three connections between social psychology and (1) other areas of psychology; (2) other basic sciences; and (3) applied sciences such as business, medicine, and law.

Topic: How Does Social Psychology Fit Into the Network of Knowledge?

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

97) Which of the following areas of psychology has to be combined with social psychology in order to understand the influence of hormones on social behavior?

A) neuroscience

B) cognitive psychology

C) clinical psychology

D) developmental psychology

Learning Objective: 14.5 Describe three connections between social psychology and (1) other areas of psychology; (2) other basic sciences; and (3) applied sciences such as business, medicine, and law.

Topic: How Does Social Psychology Fit Into the Network of Knowledge?

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

98) A city planner interested in developing social programs to increase recycling should consult with a(n) __________ psychologist and a(n) __________ psychologist.

A) neuroscientist; cognitive

B) environmental; social

C) clinical; environmental

D) cognitive; social

Learning Objective: 14.5 Describe three connections between social psychology and (1) other areas of psychology; (2) other basic sciences; and (3) applied sciences such as business, medicine, and law.

Topic: How Does Social Psychology Fit Into the Network of Knowledge?

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

Short Answer Questions

99) What is meant by proximate and ultimate explanations for social behavior?

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: Major Theoretical Perspectives of Social Psychology

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

100) Briefly describe the sociocultural perspective of social psychology.

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: The Sociocultural Perspective

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

101) Briefly describe the evolutionary perspective of social psychology.

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: The Evolutionary Perspective

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

102) What are the processes associated with the social cognitive perspective of social psychology?

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate-ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: The Social Cognitive Perspective

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

103) Describe the two basic principles of social behavior.

Learning Objective: 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Topic: Combining the Different Perspectives

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

104) Identify the five basic motives of social behaviors as identified in the textbook.

Learning Objective: 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Topic: Social Behavior Is Goal Oriented

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

105) Identify two of types of interactions discussed in the textbook.

Learning Objective: 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Topic: The Interaction Between the Person and the Situation

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

106) What is a confound, and why is it a problem for researchers?

Learning Objective: 14.4 Discuss the four take-home messages about research methods from this text.

Topic: How to Be a Careful Consumer of Social Science Information

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

107) What is triangulation in research? Provide an example.

Learning Objective: 14.4 Discuss the four take-home messages about research methods from this text.

Topic: How to Be a Careful Consumer of Social Science Information

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

Essay Questions

108) How has the textbook’s discussion of social psychology evolved from focusing on the individual to focusing on complex situations?

A good answer would include the following key points:

1. The textbook’s discussion about social psychology first explored the individual and what is inside the individual’s head.
2. The discussion then moved outward to explore increasingly complex interactions. The first was how people present themselves to others.
3. The textbook then moved to examine how people persuade or influence one another.
4. Next, the discussion turned to affiliation and friendship, followed by love and romantic relationships.
5. The next consideration was the topic of aggression.
6. Last, the discussion focused processes that happen in groups.

Learning Objective: 14.1 Explain why our discussion of research in social psychology proceeded from social cognition to social dilemmas.

Topic: What Ground Have We Covered?

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

109) Identify the four major perspectives in social psychology. Then arrange them from the most proximate levels of explanation to the ultimate levels of explanation for social behavior.

A good answer would include the following key points:

1. The evolutionary perspective views social behavior through the lens of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.

2. The sociocultural perspective focuses on norms—social expectations about appropriate behavior that vary between and within different societies.

3. Social learning perspective focuses on the individual person responding to rewards and punishments in his or her environment.

4. Social cognition focuses on reactions to the social world depend on the mental processes of noticing, interpreting, judging, and remembering processes.

1. The four perspectives are arranged by their time frame. Ultimate explanations include a focus on background or historical causes. Proximate explanations include a focus on relatively immediate causes.
2. The four perspectives range from the ultimate, or historical perspectives—the evolutionary and sociocultural perspectives—to the more proximate—the social learning and social cognition perspectives.

