Ch13 Social Dilemmas Cooperation Test Questions & Answers - Social Psychology Goals 7th Edition | Test Bank with Key by Kenrick by Douglas Kenrick. DOCX document preview.
Chapter 13
Social Dilemmas: Cooperation Versus Conflict
Total Assessment Guide (T.A.G.)
Topic | Question Type | Remember the Facts | Understand the Concepts | Apply What You Know | Analyze It |
13.1 Defining Social Dilemmas | Multiple Choice | 2, 4, 5, 10, 14 | 3, 7, 9, 12, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21 | 6, 8, 13, 15, 17 | 11 |
Short Answer | 97 | ||||
Essay | 108 | ||||
13.2 Gaining Immediate Satisfaction | Multiple Choice | 22, 47, 48, 51, 68 | 23, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 49, 53, 55, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 69 | 28, 31, 38, 54, 56, 62, 66, 67, 70 | 27, 42, 45, 46, 50, 52, 57, 71 |
Short Answer | 98, 100, 105 | 101, 102, 103, 104 | 99 | ||
Essay | 110 | 111 | 109, 112 | ||
13.3 Defending Ourselves and Valued Others | Multiple Choice | 74, 88 | 72, 73, 76, 77, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92, 94, 95 | 78, 85, 93, 96 | 75, 79 |
Short Answer | 106, 107 | ||||
Essay | 114 | 113, 115, 116 |
Chapter 13 Social Dilemmas: Cooperation Versus Conflict
Multiple Choice Questions
1) Which of the following three group-level social phenomena does your textbook list as causing global social dilemmas?
A) overpopulation, environmental degradation, and international conflict
B) underpopulation, environmental degradation, and international conflict
C) overpopulation, internal political conflict, and international conflict
D) underpopulation, poverty, and international conflict
Learning Objective: None
Topic: Introduction
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.
2) A social dilemma is a situation in which an individual can profit from selfishness unless __________.
A) everyone chooses the selfish option, in which case everyone loses
B) some people choose the selfless option, in which case everyone loses
C) everyone chooses the selfless option, and then only some people profit
D) almost everyone chooses the selfish option and then everyone profits
Learning Objective: 13.1 Be able to distinguish the prisoner’s dilemma from public goods dilemmas and replenishing resource dilemmas.
Topic: Defining Social Dilemmas
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
3) The self-serving psychological mechanisms that contribute to global social dilemmas __________.
A) are very recent developments in our psychological makeup
B) have come about as a result of the global economy
C) were originally adaptive for life in small groups
D) are only present among individuals in capitalistic countries
Learning Objective: 13.1 Be able to distinguish the prisoner’s dilemma from public goods dilemmas and replenishing resource dilemmas.
Topic: Defining Social Dilemmas
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
4) Overpopulation, destruction of the environment, and international conflict are examples of __________.
A) prisoner’s dilemmas
B) social dilemmas
C) game strategies
D) individual-level problems
Learning Objective: 13.1 Be able to distinguish the prisoner’s dilemma from public goods dilemmas and replenishing resource dilemmas.
Topic: Defining Social Dilemmas
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.
5) The __________ game involves a situation in which cooperation results in the largest mutual gain, but selfish actions by one person lead to negative consequences for another person.
A) social problem
B) selfishness dilemma
C) survivor challenge
D) prisoner’s dilemma
Learning Objective: 13.1 Be able to distinguish the prisoner’s dilemma from public goods dilemmas and replenishing resource dilemmas.
Topic: Defining Social Dilemmas
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.
6) Two friends are caught cheating on an exam. The professor talks to them separately and says to each that they can admit to cheating and go before the dean and each say that the other cheated, or they can keep quiet and either might go before the dean against the other. The two friends are in a __________.
A) survivor’s dilemma
B) prisoner’s dilemma
C) cheater’s dilemma
D) tragedy of the commons dilemma
Learning Objective: 13.1 Be able to distinguish the prisoner’s dilemma from public goods dilemmas and replenishing resource dilemmas.
Topic: Defining Social Dilemmas
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.
7) A social dilemma in which members of a community overuse public areas to the point of destroying them is known as the __________.
A) tragedy of the commons
B) rancher’s dilemma
C) prisoner’s dilemma
D) invisible hand problem
Learning Objective: 13.1 Be able to distinguish the prisoner’s dilemma from public goods dilemmas and replenishing resource dilemmas.
Topic: Defining Social Dilemmas
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.
8) Sheepherders in New England grazed their animals on their own pastures in a conservative fashion, so that the grass could regrow and the grazing could continue indefinitely. However, they overgrazed the common pastures, which resulted in the destruction of these areas. This problem became known as the __________.
A) social action dilemma
B) invisible hand problem
C) public goods dilemma
D) tragedy of the commons
Learning Objective: 13.1 Be able to distinguish the prisoner’s dilemma from public goods dilemmas and replenishing resource dilemmas.
Topic: Defining Social Dilemmas
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.
9) The tragedy of the commons dilemma __________.
A) characterized our history but isn’t a problem in modern society
B) is a problem in theory but not in reality
C) continues to be a significant problem in modern society
D) is a problem only in underdeveloped nations
Learning Objective: 13.1 Be able to distinguish the prisoner’s dilemma from public goods dilemmas and replenishing resource dilemmas.
Topic: Defining Social Dilemmas
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
10) The tragedy of the commons is an example of a __________ dilemma.
A) replenishing resource management
B) prisoner’s
C) economic cooperation
D) resource allocation
Learning Objective: 13.1 Be able to distinguish the prisoner’s dilemma from public goods dilemmas and replenishing resource dilemmas.
Topic: Defining Social Dilemmas
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
11) The Alaska state government completely closed down the king crab fishing industry due to a replenishing resource management dilemma. What were the fishermen doing that caused the government to stop the fishing?
A) They were not catching enough crabs to justify the expensive equipment.
B) They were overfishing the crabs to the point of extinction.
C) They were killing other sea life while trying to catch crabs.
D) Their equipment was not sophisticated enough to catch crabs safely.
Learning Objective: 13.1 Be able to distinguish the prisoner’s dilemma from public goods dilemmas and replenishing resource dilemmas.
Topic: Defining Social Dilemmas
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.
12) In Brechner’s 1977 study of a tragedy of the commons dilemma in the laboratory, under what circumstances were participants most able to use the resource effectively?
A) when they were competing against one another
B) when they worked in teams against one another
C) when they were able to communicate with each other
D) when they did not place high value on the outcome
Learning Objective: 13.1 Be able to distinguish the prisoner’s dilemma from public goods dilemmas and replenishing resource dilemmas.
Topic: Defining Social Dilemmas
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychology phenomena.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.
13) You are the owner of an area of open land. A group of ranchers comes to you and asks whether you would be willing to let them graze their cattle on your land. You want to be helpful, so you agree. To prevent a tragedy of the commons and protect the health of your land, what should you do?
A) Hold weekly meetings with the ranchers and maintain communication.
B) Make it clear that the ranchers are in competition with one another.
C) Emphasize that the more cattle they graze, the more money they will make.
D) Allow the “invisible hand” of economics to balance out use of the land.
Learning Objective: 13.1 Be able to distinguish the prisoner’s dilemma from public goods dilemmas and replenishing resource dilemmas.
Topic: Defining Social Dilemmas
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.
14) A situation in which the whole group profits if some individuals contribute to the common good, but individuals can also profit by “free riding” off of others’ contributions is a __________.