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: Major Theoretical Perspectives of Social Psychology

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

110) Both the evolutionary perspective and the sociocultural perspective focus on cross-cultural experiences in research. How do these two perspectives differ in their focus on culture?

A good answer would include the following key points:

1. The sociocultural perspective focuses on norms—social expectations about appropriate behavior that vary between and within different societies.
2. The evolutionary perspective views social behavior through the lens of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.
3. The major difference is that evolutionary theorists focus more on cultural universals, whereas sociocultural researchers emphasize differences. Sociocultural researchers do this primarily because they look to different explanations for social behavior (universal versus culture-specific).

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: The Sociocultural Perspective; The Evolutionary Perspective

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

111) What does your textbook report regarding sex differences? Why do we find sex differences so interesting?

A good answer would include the following key points:

1. The textbook cites studies that have found that some small gender differences do exist, and humans are reasonably good at differentiating which differences are small and which are relatively larger.
2. Cross and Markus found that we are so fascinated by sex differences because sex is a vivid social category.

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Topic: Are Sex Differences in Our Genes, in Our Cultural Learning Experiences, or All in Our Minds?

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

112) Of the six ways in which the person and the situation can interact, how do people choose or change the situation? Give examples of each person–situation interaction.

A good answer would include the following key points:

1. People can often choose which situations to enter, and they pick situations that they believe provide the best opportunities to reach their goals. For example, students can choose which type of college to attend.
2. People change their situations. For example, a new leader can change a team or an organization.

Learning Objective: 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Topic: The Interaction Between the Person and the Situation

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

113) Of the six ways in which the person and the situation can interact, how do situations choose or change people? Give examples of each person–situation interaction.

A good answer would include the following key points:

1. Situations choose the people who enter them; not everyone can be in situations of their choice. Sometimes people are selected, drafted, nominated, or forced into different situations.
2. Different situations prime different goals, beliefs, and feelings in each person’s repertoire. Sometimes we want people to like us, other times we want them to respect us, and still other times we want them to fear us.
3. Situations change people. People are changed by the experiences that they have, such as having the opportunity to travel to another country, which can cause someone to think differently about people in the world.

Learning Objective: 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Topic: The Interaction Between the Person and the Situation

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

114) How is social behavior goal oriented?

A good answer would include the following key points:

1. Several broad motives underlie a wide range of social behavior, including establishing social ties, to understand ourselves and others, to gain and maintain status, to defend ourselves and those we value, and to attract and retain mates.
2. These motives are often interdependent and can be subdivided into long-term and immediate subgoals.

Learning Objective: 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social

behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Topic: Social Behavior Is Goal Oriented

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

115) Describe the four points to remember in order to be a careful consumer of social psychological research findings.

A good answer would include the following key points:

1. One should remember the following points when considering social psychological research findings.
2. Look for good descriptions to accompany explanations. Be sure that you are provided with enough information to make sense of what is being described and explained.
3. Don’t trust everything people say. It is important to remember that people can say, or write, or post anything, and it does not mean that it is correct. Sometimes people are incorrect, biased, or even manipulative.
4. Beware of confounds. There are often many other explanations that must be considered.
5. Ask for converging evidence. Look for additional information that supports statements or findings.

Learning Objective: 14.4 Discuss the four take-home messages about research methods from this text.

Topic: How to Be a Careful Consumer of Social Science Information

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

116) How has social psychology been applied to business, medicine, and/or law? Discuss one application in each area, providing an example.

A good answer would include the following key points:

1. Social psychology is interconnected with other areas of psychology exploring cognitive and neurological processes, learning and development, individual differences, and disordered behavior.
2. Social psychology can be applied to business in the areas of sales and leadership styles.
3. In the area of medicine, social psychology can be applied to health psychology, such as using influence strategies to encourage the adoption of healthy behavior
4. Social psychology can be applied to law, such as studying the decision-making processes of juries.

Learning Objective: 14.5 Describe three connections between social psychology and (1) other areas of psychology; (2) other basic sciences; and (3) applied sciences such as business, medicine, and law.

Topic: How Does Social Psychology Fit Into the Network of Knowledge?

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

117) According to the textbook, what is the future of social psychology?

A good answer would include the following key points:

1. The major point made in the textbook is that social psychology is becoming increasingly integrated into new integrative fields of science, such as cognitive science.
2. One important component of this is the larger role that biological processes are playing in social psychological explanations.
3. In addition, heightened interest in positive psychology holds out hope of helping people to become happier in their daily functioning.

Learning Objective: 14.5 Describe three connections between social psychology and (1) other areas of psychology; (2) other basic sciences; and (3) applied sciences such as business, medicine, and law.

Topic: How Does Social Psychology Fit Into the Network of Knowledge?

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

Revel Quiz Questions

The following questions appear at the end of each module and at the end of the chapter in Revel for Social Psychology: Goals in Interaction, 7e.

End of Module Quiz 14.1: What Ground Have We Covered?

EOM Q14.1.1

Which of the following statements is true?

1. Social cognition unfolds at the level of the individual, whereas social dilemmas involve complex social interactions at the group and global levels.
2. A social dilemma is a process of thinking about and making sense of oneself and others.

Consider This: Social cognition, not a social dilemma, is the process of thinking about and making sense of oneself and others. 14.1 Explain why our discussion of research in social psychology proceeded from social cognition to social dilemmas.

1. Social cognition is a dynamic process that may underlie major social problems such as international conflict.

Consider This: A social dilemma, not social cognition, is the dynamic process that may underlie major social problems such as international conflict. 14.1 Explain why our discussion of research in social psychology proceeded from social cognition to social dilemmas.

1. Social cognition unfolds at the level of the group, whereas social dilemmas involve complex social interactions at the individual level.

Consider This: Social cognition is what goes on in one’s mind, while social dilemmas involve social problems like overpopulation. 14.1 Explain why our discussion of research in social psychology proceeded from social cognition to social dilemmas.

Learning Objective: 14.1 Explain why our discussion of research in social psychology proceeded from social cognition to social dilemmas.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

EOM Q14.1.2

Which of the following is a true statement?

1. Disease epidemics lead women to desire more sexual partners.
2. A woman’s self-esteem drops if she thinks a man rejected her because of her status, whereas a man’s self-esteem drops if he thinks the rejection was based on his appearance.

Consider This: A woman’s self-esteem drops if she thinks a man rejected her because of appearance, a man’s self-esteem drops if he thinks the rejection was based on his insufficient status. Think about what men and women usually desire out of each other. 14.1 Explain why our discussion of research in social psychology proceeded from social cognition to social dilemmas.

1. Giving away money activates the same brain regions that are associated with physical pain.

Consider This: Giving to other people actually makes you happier and healthier. Think back to the goals discussed with regard to prosocial behavior. 14.1 Explain why our discussion of research in social psychology proceeded from social cognition to social dilemmas.

1. Asian Americans view love as an unmitigated positive experience; European Americans are more likely to see love as involving a blend of negative and positive feelings.

Consider This: When Asian Americans experience the feeling of love, it is more likely to include a blend of negative and positive feelings, whereas European Americans are more likely to experience love in unmitigated positive terms. 14.1 Explain why our discussion of research in social psychology proceeded from social cognition to social dilemmas.

Learning Objective: 14.1 Explain why our discussion of research in social psychology proceeded from social cognition to social dilemmas.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

EOM Q14.1.3

Which of the following statements is true?

1. You should come away from social psychology with an interconnected set of theoretical principles that lay a foundation for understanding your social interactions in many areas of your life.
2. Being excluded from a social interaction activates the same neurological circuits as does gift giving.

Consider This: Being excluded from a social interaction activates the same neurological circuits as does physical pain. Think about how you do feel hurt after being excluded by a friend. 14.1 Explain why our discussion of research in social psychology proceeded from social cognition to social dilemmas.

1. According to the text, it is important to walk away from the study of social psychology with a bunch of interesting fun facts.

Consider This: While interesting bits of trivia are fun, the goal would be to have you come out of studying social psychology with something more. 14.1 Explain why our discussion of research in social psychology proceeded from social cognition to social dilemmas.