A) tragedy of the commons
B) replenishing resource management dilemma
C) prisoner’s dilemma
D) public goods dilemma
Learning Objective: 13.1 Be able to distinguish the prisoner’s dilemma from public goods dilemmas and replenishing resource dilemmas.
Topic: Defining Social Dilemmas
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.
15) Your county is planning to build a park for which it must raise funds. If a certain number of people contribute, the park can be built. However, there will be no cost to the public to use the park, and if too many people indicate that they plan to use the park but do not help with the fundraising to build it, the park will not be built. This is an example of a __________.
A) replenishing resource management dilemma
B) tragedy of the commons
C) public goods dilemma
D) cooperation-conflict dilemma
Learning Objective: 13.1 Be able to distinguish the prisoner’s dilemma from public goods dilemmas and replenishing resource dilemmas.
Topic: Defining Social Dilemmas
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.
16) From a purely economic perspective, which of the following options provides the most personal gain to you?
A) You contribute more than your fair share.
B) You contribute only as much as others do.
C) You contribute nothing, and other people give more than enough.
D) You contribute less than others do.
Learning Objective: 13.1 Be able to distinguish the prisoner’s dilemma from public goods dilemmas and replenishing resource dilemmas.
Topic: Defining Social Dilemmas
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
17) Jan is running a bake sale for the debate team. To make enough money for the entire debate team to go to the state championships, at least half of the team has to contribute baked goods for the sale. Jan knows that in running the sale she runs the risk of facing a __________.
A) prisoner’s dilemma
B) tragedy of the commons
C) replenishing resource management dilemma
D) public goods dilemma
Learning Objective: 13.1 Be able to distinguish the prisoner’s dilemma from public goods dilemmas and replenishing resource dilemmas.
Topic: Defining Social Dilemmas
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.
18) According to your textbook, what is one of the leading causes of environmental destruction and conflict in the world?
A) religious differences
B) racial prejudice
C) overpopulation
D) hunger
Learning Objective: 13.1 Be able to distinguish the prisoner’s dilemma from public goods dilemmas and replenishing resource dilemmas.
Topic: Interlocking Problems and Solutions
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.
19) What is most frequently the result when population growth causes the destruction of local environments and food sources?
A) People starve to death.
B) There is mass migration to more habitable areas.
C) Groups scatter to many different areas.
D) Individuals realize the need to conserve and begin to work together.
Learning Objective: 13.1 Be able to distinguish the prisoner’s dilemma from public goods dilemmas and replenishing resource dilemmas.
Topic: Interlocking Problems and Solutions
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
20) Which is a statement of a reason that social dilemmas are so difficult to solve?
A) Social dilemmas are based on motivations that were adaptive for our ancestors.
B) People intend to destroy the environment or overpopulate the planet.
C) People realize the long-range implications of their actions.
D) People do not care about damaging the environment.
Learning Objective: 13.1 Be able to distinguish the prisoner’s dilemma from public goods dilemmas and replenishing resource dilemmas.
Topic: What Goals Underlie Global Social Dilemmas?
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.
21) Which of the following is a goal associated with the problem of social dilemmas?
A) seeking accurate information
B) defending ourselves and valued others
C) seeking mental efficiency
D) gaining social approval
Learning Objective: 13.1 Be able to distinguish the prisoner’s dilemma from public goods dilemmas and replenishing resource dilemmas.
Topic: What Goals Underlie Global Social Dilemmas?
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.
22) The “pleasure center” of the brain is located in the __________.
A) cortex
B) medulla oblongata
C) hypothalamus
D) optic nerve
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Gaining Immediate Satisfaction
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
23) Getting a pleasurable feeling in the brain as a result of engaging in actions that satisfy an animal’s needs is, in the context of global social dilemmas, related to the goal of __________.
A) defending oneself and others
B) gaining immediate satisfaction
C) gaining sexual gratification
D) maintaining social status
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Gaining Immediate Satisfaction
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
24) A social trap is a situation in which __________.
A) an individual can benefit from cooperating with another person but can also benefit from competing against that person
B) individuals or groups are drawn toward immediate rewards that later prove to have negative consequences
C) group members share a renewable resource that will continue to produce benefits only if individuals do not overharvest
D) some individuals might profit from “free-riding” as long as others contribute
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Social Traps
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.
25) Which statement about social traps is true?
A) There is usually a simple way to avoid them.
B) Groups get started in a particular direction that seems rewarding.
C) Social traps are not ever dangerous.
D) Social traps operate according to complex principles.
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Social Traps
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
26) Social traps are problematic because the payoffs happen __________ but the negative consequences occur __________.
A) to the group; to individuals
B) in the long-term; in the short-term
C) in the short-term; in the long-term
D) to individuals; to the group
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Social Traps
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.
27) Which of the following is true of long-term consequences with regard to social traps?
A) The long-term consequences are often very small.
B) Individuals are sometimes ignorant of the long-term consequences.
C) Individuals always consider the long-term consequences.
D) The long-term consequences are usually positive.
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Social Traps
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.
28) Taylor understands that it is important that everyone recycle to help the planet, but she is too tired to take her cans to the recycling bin at her apartment complex. Taylor is experiencing __________.
A) classical conditioning
B) tragedy of the commons
C) a public goods dilemma
D) a social trap
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Social Traps
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.
29) A sliding reinforcer is a stimulus that __________.
A) brings rewards in small doses but punishments in larger doses
B) brings punishments in small doses but rewards in larger doses
C) brings rewards to groups but punishments to individuals
D) alternates between reinforcement and punishment
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Social Traps
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
30) Your textbook cites the increasing number of cars being driven in Los Angeles as an example of a __________, in which small doses bring rewards but large doses bring punishments.
A) replenishing resource management dilemma
B) tragedy of the commons problem
C) public goods dilemma
D) sliding reinforcer
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Social Traps
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.
31) If only a few people ride jet skis in the ocean, they have fun and there is little harm to the environment. If hundreds of people ride jet skis, there may be extensive noise pollution as well as environmental degradation. Jet skis are a __________.
A) social trap
B) operant conditioning mechanism
C) public goods dilemma
D) sliding reinforcer
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Social Traps
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.
32) Which of the following factors influence people to seek immediate self-gratification over the long-term benefits to the group?
A) increased feelings of interdependence
B) decreased self-centeredness
C) decreased feelings of social responsibility
D) increased feelings of social responsibility
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Social Traps
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.
33) A(n) __________ values group benefits even if it means making personal sacrifices.
A) altruist
B) collectivist
C) cooperator
D) competitor
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Egoistic Versus Prosocial Orientations
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
34) Altruists __________.
A) value group benefits even if it means making personal sacrifices
B) value working together to maximize the joint benefits to themselves and the group
C) strive to come out relatively better than other players
D) strive to create conflict whenever possible
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Egoistic Versus Prosocial Orientations
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
35) An individual who would sacrifice his or her own rewards and enable others to obtain larger rewards has a(n) __________ value orientation.
A) cooperative
B) collectivistic
C) competitive
D) altruistic
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Egoistic Versus Prosocial Orientations
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
36) A(n) __________ values working together to maximize the joint benefits to themselves and the group.
A) altruist
B) collectivist
C) cooperator
D) competitor
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Egoistic Versus Prosocial Orientations
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
37) Cooperators __________.
A) value group benefits even if it means making personal sacrifices
B) value working together to maximize the joint benefits to themselves and the group
C) strive to come out relatively better than other players
D) strive to create conflict whenever possible
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Egoistic Versus Prosocial Orientations
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
38) Alyssa encourages everyone to work together because she says many hands make light work for everyone. Alyssa is a(n) __________.
A) altruist
B) cooperator
C) individualist
D) collectivist
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Egoistic Versus Prosocial Orientations
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.
39) A(n) __________ is orientated toward maximizing personal gains, without regard for the rest of the group.
A) altruist
B) individualist
C) cooperator
D) competitor
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Egoistic Versus Prosocial Orientations
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
40) Individualists __________.
A) value the group benefits even if it means that they make personal sacrifices
B) value working together to maximize the joint benefits to themselves and the group
C) strive to come out relatively better than other players
D) are orientated toward maximizing personal gains, without regard for the rest of the group
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Egoistic Versus Prosocial Orientations
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
41) Someone with an individualist value orientation __________.
A) wants to do better than everyone else, even if it means sacrificing some of his or her own winnings
B) wants to maximize his or her own personal gains without regard for the rest of the group
C) wants to work with other group members so that all can benefit
D) would give up his or her own rewards so that others can benefit
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Egoistic Versus Prosocial Orientations
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
42) A company has a limited amount of funds to use in giving raises to employees. Which of the following options would an individualist prefer?
A) getting a larger raise than everyone else
B) getting the biggest raise possible
C) getting a raise that allows everyone else to get a raise as well
D) forgoing a raise so that others can have larger raises
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Egoistic Versus Prosocial Orientations
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.
43) A(n) __________ strives to come out relatively better than other players.
A) altruist
B) collectivist
C) cooperator
D) competitor
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Egoistic Versus Prosocial Orientations
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
44) Competitors __________.
A) value the group benefits even if it means that they make personal sacrifices
B) value working together to maximize the joint benefits to themselves and the group
C) strive to come out relatively better than other players
D) strive to create conflict whenever possible
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Egoistic Versus Prosocial Orientations
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
45) Someone with a competitive value orientation __________.
A) wants to do better than everyone else, even if it means sacrificing some of his or her own winnings
B) wants to maximize his or her own personal gains without regard for the rest of the group
C) wants to work with other group members so that all can benefit
D) would give up his or her own rewards so that others can benefit
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Egoistic Versus Prosocial Orientations
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
46) Which statement is true regarding the distribution of value orientations?
A) There are approximately equal numbers of people who fall into each of the four categories.
B) Half of the people are competitors; the rest are distributed equally in the other three categories.
C) Most people are altruists.
D) Most people are cooperators or individualists.
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Egoistic Versus Prosocial Orientations
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
47) Individualists and competitors are often categorized into a(n) __________ category, whereas altruists and cooperators are categorized into a(n) __________ category.
A) communal; prosocial
B) egoistic; prosocial
C) prosocial; egoistic
D) asocial; social
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Egoistic Versus Prosocial Orientations
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
48) In the Liebrand and Van Run “energy conservation” experiment, participants with a __________ value orientation took the most amount of money even when the resource became badly depleted.
A) competitive
B) cooperative
C) altruistic
D) individualistic
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Egoistic Versus Prosocial Orientations
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
49) In the Liebrand and Van Run “energy conservation” game, what was the optimal strategy for obtaining the public good?
A) to take small amounts of money on each turn
B) to take gradually larger amounts of money on each turn
C) to take large amounts of money on each turn
D) to take gradually smaller amounts of money on each turn
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Egoistic Versus Prosocial Behavior
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
50) In laboratory studies, as in the real world, what types of groups usually end up with the fewest rewards for the group?
A) groups with a mix of prosocial and egoistic members
B) groups with all prosocial members
C) groups with all egoistic members
D) groups with predominantly prosocial members and a few egoistic members
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Egoistic Versus Prosocial Orientations
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
51) In Van Lange and colleagues’ study of the development of prosocial versus egoistic value orientations, what position in the family did prosocial individuals usually occupy?
A) They were only children.
B) They were the eldest child in a family with female siblings.
C) They tended to have more older siblings.
D) They tended to have more younger siblings.
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Egoistic Versus Prosocial Orientations
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
52) Audrey has an altruistic value orientation. Which of the following is likely to be true of Audrey?
A) She has an anxious/ambivalent attachment style.
B) She has a secure attachment style.
C) She finds it difficult to trust others.
D) She is an only child.
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Egoistic Versus Prosocial Orientations
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.
53) Your textbook mentions that driving efficient electric cars, insulating one’s home, and using solar energy are all ways of __________.
A) making individuals focus on long-term consequences to eliminate social traps
B) encouraging people not to be selfish, thereby avoiding social traps
C) using technology to change long-term consequences, thereby reducing the impact of social traps
D) changing selfish motivations for immediate rewards
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Changing the Consequences of Short-Sighted Selfishness
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
54) An environmental group wants to add a display on the dashboard of sport utility vehicles that tells drivers exactly how much money they are spending per mile. This would be an example of __________.
A) changing long-term consequences with technology
B) highlighting selfish motivations
C) immediately punishing undesirable behavior
D) bringing future negative consequences to the present
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Changing the Consequences of Short-Sighted Selfishness
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.
55) According to your textbook, what is one effective way to encourage industries to reduce their negative impact on the environment?
A) Force them to develop cleaner alternate technologies.
B) Require them to pay for the cost of cleaning up their toxic waste.
C) Make them pay heavy fines for pollution.
D) Ask them to voluntarily stop producing so much pollution.
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Changing the Consequences of Short-Sighted Selfishness
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
56) City planners decide to institute a program in which they will occasionally reward random bus riders with $100 gift certificates to the local grocery store. They are attempting to decrease pollution from individual cars by __________.
A) intermittently reinforcing desirable alternative modes of transportation
B) continuously reinforcing pro-environmental attitudes
C) moving negative consequences into the present
D) immediately punishing undesirable behavior
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Changing the Consequences of Short-Sighted Selfishness
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.
57) A(n) __________ norm describes what people ought to do, whereas a(n) __________ norm describes what people actually do.
A) social; disjunctive
B) subjunctive; injunctive
C) injunctive; descriptive
D) altruistic; egoistic
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Changing the Consequences of Short-Sighted Selfishness
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.
58) Which of the following is a descriptive norm about behavior that affects the environment?
A) It is wrong to litter.
B) Most people do not conserve water by taking short showers.
C) Driving faster than 80 miles per hour is wrong because it wastes gasoline.
D) People should bring their own canvas bags to the grocery store.
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Changing the Consequences of Short-Sighted Selfishness
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
59) The idea that it is more socially responsible to ride a bike to work than drive a car is a(n) __________.
A) injunctive norm
B) descriptive norm
C) social norm
D) personal norm
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Changing the Consequences of Short-Sighted Selfishness
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
60) In a research study of the effect of descriptive norms on cooperation, under what circumstances were people most likely to cooperate?
A) when they were instructed to do so
B) when injunctive norms for sharing were activated
C) when others in the group acted selfishly
D) when others in the group cooperated
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Changing the Consequences of Short-Sighted Selfishness
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychology phenomena.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.
61) The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency uses police power to punish violators of environmental policies. This type of environmental intervention is a __________.
A) public goods policy
B) market-based policy
C) command-and-control policy
D) voluntarist policy
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Matching Interventions With Motives
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
62) A policy that fines homeowners if they use too much water is an example of a __________ policy.
A) command-and-control
B) social dilemma
C) voluntarist
D) social responsibility
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Matching Interventions With Motives
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.
63) Command-and-control policies attempt to motivate individuals’ sense of __________.