1. Athletes who are blind from birth make slightly different facial expressions than sighted athletes when they win or lose a contest.

Consider This: Athletes who are blind from birth make the same facial expressions as sighted athletes when they win or lose a contest. 14.1 Explain why our discussion of research in social psychology proceeded from social cognition to social dilemmas.

Learning Objective: 14.1 Explain why our discussion of research in social psychology proceeded from social cognition to social dilemmas.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

End of Module Quiz 14.2: Major Theoretical Perspectives of Social Psychology

EOM Q14.2.1

A(n) __________ explanation focuses on background or historical causes, whereas a(n) __________ explanation focuses on relatively immediate causes.

1. ultimate; proximate
2. proximate; ultimate

Consider This: Ultimate explanations refer to historical background factors that indirectly influence the perception of the immediate situation. 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

1. evolutionary; proximate

Consider This: An evolutionary perspective may focus on historical factors, but may also consider immediate determinants of behavior. 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

1. sociocultural; ultimate

Consider This: A sociocultural perspective tends to focus on explanations that are not at either extreme of the explanatory continuum. 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

EOM Q14.2.2

Which of the following statements about the evolutionary perspective is true?

1. The evolutionary perspective’s central assumption is that humans inherited a brain designed partly to help us deal with the problems of living in social groups.
2. The evolutionary perspective is linked to the sociocultural perspective in that evolutionary psychologists also look across cultures, but evolutionary psychologists search more for fundamental differences rather than similarities between people.

Consider This: Evolutionary psychologists look across cultures, but they search more for commonalities than for differences between people. 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

1. The evolutionary and social learning perspectives are never linked because the social learning processes cannot reflect evolved behavioral mechanisms.

Consider This: Social learning processes often reflect evolved behavioral mechanisms. Therefore, evolutionary and social learning are linked. 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

1. The evolutionary perspective focuses on specific principles of survival and reproduction that only apply to humans who live in Western cultures.

Consider This: Evolutionary psychologists look across different cultures and species to look for general principles of survival. 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

EOM Q14.2.3

The __________ perspective focuses on the biological roots of some sex differences, whereas the __________ perspective suggests that sex differences sometimes get exaggerated through stereotypes.

1. evolutionary; cognitive
2. evolutionary; sociocultural

Consider This: A central legacy of the sociocultural approach is the focus on norms—social expectations about appropriate behavior that vary between and within different societies. Researchers from another perspective are more concerned with the mental processes involved in categorizing and stereotyping. The evolutionary and sociocultural perspectives are not independent. 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

1. sociocultural; cognitive

Consider This: A central legacy of the sociocultural approach is the focus on norms—social expectations about appropriate behavior that vary between and within different societies. Sociocultural theorists are not typically focused on biological roots of behavior. 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

1. sociocultural; social learning

Consider This: A central legacy of the sociocultural approach is the focus on norms—social expectations about appropriate behavior that vary between and within different societies; sociocultural theorists are not typically focused on biological roots of behavior. The social learning perspective is ultimately about the individual person responding to rewards and punishments in his or her environment; researchers from another perspective are more concerned with the mental processes involved in categorizing and stereotyping. 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

End of Module Quiz 14.3: Combining the Different Perspectives

EOM Q14.3.1

Which of the following is one of the five broad fundamental social motives underlying human social behavior?

1. to gain and maintain status
2. to alternate mates

Consider This: The text discusses a fundamental motive to retain mates. 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

1. to attain economic wealth

Consider This: Attaining economic wealth could affect one of the five fundamental goals but it is not a fundamental social goal itself, since our ancestors did not have money. 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

1. to undermine social competitors

Consider This: Although social competition may be a frequent part of social life, undermining competitors is not a fundamental goal. 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Learning Objective: 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

EOM Q14.3.2

Which of the following statements is true?

1. Even psychologically healthy people are susceptible to cognitive biases such as the availability heuristic and the confirmation bias.
2. Disordered social behavior arises from causes that are categorically distinct from normal psychological mechanisms.