A) social responsibility
B) enlightened self-interest
C) greed
D) fear
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Matching Interventions With Motives
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
64) A __________ policy involves an offer of rewards to those who reduce their socially harmful behaviors.
A) voluntarist
B) market-based
C) command-and-control
D) fear-based
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Matching Interventions With Motives
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
65) Market-based policies attempt to motivate individuals’ sense of __________.
A) social responsibility
B) enlightened self-interest
C) greed
D) fear
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Matching Interventions With Motives
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
66) Which of the following is a market-based environmental policy?
A) giving tax penalties to people who use solar energy
B) an employer making it difficult for employees to take the bus
C) giving builders rebates for using energy-efficient building materials
D) the Red Cross asking people to donate blood
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Matching Interventions With Motives
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.
67) A community group wants to encourage people to ride their bikes to work instead of driving their cars. Which of the following programs would be a market-based policy for bike riding?
A) Increase the price of parking cars.
B) Send out fliers about how important it is to the environment that people ride bikes instead of driving.
C) Fine people $5 a day when they drive their cars.
D) Give people a gift certificate for lunch on days when they ride their bike.
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Matching Interventions With Motives
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
68) In contrast to other environmental policies, __________ policies do not appeal to law or economics.
A) command-and-control
B) voluntarist
C) punishment-based
D) market-based
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Matching Interventions With Motives
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
69) Voluntarist environmental policies attempt to motivate individuals’ sense of __________.
A) social responsibility
B) enlightened self-interest
C) greed
D) fear
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Matching Interventions With Motives
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
70) Which of the following is a benefit of voluntarist environmental policies?
A) They capitalize on norms of social responsibility.
B) They work better for individualistic nations.
C) They require significant changes to laws.
D) They typically cost a great deal to implement.
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Matching Interventions With Motives
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
71) In laboratory experiments on social dilemmas, rewards for cooperation work more effectively than punishments for non-cooperation, suggesting that __________ policies may be more effective than __________ policies.
A) command-and-control; voluntarist
B) market-based; voluntarist
C) market-based; command-and-control
D) command-and-control; market-based
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Matching Interventions With Motives
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
72) As discussed in the textbook, anthropologist Radcliffe-Brown (1913) described a custom he observed when going to meet with aboriginal tribes of Australia. Elders of a tribe allowed the anthropologist to enter the village __________.
A) when he offered money
B) when they found a common relative with his native interpreter
C) after he did a dance
D) when he offered food and other goods
Learning Objective: 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
Topic: Outgroup Bias and International Conflict
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
73) In the study by Pratto and colleagues (1994) about views of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, which of the following was true of the opinions of U.S. college students who were high in social dominance orientation?
A) They favored staying out of the conflict.
B) They were more willing to sacrifice personally for the war.
C) They favored the U.S. involvement, as long as no civil liberties were violated.
D) They believed the U.S. involvement should be diplomatic only.
Learning Objective: 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
Topic: Some of Us Are More Defensive Than Others
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
74) The idea that higher social dominance orientation among men is due to both biological and cultural factors has been labeled a __________.
A) biocultural interactionist position
B) sociocultural position
C) social learning position
D) social cognitive interaction position
Learning Objective: 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
Topic: Some of Us Are More Defensive Than Others
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
75) Which statement is accurate about social dominance orientation?
A) Men are more socially dominant than women across many cultures and social groups.
B) Socially dominant individuals are less willing to sacrifice civil liberties during times of war.
C) Women are more socially dominant than men in cultures that emphasize equality.
D) Socially dominant individuals favor negotiation strategies to resolve international conflicts.
Learning Objective: 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
Topic: Some of Us Are More Defensive Than Others
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.
76) Which statement is correct about gender differences and social dominance orientation?
A) There are no significant differences between men and women in social dominance orientation.
B) Men must compete for mates, leading to a correlation between their social status and their reproductive success.
C) Biology, not culture, is responsible for gender differences in social dominance orientation.
D) Women are more selective in choosing mates, leading to higher social dominance orientation.
Learning Objective: 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
Topic: Some of Us Are More Defensive Than Others
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
77) The tendency to respect power and rigidly cohere to society’s conventions are characteristics of __________.
A) social dominance orientation
B) low self-monitors
C) authoritarians
D) individualists
Learning Objective: 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
Topic: Some of Us Are More Defensive Than Others
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
78) Terrence believes that the HIV virus is a government conspiracy to kill off the “undesirables” in society. Which of the following is also likely to be true of Terrence?
A) He is high in feelings of alienation.
B) He is low in authoritarianism.
C) He feels very powerful.
D) He generally doesn’t feel much hostility.
Learning Objective: 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
Topic: Some of Us Are More Defensive Than Others
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
79) Which statement is accurate regarding authoritarians?
A) They are especially prone to feeling confident.
B) They are less likely to accept conspiracy theories.
C) They respect power and rigidly cohere to social norms.
D) They are generally less favorable toward a strong military.
Learning Objective: 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
Topic: Some of Us Are More Defensive Than Others
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.
80) The belief that signs of weakness will be exploited by an opponent and that leaders need to show their willingness to use military force is the __________.
A) conflict spiral view
B) deterrence view
C) authoritarian view
D) intergroup conflict view
Learning Objective: 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
Topic: Some of Us Are More Defensive Than Others
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
81) The belief that escalations of international threat lead an opponent to feel more threatened and that leaders should demonstrate peaceful intentions to reduce defensive hostilities is associated with the __________.
A) conflict spiral view
B) deterrence view
C) authoritarian view
D) intergroup conflict view
Learning Objective: 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
Topic: Some of Us Are More Defensive Than Others
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
82) The United States’ attempts to be tough with Iraqis have led to increasing Iraqi support for anti-American military forces, which would lend support to the __________ view of international conflict.
A) deterrence view
B) intergroup conflict
C) conflict spiral view
D) social dominance
Learning Objective: 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
Topic: Some of Us Are More Defensive Than Others
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.
83) According to research, racism and authoritarian tendencies tend to increase __________.
A) during times of economic depression
B) during times of economic prosperity
C) during times of decreasing interest rates
D) during times of decreasing unemployment
Learning Objective: 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
Topic: Competition and Threat
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychology phenomena.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.
84) One reason given in the textbook for why group-on-group interactions are more competitive than one-on-one interactions is that __________.
A) individuals tend to be greedier than groups
B) individuals have a higher need to build self-esteem when in groups
C) individuals feel more guilt when they are in groups
D) individuals distrust groups, assuming that their members will be competitive
Learning Objective: 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
Topic: Competition and Threat
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.
85) You are a manager who has two “teams” of employees. They are not working well together, and it is your job to encourage cooperation. Which of the following is a strategy that would help to encourage cooperation?
A) Have one member from each team meet and discuss a settlement.
B) Remind both teams that they are working toward different goals.
C) Remind the teams that they are in competition for a limited pool of money for raises.
D) Tell the teams that they are competitors.
Learning Objective: 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
Topic: Competition and Threat
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
86) In the Deutsch study, participants played against the experimenter’s confederate for real money. The confederate sometimes responded with an attack if the participant did not cooperate. This is known as a __________.
A) nonpunitive deterrent strategy
B) conflict spiral strategy
C) punitive deterrent strategy
D) mutually assured destruction strategy
Learning Objective: 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
Topic: Competition and Threat
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.
87) According to the Deutsch study, which strategy is likely to be the most successful in intergroup conflict?
A) nonpunitive deterrence
B) punitive deterrence
C) turn the other cheek
D) mutually assured destruction
Learning Objective: 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
Topic: Competition and Threat
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
88) The extent to which a person demonstrates simplified “black-and-white” categorical thinking as opposed to an acknowledgement of all sides of an issue is __________.
A) social dominance orientation
B) openness to influence
C) integrative complexity
D) need for cognition
Learning Objective: 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
Topic: Competition and Threat
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
89) Integrative complexity refers to __________.
A) how complicated an idea may be
B) the extent to which children learn to combine aspects of their personality as they develop
C) the extent to which a person exhibits “black-and-white” thinking
D) how well a person understands a given idea or concept
Learning Objective: 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
Topic: Competition and Threat
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
90) According to Kimmel’s theory of levels of social awareness in intercultural exploration, a complete unawareness of other cultures, which leads negotiators to attribute ignorance and bad intentions to the other side, is called __________.
A) tolerance
B) cultural chauvinism
C) minimization
D) ethnocentrism
Learning Objective: 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
Topic: Intercultural Misperception and International Conflict
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
91) According to Kimmel’s theory of levels of social awareness in intercultural exploration, an awareness and appreciation of differences between cultures that is accompanied by a feeling that one’s own culture is more effective and realistic is called __________.
A) understanding
B) cultural chauvinism
C) minimization
D) tolerance
Learning Objective: 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
Topic: Intercultural Misperception and International Conflict
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
92) According to Kimmel’s theory of levels of social awareness in intercultural exploration, a realization that one’s own way of doing things is only one of many and that others are not always abnormal in any way is called __________.
A) understanding
B) cultural chauvinism
C) minimization
D) tolerance
Learning Objective: 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
Topic: Intercultural Misperception and International Conflict
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
93) Two participants in an experiment are playing a social dilemma game. One participant adopts a strategy in which she responds to cooperation with cooperation and to competitiveness with competitiveness. What strategy has she adopted?
A) a nonpunitive deterrent strategy
B) a tit-for-tat strategy
C) a punitive deterrent strategy
D) a turn-the-other-cheek strategy
Learning Objective: 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
Topic: The Reciprocal Dynamics of Cooperation and Conflict
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
94) The most “stable” strategy in reciprocal negotiations over time is called a __________.
A) perceptual dilemma
B) turn-the-other-cheek strategy
C) tit-for-tat strategy
D) punitive deterrence strategy
Learning Objective: 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
Topic: The Reciprocal Dynamics of Cooperation and Conflict
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
95) A perceptual dilemma, in which both sides believe it is best to cooperate, while both also believe that the other side would prefer that “we” cooperate while “they” exploit, is a combination of a __________ and __________.
A) tit-for-tat strategy; social dominance
B) tragedy of the commons; cultural chauvinism
C) social dilemma; outgroup bias
D) public goods dilemma; authoritarianism
Learning Objective: 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
Topic: The Reciprocal Dynamics of Cooperation and Conflict
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
96) Two countries are in conflict over a piece of land. Which of the following tactics would be most consistent with a GRIT strategy to reduce the conflict?
A) One country concedes a small part of the land and challenges the other country to match it.
B) One country tells the other that they will attack if their demands are not met.
C) One country concedes all their territory in response to a promise from the other side to be peaceful.
D) One country attacks the other and then challenges the invaded country to fight back.
Learning Objective: 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
Topic: The Reciprocal Dynamics of Cooperation and Conflict
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
Short Answer Questions
97) What is a social dilemma? Give an example.
Learning Objective: 13.1 Be able to distinguish the prisoner’s dilemma from public goods dilemmas and replenishing resource dilemmas.
Topic: Defining Social Dilemmas
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
98) Define a sliding reinforcer and provide an example.
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Social Traps
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
99) Contrast prosocial and egoistic orientations.
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Egoistic Versus Prosocial Orientations
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Analyze It
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
100) Describe the development of prosocial and egoistic orientations.
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Egoistic Versus Prosocial Orientations
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
101) Describe what is meant by “reinforcing more desirable environmental alternatives” in the context of automobile use.
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Changing the Consequences of Short-Sighted Selfishness
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
102) Describe the ways in which the timing of punishments and rewards can be altered to reduce the consequence of short-sighted selfishness.
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Changing the Consequences of Short-Sighted Selfishness
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
103) What is the command-and-control approach to environmental intervention? Provide an example.
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Matching Interventions With Motives
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
104) What is the voluntarist approach to environmental intervention? Give an example.
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Matching Interventions With Motives
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
105) What is social dominance orientation?
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Some of Us Are More Defensive Than Others
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
106) What is the deterrence view of international conflict?
Learning Objective: 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
Topic: Some of Us Are More Defensive Than Others
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
107) What is the conflict spiral view of international conflict?
Learning Objective: 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
Topic: Some of Us Are More Defensive Than Others
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
Essay Questions
108) What is a social dilemma? Identify and define two types of social dilemmas, and list the two goals that underlie social dilemmas.
Learning Objective: 13.1 Be able to distinguish the prisoner’s dilemma from public goods dilemmas and replenishing resource dilemmas.
Topic: What Goals Underlie Global Social Dilemmas?
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
109) Differentiate the three reasons why the costs of social traps may be hidden in the short term.
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Social Traps
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
110) Describe what is meant by moving future negative consequences into the present and adding immediate punishments for undesirable behaviors. Provide an example of each.
A good answer would include the following key points:
- Moving future negative consequences to the present involves paying for current use or misuse of resources immediately, rather than in the future.
- Adding immediate punishments for undesirable behavior involves paying for a behavior immediately (rather than in the future).
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Changing the Consequences of Short-Sighted Selfishness
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
111) Differentiate the three categories of environmental policies. Provide an example of each.
A good answer would include the following key points:
- The three categories of environmental policies are command-and-control, market-based, and voluntarist.
- Command-and control policies may be set by the government, such as fining automobile manufacturers if they do not produce the quota of fuel-efficient cars.
- Market-based policies offer rewards such as discounts to companies or people who reduce environmentally destructive behaviors.
- Voluntarist policies do not reward or punish behaviors but appeal to people’s intrinsic motivations, such as making it possible for people to ride share.
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Matching Interventions With Motives
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
112) How are those high in social dominance orientation likely to feel about military spending and the use of conflict versus cooperation in international affairs?
A good answer would include the following key points:
- Social dominance orientation is the desire that one’s ingroup dominate and be superior to other groups.
- Individuals high in social dominance orientation tend to support significant military spending and the use of conflict rather than cooperation in the resolution of international problems.
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Topic: Some of Us Are More Defensive Than Others
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
113) Describe and exemplify the deterrence and conflict spiral views of international conflict.
A good answer would include the following key points:
1. Deterrence is the belief that signs of weakness will be exploited by the opponent and that leaders need to show their willingness to use military might. An example would be a leader of a country making threats to send full force if another country engages in a certain behavior.
2. Conflict spiral is the view that escalations of international threat lead an opponent to feel more threatened and that leaders should thus demonstrate peaceful intentions to reduce the opponent’s defensive hostilities. An example would be to encourage leaders to come to peace talks to work out differences rather than make threats through the media.
Learning Objective: 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
Topic: Some of Us Are More Defensive Than Others
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
114) Explain how Kelman’s workshops for Israelis and Palestinians foster harmony between the two nations. What do the participants do at these workshops?
A good answer would include the following key points:
- Influential persons from both sides come together not to negotiate, but rather to familiarize themselves with the positions and viewpoints of one another and to brainstorm possible solutions that could later be introduced into negotiations.