Consider This: Disordered behavior often arises from normal psychological mechanisms. 4.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

1. Understanding normal psychological mechanisms cannot help us understand the function of disordered behavior because disordered behavior is so different.

Consider This: Understanding normal psychological mechanisms does help us understand the function of disordered behavior. 4.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

1. Psychologically healthy people do not fall victim to cognitive biases like the availability heuristic and the confirmation bias.

Consider This: We are all plagued by cognitive biases. 4.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Learning Objective: 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

EOM Q14.3.3

Which of the following examples demonstrates how the situation changes the person?

1. A reserved person attends a liberal arts college, and by the end of his college experience, he has become an activist for politically liberal causes.
2. A person motivated to make an accurate decision about which laptop to buy for school conducts a great deal of unbiased research before the purchase; after the purchase, however, she does not want to hear any information that may suggest she made the wrong choice.

Consider This: This example demonstrates how the person influences the situation. 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

1. Violence-prone people are more likely to choose violent media entertainment.

Consider This: This example demonstrates how persons choose their situations. 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

1. One person responds to a failure by seeking friendship; another responds by avoiding contact with other people.

Consider This: This example demonstrates how different people respond differently to the same situation. 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Learning Objective: 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

End of Module Quiz 14.4: Why Research Methods Matter

EOM Q14.4.1

Which of the following best describes triangulation?

1. the technique of examining the same problem using different research methods, each having different biases
2. the extent to which the findings of a particular research study extend to other similar circumstances or cases

Consider This: Triangulation is a method to determine if diverse studies and diverse circumstances will yield the same results. 14.4 Discuss the four take-home messages about research methods from this text.

1. the technique of using three different theoretical perspectives to analyze the same problem

Consider This: Triangulation is a method to determine if diverse studies and diverse circumstances will yield the same results. 14.4 Discuss the four take-home messages about research methods from this text.

1. a focus on background or historical causes

Consider This: Triangulation is a method to determine if diverse studies and diverse circumstances will yield the same results. 14.4 Discuss the four take-home messages about research methods from this text.

Learning Objective: 14.4 Discuss the four take-home messages about research methods from this text.

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

EOM Q14.4.2

Which of the following statements is a sound recommendation for consumers of social science?

1. Look for good descriptions to accompany explanations.
2. You need to be a methodological expert to consume social science.

Consider This: Social science findings are relevant to everyday life, and everyone should know something about how those findings are gathered. 4.4 Discuss the four take-home messages about research methods from this text.

1. Don’t trust evidence that converges too much.

Consider This: When making an important decision, why do you seek multiple opinions? The more sources that report similar findings, the more support the finding has and the more likely it is to be unbiased. 14.4 Discuss the four take-home messages about research methods from this text.

1. People’s reports are usually accurate so you can believe what you hear.

Consider This: People’s reports are sometimes biased and sometimes completely inaccurate, so it is best not to believe everything you hear. 14.4 Discuss the four take-home messages about research methods from this text.

Learning Objective: 14.4 Discuss the four take-home messages about research methods from this text.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

EOM Q14.4.3

In experiments, __________ are factors accidentally varied along with the independent variable.

1. confounding variables
2. triangulations

Consider This: Triangulation is a technique of examining the same problem using different research methods, each having different biases. 14.4 Discuss the four take-home messages about research methods from this text.

1. proximate explanations

Consider This: A proximate explanation is a focus on relatively immediate causes. 14.4 Discuss the four take-home messages about research methods from this text.

1. meta-analyses

Consider This: Meta-analysis statistically combines studies to reduce dangers from chance factors and to allow more confident conclusions. 14.4 Discuss the four take-home messages about research methods from this text.

Learning Objective: 14.4 Discuss the four take-home messages about research methods from this text.

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

End of Module Quiz 14.5: How Does Social Psychology Fit Into the Network of Knowledge?

EOM Q14.5.1

Which of the following questions demonstrates the link between social psychology and developmental psychology?

1. Does attachment between mother and infant affect later relationships?
2. What individual differences predict prosocial behavior?

Consider This: Social psychology is centrally linked to all other areas of brain and behavioral science. 14.5 Describe three connections between social psychology and (1) other areas of psychology; (2) other basic sciences; and (3) applied sciences such as business, medicine, and law.

1. How does testosterone affect aggressive behavior?

Consider This: Social psychology is centrally linked to all other areas of brain and behavioral science. 14.5 Describe three connections between social psychology and (1) other areas of psychology; (2) other basic sciences; and (3) applied sciences such as business, medicine, and law.

1. How do gender norms affect helping behavior?

Consider This: Social psychology is centrally linked to all other areas of brain and behavioral science. 14.5 Describe three connections between social psychology and (1) other areas of psychology; (2) other basic sciences; and (3) applied sciences such as business, medicine, and law.

Learning Objective: 14.5 Describe three connections between social psychology and (1) other areas of psychology; (2) other basic sciences; and (3) applied sciences such as business, medicine, and law.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

EOM Q14.5.2

Social psychology is linked with other social sciences such as __________ as well as areas of biology such as __________.

1. economics; genetics
2. ecology; genetics

Consider This: Ecology and genetics are both areas of biology. 14.5 Describe three connections between social psychology and (1) other areas of psychology; (2) other basic sciences; and (3) applied sciences such as business, medicine, and law.

1. sociology; anthropology

Consider This: Sociology and anthropology are both social sciences. 14.5 Describe three connections between social psychology and (1) other areas of psychology; (2) other basic sciences; and (3) applied sciences such as business, medicine, and law.

1. ecology; ethology

Consider This: Ecology and ethology are both areas of biology. 14.5 Describe three connections between social psychology and (1) other areas of psychology; (2) other basic sciences; and (3) applied sciences such as business, medicine, and law.

Learning Objective: 14.5 Describe three connections between social psychology and (1) other areas of psychology; (2) other basic sciences; and (3) applied sciences such as business, medicine, and law.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

EOM Q14.5.3

Which of the following descriptions best demonstrates a link between social psychology and personality psychology?

1. Traits inside an individual interact with the social environment.
2. Adult patterns grow out of early learning and predispositions.

Consider This: How is personality psychology different from developmental psychology? 14.5 Describe three connections between social psychology and (1) other areas of psychology; (2) other basic sciences; and (3) applied sciences such as business, medicine, and law.

1. Memory processes are affected by events in the environment.

Consider This: How is personality psychology different from cognitive psychology? 14.5 Describe three connections between social psychology and (1) other areas of psychology; (2) other basic sciences; and (3) applied sciences such as business, medicine, and law.

1. Environmental factors stimulate aggression.

Consider This: Personality psychology focuses primarily on individual differences. 14.5 Describe three connections between social psychology and (1) other areas of psychology; (2) other basic sciences; and (3) applied sciences such as business, medicine, and law.

Learning Objective: 14.5 Describe three connections between social psychology and (1) other areas of psychology; (2) other basic sciences; and (3) applied sciences such as business, medicine, and law.

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

Chapter Quiz: Integrating Social Psychology

EOC Q14.1

The __________ perspective focuses on how expectations regarding appropriate behavior vary from society to society.

1. sociocultural
2. social learning

Consider This: The social learning approach focuses on how the individual responds to rewards and punishments in his or her environment, not on broad differences across societies. 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

1. social cognitive

Consider This: The social cognitive approach focuses on mental processes such as noticing, interpreting, judging, and remembering, not on broad differences across societies. 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

1. sociometric

Consider This: This is a method relating to the connections between people, and is not directly relevant to broad differences across societies. 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

EOC Q14.2

When Carol asked Jamal to join her group, he refused. Carol decided it was because his background of growing up in a rough neighborhood made him uncomfortable in his new surroundings. Her friend Amy said it was just that he perceived several members of the group as uninviting. Compared to Amy, Carol was using a relatively more __________ explanation.