- These nonthreatening meetings allow both sides to develop more complex images of the other side and to overcome prejudicial oversimplifications.
Learning Objective: 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
Topic: Competition and Threat
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.
115) Name and define Kimmel’s different levels of cultural awareness discussed in your textbook. Put the levels in order from the lowest level of understanding to the highest level of understanding. How does each influence the actions of negotiators?
A good answer would include the following key points:
- The five levels are cultural chauvinism, ethnocentrism, tolerance, minimization, and understanding.
- Cultural chauvinism is a complete unawareness of other cultures, which leads negotiators to attribute ignorance and bad intentions to the other side.
- Ethnocentrism is an awareness of ethnic, religious, racial, or national differences, accompanied by a conviction that one’s own way is the “right” one.
- Tolerance is an awareness of, and appreciation of, differences but still accompanied by a feeling that one’s own culture is more effective and realistic; it leads negotiators to try to “educate” or “develop” those who differ.
- Minimization is an awareness of cultural differences but with a focus on the many similarities across human cultures, which could lead to ignoring important differences at critical points in negotiation.
- Understanding is the realization that one’s own way of doing things is only one of many and that others are not abnormal in any way.
Learning Objective: 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
Topic: Intercultural Misperception and International Conflict
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.
116) Define GRIT and contrast it to other strategies discussed in the textbook.
A good answer would include the following key points:
- GRIT stands for graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction. GRIT is a strategy for breaking conflict spirals by publically challenging an opponent to match de-escalations.
- The GRIT strategy, like the tit-for-tat and the punitive deterrence strategies, leads competitors into a pattern of dynamic interaction.
- GRIT differs from the other strategies discussed because, rather than stimulating conflict or stabilizing an already peaceful situation, it leads to a pattern of escalating peacemaking.
Learning Objective: 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
Topic: The Reciprocal Dynamics of Cooperation and Conflict
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.
The following questions appear at the end of each module and at the end of the chapter in Revel for Social Psychology: Goals in Interaction, 7e.
End of Module Quiz 13.1: Defining Social Dilemmas
EOM Q13.1.1
A social dilemma is best defined as a situation in which __________.
- an individual profits from seeking personal benefits, unless everyone chooses selfishly, in which case the whole group loses
- two “prisoners” must choose simultaneously whether to confess to a crime, with different consequences depending on the selfishness of each player
Consider This: This is an example of one kind of social dilemma but is not the definition. 13.1 Be able to distinguish the prisoner’s dilemma from public goods dilemmas and replenishing resource dilemmas.
- group members share a renewable resource that continues producing benefits unless members overharvest it
Consider This: This is the definition for the replenishing resource management dilemma, not the general definition of social dilemma.13.1 Be able to distinguish the prisoner’s dilemma from public goods dilemmas and replenishing resource dilemmas.
- the whole group benefits from individuals contributing something for the common good, but in which the public good will be lost if too few people contribute
Consider This: This is the definition for the public goods dilemma, not the general definition of a social dilemma. 13.1 Be able to distinguish the prisoner’s dilemma from public goods dilemmas and replenishing resource dilemmas.
Learning Objective: 13.1 Be able to distinguish the prisoner’s dilemma from public goods dilemmas and replenishing resource dilemmas.
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
EOM Q13.1.2
In a __________, group members share a renewable resource that will continue producing benefits if group members don’t overharvest it, whereas in a __________, the whole group benefits if some members give something for the common good but individuals profit from free-riding if enough others contribute.
- replenishing resource management dilemma; public goods dilemma
- public goods dilemma; replenishing resource management dilemma
Consider This: In which case in the question is there a replenishing resource? 13.1 Be able to distinguish the prisoner’s dilemma from public goods dilemmas and replenishing resource dilemmas.
- public goods dilemma; prisoner’s dilemma
Consider This: A prisoner’s dilemma involves only two people. 13.1 Be able to distinguish the prisoner’s dilemma from public goods dilemmas and replenishing resource dilemmas.
- replenishing resource management dilemma; prisoner’s dilemma
Consider This: A prisoner’s dilemma involves only two people. 13.1 Be able to distinguish the prisoner’s dilemma from public goods dilemmas and replenishing resource dilemmas.
Learning Objective: 13.1 Be able to distinguish the prisoner’s dilemma from public goods dilemmas and replenishing resource dilemmas.
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
EOM Q13.1.3
These two basic goals underlie global social dilemmas: __________.
- the desire to gain immediate satisfaction and the desire to defend ourselves and valued others
- the goal of reproduction and the goal of simplifying complex information
Consider This: The goal of reproduction underlies the population problem. The goal of simplifying complex information causes people to cling to a simple political or economic solution without analyzing how it would play out in the complexities of the real world. However, neither of these is one of the two basic goals of global social problems that take on very special characteristics in large groups of people. 13.1 Be able to distinguish the prisoner’s dilemma from public goods dilemmas and replenishing resource dilemmas.
- the goal of reproduction and the desire to gain immediate satisfaction
Consider This: The goal of reproduction underlies the population problem. However, this is not one of the two basic goals of global social problems that take on very special characteristics in large groups of people. 13.1 Be able to distinguish the prisoner’s dilemma from public goods dilemmas and replenishing resource dilemmas.
- the goal of simplifying complex information and the desire to defend ourselves and valued others
Consider This: The goal of simplifying complex information causes people to cling to a simple political or economic solution without analyzing how it would play out in the complexities of the real world. However, this is not one of the two basic goals of global social problems that take on very special characteristics in large groups of people. 13.1 Be able to distinguish the prisoner’s dilemma from public goods dilemmas and replenishing resource dilemmas.
Learning Objective: 13.1 Be able to distinguish the prisoner’s dilemma from public goods dilemmas and replenishing resource dilemmas.
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
End of Module Quiz 13.2: Gaining Immediate Satisfaction
EOM Q13.2.1
___________ are motivated to maximize their own outcomes with no regard for the costs or benefits to others, whereas ___________ are motivated to maximize joint profits for themselves and group members.
- Individualists; cooperators
- Competitors; altruists
Consider This: Competitors are motivated to do relatively better than others, even if it increases their costs. Altruists are motivated to help others, even at a cost to themselves. 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
- Competitors; cooperators
Consider This: Competitors are motivated to do relatively better than others, even if it increases their costs. 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
- Individualists; altruists
Consider This: Altruists are motivated to help others, even at a cost to themselves. 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
EOM Q13.2.2
Which of the following strategies utilizes our reward-seeking tendencies to draw us out of social traps?
- reinforcing more desirable environmental alternatives
- moving present negative consequences into the future
Consider This: Moving future negative consequences into the present is a way to draw us out of social traps, but it involves punishment rather than reward. 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
- adding delayed punishments for undesirable behaviors
Consider This: Adding delayed punishments for undesirable behaviors is a way to draw us out of social traps, but this question is asking about reward-seeking rather than punishment-avoidance. 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
- publicly drawing attention to norm violators
Consider This: This is not discussed as a means of drawing people out of social traps, and does not focus on reward but on social punishment. 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
EOM Q13.2.3
__________ policies appeal to social responsibility norms and work well with people who have a(n) __________ orientation; in contrast, __________ policies appeal to individual self-interest.
- Voluntarist; prosocial; market-based
- Voluntarist; prosocial; command-and-control
Consider This: Voluntarist policies appeal to people’s intrinsic sense of social duty, while market-based policies offer rewards to those who reduce their environmentally destructive behaviors. 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
- Market-based; egoistic; command-and-control
Consider This: Voluntarist policies appeal to people’s intrinsic sense of social duty, while market-based policies offer rewards to those who reduce their environmentally destructive behaviors. 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
- Market-based; egoistic; voluntarist
Consider This: Voluntarist policies appeal to people’s intrinsic sense of social duty, while market-based policies offer rewards to those who reduce their environmentally destructive behaviors. 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
End of Module Quiz 13.3: Defending Ourselves and Valued Others
EOM Q13.3.1
Leaders holding a __________ view believe that demonstrations of peaceful intent reduce opponents’ defensiveness, whereas leaders holding a __________ view believe that signs of weakness will be exploited and that one must show willingness to use military power.
- conflict spiral; deterrence
- deterrence; conflict spiral
Consider This: The conflict spiral view presumes that every escalation of international threat leads the opponent to feel more threatened. 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
- conflict spiral; command-and-control
Consider This: The conflict spiral view presumes that every escalation of international threat leads the opponent to feel more threatened, but command-and-control was not discussed in this context. 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
- cooperator; command-and-control
Consider This: The conflict spiral view presumes that every escalation of international threat leads the opponent to feel more threatened. Neither cooperator nor command-and-control were discussed with regard to policymakers’ simplified views. 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
Learning Objective: 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
EOM Q13.3.2
According to Kimmel, the highest level of cultural awareness is __________, which is the realization that one’s own way of doing things is only one of many and that others are not abnormal in any way; in contrast, the lowest level is __________, which is a complete unawareness of other cultures that leads negotiators to attribute ignorance and bad intentions to the other side.
- understanding; cultural chauvinism
- tolerance; cultural chauvinism
Consider This: The understanding level of cultural awareness involves the realization that one's own way of doing things may be one of many ways of doing things. 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
- minimization; ethnocentrism
Consider This: The ethnocentrism level involves an awareness of other groups’ views, which is one step above the lowest level. Minimization is, according to Kimmel, one step of the highest level of cultural awareness. 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
- understanding; ethnocentrism
Consider This: The ethnocentrism level involves an awareness of other groups’ views, which is one step above the lowest level. 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
Learning Objective: 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
EOM Q13.3.3
The __________ strategy leads to a pattern of escalating peacemaking, whereas the __________ strategy may escalate conflict by responding to competitiveness with further competitiveness.
- GRIT; tit-for-tat
- tit-for-tat; GRIT
Consider This: GRIT stands for graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction. The tit-for-tat strategy combines the “you scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours” reciprocation with “an eye for an eye” retaliation. 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
- punitive deterrence; GRIT
Consider This: GRIT stands for graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction. The punitive deterrent strategy is a strategy in which an accomplice uses a cooperative reward strategy on the first trial of a game and responds with an attack if the real player does not cooperate. 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
- punitive deterrence; tit-for-tat
Consider This: The tit-for-tat strategy combines the “you scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours” reciprocation with “an eye for an eye” retaliation. The punitive deterrent strategy is a strategy in which an accomplice uses a cooperative reward strategy on the first trial of a game and responds with an attack if the real player does not cooperate. 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
Learning Objective: 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Chapter Quiz: Social Dilemmas: Cooperation Versus Conflict
EOC Q13.1
Overpopulation, destruction of the environment, and international conflict are examples of social dilemmas, situations in which the __________ profits from selfishness but the __________ loses if everyone chooses the selfish alternative.
- individual; group
- group; individual
Consider This: If you’re walking in a park you may think it is convenient and time saving for you just to leave your trash on the ground. However, would you still enjoy this park if it was covered in garbage because everyone else decided to do the same thing? 13.1 Be able to distinguish the prisoner’s dilemma from public goods dilemmas and replenishing resource dilemmas.
- group; environment
Consider This: While concerns over the group are part of the concept of a social dilemma, the input of the environment is not. 13.1 Be able to distinguish the prisoner’s dilemma from public goods dilemmas and replenishing resource dilemmas.
- leader; follower
Consider This: Social dilemmas are not focused around the differential input of leaders and followers. 13.1 Be able to distinguish the prisoner’s dilemma from public goods dilemmas and replenishing resource dilemmas.
Learning Objective: 13.1 Be able to distinguish the prisoner’s dilemma from public goods dilemmas and replenishing resource dilemmas.
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
EOC Q13.2
Woodcrafters in Maine eagerly seek out a hardwood that can only be harvested by hand, so the individual crafters cut their own wood on public land. The wood replaces itself, but it takes about 25 years for a tree to grow to maturity. About 25 percent of the adult trees need to remain in the forest at any time in order to generate and fertilize seed trees. Any given woodcrafter will, of course, profit from taking as much of the hardwood as possible, but the group as a whole benefits from a calculated, slow use of the trees. In social-psychological terms, this situation is referred to as a __________ dilemma.
- replenishing resource management
- naïve
Consider This: The text does not discuss a naïve dilemma. 13.1 Be able to distinguish the prisoner’s dilemma from public goods dilemmas and replenishing resource dilemmas.
- Prisoner’s
Consider This: The prisoner’s dilemma is a type of social dilemma in which only two individuals are involved. 13.1 Be able to distinguish the prisoner’s dilemma from public goods dilemmas and replenishing resource dilemmas.
- public goods
Consider This: A public goods dilemma is a situation in which the whole group can benefit if some individuals give something for the common good but in which individuals profit from “free-riding” if enough others contribute. 13.1 Be able to distinguish the prisoner’s dilemma from public goods dilemmas and replenishing resource dilemmas.
Learning Objective: 13.1 Be able to distinguish the prisoner’s dilemma from public goods dilemmas and replenishing resource dilemmas.
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
EOC Q13.3
A situation in which certain individuals can be “parasites” who benefit from the contributions of others, rather than contributing to the whole group, is called a __________ dilemma.
- public goods
- public nuisance
Consider This: The text does not discuss this type of dilemma. The correct answer involves what are sometimes referred to as “freeloaders” or “free-riders.” 13.1 Be able to distinguish the prisoner’s dilemma from public goods dilemmas and replenishing resource dilemmas.
- replenishing resource management
Consider This: In a replenishing resource management dilemma, group members share a renewable resource that will continue producing benefits if group members don’t overharvest it. The correct answer involves what are sometimes referred to as “freeloaders” or “free-riders.” 13.1 Be able to distinguish the prisoner’s dilemma from public goods dilemmas and replenishing resource dilemmas.
- social
Consider This: A social dilemma is a situation in which an individual profits from selfishness unless everyone chooses the selfish alternative, in which case the whole group loses. The correct answer refers to a particular type of dilemma that involves what are sometimes referred to as “freeloaders” or “free-riders.” 13.1 Be able to distinguish the prisoner's dilemma from public goods dilemmas and replenishing resource dilemmas.
Learning Objective: 13.1 Be able to distinguish the prisoner’s dilemma from public goods dilemmas and replenishing resource dilemmas.
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
EOC Q13.4
John Platt determined that the basis for social traps lies in the fact that people tend to __________.
- repeat behaviors that lead to immediate reinforcement
- do what everyone else is doing
Consider This: The best answer is grounded in the concept of immediate self-gratification. 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
- prefer to lead and not follow
Consider This: The best answer is grounded in the concept of immediate self-gratification. 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
- follow ingroup behaviors
Consider This: The best answer is grounded in the concept of immediate self-gratification. 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
EOC Q13.5
A sliding reinforcer brings __________ when applied in small doses and __________ when applied in large doses.