1. ultimate
2. absolute

Consider This: The correct answer is one that focuses on background or historical causes of phenomena. 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

1. proximate

Consider This: The correct answer is one that focuses on background or historical causes of phenomena. 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

1. individualized

Consider This: The correct answer is one that focuses on background or historical causes of phenomena. 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

EOC Q14.3

A researcher who studies human social behavior through the lens of natural selection is using the __________ perspective.

1. evolutionary
2. social learning

Consider This: The social learning perspective is ultimately about the individual person responding to rewards and punishments in his or her environment. The correct answer is rooted in the work of Charles Darwin. 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

1. sociocultural

Consider This: A central legacy of the sociocultural approach is a focus on norms—social expectations about appropriate behavior that vary between and within different societies. The correct answer is rooted in the work of Charles Darwin. 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

1. social cognitive

Consider This: The focus of the social cognitive perspective is that our reactions to the social world depend on the mental processes of noticing, interpreting, judging, and remembering. The correct answer is rooted in the work of Charles Darwin. 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

EOC Q14.4

A social cognitive perspective focuses on __________.

1. noticing, interpreting, and remembering
2. rewards and punishments in particular environments

Consider This: This answer emphasizes social learning theory. 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

1. group level processes such as different norms across societies

Consider This: This answer emphasizes social learning theory. 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

1. triangulation

Consider This: This answer is a more general term that discusses the process of examining a problem using different research methods. 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

EOC Q14.5

In Martin Luther King Jr.’s speech at the march on Washington, he associated his cause with powerful patriotic symbols and images of happy little children. A(n) __________ theorist focuses on positive and negative associations and conditioning.

1. social learning
2. social cognitive

Consider This: The social cognitive perspective focuses on mental processes such as noticing, interpreting, judging, and remembering. 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

1. evolutionary

Consider This: The evolutionary perspective focuses on Darwin’s discussion of natural selection. 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

1. sociocultural

Consider This: The sociocultural perspective focuses on how expectations regarding appropriate behavior vary from society to society. 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

EOC Q14.6

Proximate and ultimate explanations of social phenomena are best viewed as __________.

1. points on a continuum
2. dichotomous categories

Consider This: Remember that the world is very rarely “black” or “white,” but is usually somewhere in between in the shades of gray. 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

1. unrelated to each other

Consider This: Just because two things are very different—sometimes existing at opposite ends of a spectrum—does not mean that they are unrelated. 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

1. separate alternatives

Consider This: Try to move away from thinking of “either/or” explanations. 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

EOC Q14.7

When Alice Eagly reviewed a large number of studies examining gender differences, she found that __________.

1. most people can fairly accurately assess which gender differences are large and which are small
2. the majority of people do not notice the small differences

Consider This: People are really quite perceptive in certain circumstances. 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

1. most people greatly exaggerated most of the differences when men were better and minimized those in which women were better

Consider This: People are really quite perceptive in certain circumstances. 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

1. most people don’t have a good idea of which differences are large and which are small

Consider This: People are really quite perceptive in certain circumstances. 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

EOC Q14.8

People are more likely to remember a woman’s behavior as it relates to a stereotype, such as “nurturance.” The way stereotypes influence memory is most directly linked to the __________ perspective.

1. social cognitive
2. social learning

Consider This: The social learning perspective focuses on how the individual responds to rewards and punishments in his or her environment. 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

1. evolutionary

Consider This: The evolutionary perspective focuses on links between natural selection and psychological processes. 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

1. sociocultural

Consider This: The sociocultural perspective focuses on how expectations regarding appropriate behavior vary from society to society. 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Learning Objective: 14.2 Describe where each of the major theoretical perspectives fits along the proximate–ultimate continuum, and explain how those perspectives combine to provide a full explanation of behaviors such as sex differences.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

EOC Q14.9

The text discussed various goals to help explain why people help others, why people act aggressively, why people fall in love, and so on. In considering all the goals discussed in different chapters of the text, the text concludes __________.