- reward; punishment
- discomfort; pleasure
Consider This: Having a cup of coffee in the morning might help you wake up and feel alert, but drinking far too much would probably cause you to become jittery and later might interfere with your sleep. 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
- compliance; refusal
Consider This: Having a cup of coffee in the morning might help you wake up and feel alert, but drinking far too much would probably cause you to become jittery and later might interfere with your sleep. 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
- punishment; reward
Consider This: Having a cup of coffee in the morning might help you wake up and feel alert, but drinking far too much would probably cause you to become jittery and later might interfere with your sleep. 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
EOC Q13.6
Jackie always strives to get more benefits than others, even when the benefits are relatively insignificant. Jackie’s value orientation would be described as __________.
- competitive
- cooperative
Consider This: Cooperators are motivated to maximize joint profits for themselves and group members. 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
- altruistic
Consider This: Altruists are motivated to help others, even at a cost to themselves. 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
- individualistic
Consider This: Individualists are motivated to maximize their own outcomes, with no regard for the costs or benefits to others. 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
EOC Q13.7
Individuals who have an altruistic or cooperative value orientation toward groups are more likely to have a(n) __________ attachment style in romantic relationships.
- secure
- anxious-ambivalent
Consider This: Those with a prosocial orientation feel less fear of abandonment in relationships and are comfortable being close to others. 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
- avoidant
Consider This: Those with a prosocial orientation feel less fear of abandonment in relationships and are comfortable being close to others. 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
- semi-permeable
Consider This: Those with a prosocial orientation feel less fear of abandonment in relationships and are comfortable being close to others. 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
EOC Q13.8
In order to minimize individuals’ need for quick self-gratification that may harm the group in the long-term, Platt suggested that the __________.
- timing of rewards and punishments was crucial
- negative consequences of selfish behavior should be framed in terms of distant future impact
Consider This: Moving future negative consequences into the present is a way to draw us out of social traps. For example, immediate feedback about energy consumption is an effective means to encourage conservation. 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
- individuals should be explicitly encouraged to seek what is best for them
Consider This: If a child is to be rewarded for good behavior, would you think that the reward should come soon or far after the action it is meant to reinforce? 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
- punishments for undesirable behaviors should be delayed, rather than immediate
Consider This: Adding immediate punishments for undesirable behaviors is a way to draw us out of social traps. Administered under the right circumstances, punishments can spur people to act in the collective interest. If a child is to be punished for bad behavior, what do you think would happen if the punishment came far after the action it is meant to reinforce? 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
EOC Q13.9
People will cooperate more in a group when ____________.
- they know their individual choices or behaviors will be identifiable by the group
- they think the group has a somewhat lower educational level than they do
Consider This: The correct answer involves obtaining (or not losing) the approval of others. 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
- their group is chosen for them, rather than being able to pick their own group
Consider This: The correct answer involves obtaining (or not losing) the approval of others. 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
- others in the group are relatively pessimistic
Consider This: The correct answer involves obtaining (or not losing) the approval of others. 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
EOC Q13.10
A market-based policy to reduce or prevent harm to the environment is one that __________.
- offers rewards to people who reduce their destructive behaviors
- involves legal restrictions plus punishment
Consider This: This refers to a command-and-control strategy. The correct answer would be exemplified if you live in a town where you are offered an energy credit for using high-efficiency appliances. 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
- appeals to individuals’ sense of social responsibility
Consider This: This would be for a voluntarist policy. The correct answer would be exemplified if you live in a town where you are offered an energy credit for using high-efficiency appliances. 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
- allows individuals to self-govern, so that the best outcome emerges naturally
Consider This: The correct answer would be exemplified if you live in a town where you are offered an energy credit for using high-efficiency appliances. 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe social trap, the four types of social value orientations, and the techniques that can be used to change the consequences of selfishness in social dilemmas.
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
EOC Q13.11
Authoritarianism is distinguished from social dominance orientation in that authoritarianism __________.
- is based more on social submissiveness and the desire to follow a strong leader
- reflects a strong desire to lead others
Consider This: Someone high in social dominance orientation would want to be a leader. 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
- is based on childhood experiences
Consider This: As an example, in the international arena, authoritarians are generally more favorable toward a strong military and more hostile toward foreigners. 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
- lacks the rigid morality of social dominance
Consider This: Social dominance orientation lacks the rigid morality associated with authoritarianism. 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
Learning Objective: 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Analyze It
EOC Q13.12
One common, simplified view of international conflict is that each increase in aggression leads to greater perceived threat. Thus, effective leaders need to show peaceful intent in order to stop their opponents’ defensive aggression. This belief is consistent with the __________ view.
- conflict spiral
- deterrence
Consider This: The deterrence view is that any sign of weakness would be exploited by the opponent and that leaders need to show their willingness to use military force. This would be the opposite of what is described in the question. 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
- catharsis
Consider This: Catharsis refers to the discharge of pent-up emotion. 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
- displacement
Consider This: Displacement refers to the indirect expression of an aggressive impulse away from the person or animal that elicited it. 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
Learning Objective: 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
EOC Q13.13
Research on conflict and cooperation suggests that the most effective strategy for countries to use to obtain cooperation and deter attacks is the __________ strategy.
- nonpunitive deterrent
- turn the other cheek
Consider This: In the turn the other cheek strategy the person would start out being cooperative and keep cooperating. If attacked by the opponent, he would get even more cooperative. In the correct strategy, one would respond to an attack with a defense, but would otherwise cooperate. 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
- punitive deterrent
Consider This: In the correct strategy, one would respond to an attack with a defense, but would otherwise cooperate. 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
- time-series
Consider This: The time-series strategy is not discussed in the text. In the correct strategy, one would respond to an attack with a defense, but would otherwise cooperate. 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
Learning Objective: 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
EOC Q13.14
The leaders of two countries believed that cooperation would be the best strategy to resolve a conflict before it escalated to war. However, both leaders also believed that the other country would exploit its cooperative tendencies. This situation is called a __________.
- perceptual dilemma
- tit-for-tat strategy
Consider This: The correct answer is an unfortunate combination of a social dilemma and an outgroup bias. 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
- double-cross conundrum
Consider This: The correct answer is an unfortunate combination of a social dilemma and an outgroup bias. 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
- proximal diffusion
Consider This: The correct answer is an unfortunate combination of a social dilemma and an outgroup bias. 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
Learning Objective: 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
EOC Q13.15
Research suggests that an effective strategy for breaking conflict spirals is the GRIT strategy, in which __________.
- leaders publicly challenge their opponents to match de-escalations, beginning with a small peace offering and increasing as both sides reciprocate peaceful initiatives
- leaders publicly challenge their opponents to unrealistically dangerous initiatives
Consider This: If one person is acting rationally and logically, it might be quite difficult for the other person in a conflict to avoid doing the same. 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
- one leader continues to offer peaceful cooperation regardless of whether his or her opponent reciprocates
Consider This: If one person is acting rationally and logically, it might be quite difficult for the other person in a conflict to avoid doing the same. 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
- leaders resort to a “nuclear option” to scare their opponents into cooperating
Consider This: If one person is acting rationally and logically, it might be quite difficult for the other person in a conflict to avoid doing the same. 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
Learning Objective: 13.3 Discuss the factors in the person and the situation that contribute to intergroup conflict and the dynamic interactions involved in tit-for-tat strategies, the dollar game, perceptual dilemmas, and the GRIT strategy.
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
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Social Psychology Goals 7th Edition | Test Bank with Key by Kenrick
By Douglas Kenrick