1. there are important commonalities across the different goals
2. they are particular to the area they address, and do not extend beyond that

Consider This: It is important to remember that sometimes very similar goals underlie very different behaviors. 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

1. the diversity of goals underlying different social behaviors makes it unrealistic to condense them into a simple set

Consider This: It is important to remember that sometimes very similar goals underlie very different behaviors. 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

1. in the ultimate analysis, it is not goals, but perceptions, that motivate most social behaviors

Consider This: It is important to remember that sometimes very similar goals underlie very different behaviors. 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Learning Objective: 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

EOC Q14.10

According to Mark Leary and colleagues, __________ is a sociometric measure of whether we feel included or excluded by other people.

1. self-esteem
2. personality

Consider This: The best answer has to do with people’s judgments of how positively or negatively they feel about themselves. 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

1. self-efficacy

Consider This: The best answer has to do with people’s judgments of how positively or negatively they feel about themselves. 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

1. attachment

Consider This: The best answer has to do with people’s judgments of how positively or negatively they feel about themselves. 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Learning Objective: 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

EOC Q14.11

The text discusses J. Edgar Hoover’s ideas about communist conspiracies to demonstrate __________.

1. how normally functional cognitive processes can overlap with, and contribute to, dysfunctional processes
2. the important differences between normal and pathological psychological processes

Consider This: The correct answer involves a common point made throughout the text in discussions of the links between functional and dysfunctional psychological processes. 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

1. the importance of a sociocultural perspective on psychological disorder

Consider This: The correct answer involves a common point made throughout the text in discussions of the links between functional and dysfunctional psychological processes. 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

1. the dangers of alcohol abuse

Consider This: The correct answer involves a common point made throughout the text in discussions of the links between functional and dysfunctional psychological processes. 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Learning Objective: 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

EOC Q14.12

From an evolutionary perspective, social behaviors of all animals, humans included, are ultimately associated with mechanisms designed to promote __________.

1. reproduction
2. immediate gratification

Consider This: Keep in mind the basic tenets of Darwin’s writings regarding natural selection. 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

1. individual personal gain

Consider This: Keep in mind the basic tenets of Darwin’s writings regarding natural selection. 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

1. social dominance

Consider This: Keep in mind the basic tenets of Darwin’s writings regarding natural selection. 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Learning Objective: 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

EOC Q14.13

When Gordon Allport made the observation that “the same fire that melts the butter, hardens the egg,” he was referring to the idea that __________.

1. different people respond differently to the same situation
2. situations choose the person

Consider This: Another way of saying this is “One man’s meat is another man’s poison.” 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

1. people choose their situations

Consider This: Another way of saying this is “One man’s meat is another man’s poison.” 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

1. situations change the person

Consider This: Another way of saying this is “One man’s meat is another man’s poison.” 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Learning Objective: 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

EOC Q14.14

A famous actress is more likely to be invited to a party thrown by a rich and famous entrepreneur. This example best reflects which type of person–situation interaction?

1. Situations choose the person.
2. Different people respond differently to the same situation.

Consider This: We are sometimes influenced by external circumstances that are, in many ways, beyond our control. 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

1. People choose their situations.

Consider This: We are sometimes influenced by external circumstances that are, in many ways, beyond our control. 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

1. Different situations prime different parts of the person.

Consider This: We are sometimes influenced by external circumstances that are, in many ways, beyond our control. 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Learning Objective: 14.3 Briefly describe the five broad fundamental motives underlying social behavior and the different types of interaction between person and situation.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

EOC Q14.15

The term that describes the process of using different research methods to examine the same problem is __________.

1. triangulation
2. confirmation

Consider This: The goal is to look at the same question from a multitude of perspectives, to try and “home in” on the best answer. 14.4 Discuss the four take-home messages about research methods from this text.

1. double-checking

Consider This: The goal is to look at the same question from a multitude of perspectives, to try and “home in” on the best answer. 14.4 Discuss the four take-home messages about research methods from this text.

1. proximate confirmation

Consider This: The goal is to look at the same question from a multitude of perspectives, to try and “home in" on the best answer. 14.4 Discuss the four take-home messages about research methods from this text.

Learning Objective: 14.4 Discuss the four take-home messages about research methods from this text.

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts