Exam Prep Structure and Function of Cells Chapter 3

Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues, 8e (Johnson)

Chapter 3 Structure and Function of Cells

3.1 Multiple-Choice Questions

1) Each of the following statements is a basic principle of the cell doctrine EXCEPT which one of the following?

A) All cells have a nucleus and organelles.

B) All living things are composed of cells and cell products.

C) A single cell is the smallest unit that exhibits all of the characteristics of life.

D) All cells come from preexisting cells.

Topic: Sec. 3.0

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.1

GLO: G1

2) Most eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound ________ that contains the genetic material.

A) nucleus

B) cytoplasm

C) lysosome

D) plasma membrane

E) cell wall

Topic: Sec. 3.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.1

GLO: G1

3) Which one of the following structures is characteristic of BOTH eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A) nucleus

B) mitochondria

C) endoplasmic reticulum

D) cell membrane

E) Golgi apparatus

Topic: Sec. 3.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.1

GLO: G1

4) Nearly every eukaryotic cell

A) has its genetic material concentrated in a membrane-enclosed nucleus.

B) has a cell wall composed of cellulose that serves as the outer boundary of the cell.

C) contains a hard, noncompressible fluid called the cytosol.

D) possesses flagella and cilia, unlike prokaryotes.

E) contains all of its genetic material in mitochondria.

Topic: Sec. 3.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.1

GLO: G1

5) In which one of the following ways do prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells?

A) Prokaryotic cells have a plasma membrane composed entirely of protein.

B) Prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus and other membranous organelles.

C) Prokaryotic cells lack DNA, RNA, and ribosomes.

D) Prokaryotic cells have cytoplasm that is bounded by a cell membrane.

E) Prokaryotic cells have cytoplasm but lack a cell membrane.

Topic: Sec. 3.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.1

GLO: G1

6) To increase the surface area of some cells, the plasma membrane possesses

A) receptors.

B) flagella.

C) microvilli.

D) transport proteins.

Topic: Sec. 3.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.2

GLO: G1

7) Over the course of evolutionary time, animal body sizes have gotten larger, yet cell sizes have not. Cells have stayed proportionally the same size to remain efficient, because

A) if cells got larger, the demand for energy and raw materials would greatly decrease.

B) larger cells would become limited by the ability to move materials across the plasma membrane.

C) of limitations of the composition of the plasma membrane.

D) of the inability of the nucleus to produce sufficient DNA for larger cells.

E) the Golgi apparatus would not be able to meet the demands of cell transport of larger cells.

Topic: Sec. 3.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.2

GLO: G1

8) There are different types of microscopes that can be used to provide information about cells. Which type of microscope is used for the observation of living cells?

A) light microscope

B) scanning electron microscope

C) transmission electron microscope

Topic: Sec. 3.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.2

GLO: G1

9) Which type of microscope provides tremendous (100,000-fold) magnification and enables viewing of fine internal structural details of cells?

A) light microscope

B) scanning electron microscope

C) transmission electron microscope

Topic: Sec. 3.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.2

GLO: G1

10) The products of the endoplasmic reticulum are transported to the Golgi apparatus by

A) cilia.

B) vesicles.

C) endocytosis

D) gated channels.

E) free-floating ribosomes.

Topic: Sec. 3.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.5

GLO: G1

11) Assume that you ate a salad that contained some compounds that upset your stomach but still managed to be absorbed and eventually moved into liver cells. The plant compounds are noxious and potentially toxic to the liver cells. Which organelle in the liver cells would be expected to target and detoxify the plant compounds?

A) ribosome

B) mitochondrion

C) peroxisome

D) centriole

E) nucleolus

Topic: Sec. 3.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.5

GLO: G1

12) Muscle cells require more energy than most other cells in order to function. Therefore, muscle cells would be expected to have more ________ and ________ than most other animal cells.

A) glycogen; mitochondria

B) peroxisomes; fat

C) mitochondria; starch

D) ribosomes; glycogen

E) glucose; nuclei

Topic: Sec. 3.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.5

GLO: G1

13) In the cell, proteins that are synthesized for immediate use by the cell are normally produced

A) in the plasma membrane.

B) in the nucleus.

C) in the Golgi apparatus.

D) on smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

E) on free-floating ribosomes.

Topic: Sec. 3.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.5

GLO: G1

14) Which one of the following organelles is involved in the production of proteins that are exported from the cell?

A) rough endoplasmic reticulum

B) lysosome

C) mitochondrion

D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum

E) centriole

Topic: Sec. 3.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.5

GLO: G1

15) Which organelle is responsible for removal of other damaged organelles and cellular debris?

A) ribosomes

B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum

C) lysosomes

D) centrioles

E) mitochondria

Topic: Sec. 3.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.5

GLO: G1

16) Muscle cells store energy in the form of ________ until it is used for the production of ATP.

A) glucose

B) starch

C) glycogen

D) glycerol

E) sucrose

Topic: Sec. 3.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.5

GLO: G1

17) Some of the enzymes stored in peroxisomes are used to break down

A) a cell when it becomes damaged.

B) bacteria and viruses.

C) faulty proteins produced by the cell.

D) the plasma membrane.

E) hydrogen peroxide.

Topic: Sec. 3.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.5

GLO: G1

18) Which one of the following structures is part of the internal cytoskeleton that supports a cell?

A) rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum

B) flagella and cilia

C) microtubules and microfilaments

D) lysosomes and peroxisomes

E) ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum

Topic: Sec. 3.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.6

GLO: G1

19) During cell division, it is essential that the genetic material be distributed equally to the two daughter cells. This is accomplished through the participation of which one of the following organelles?

A) centrioles

B) ribosomes

C) peroxisomes

D) Golgi apparatus

E) nucleolus

Topic: Sec. 3.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.6

GLO: G1

20) Which one of the following statements CORRECTLY describes the architecture of a plasma membrane?

A) Proteins line the internal, cytoplasmic surface, and phospholipids cover the external surface.

B) Proteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol are joined by strong covalent bonds that give the membrane strength.

C) Phospholipids line the internal cytoplasmic surface, and proteins cover the external surface, sandwiching cholesterol in the middle.

D) Proteins and cholesterol are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer, forming a fluid mosaic.

Topic: Sec. 3.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.3

GLO: G1

21) Which plasma membrane component provides mechanical strength and maintains the correct amount for rigidity and flexibility?

A) cholesterol

B) phospholipids

C) protein

D) triglycerides

E) carbohydrates

Topic: Sec. 3.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.3

GLO: G1

22) A researcher is studying a newly discovered toxin. The effect of this toxin is to block the action of the sodium-potassium pump. What prediction can be made about the effect of this toxin on cell volume?

A) The cell volume will increase as water flows into the cell by osmosis.

B) The cell volume will decrease as no potassium will be pumped into the cell.

C) The cell volume will decrease as no sodium is pumped out of the cell.

D) The cell volume will remain the same since the transport of water is not directly affected by this toxin.

Topic: Sec. 3.5

Bloom's: Evaluating/Creating

LO: 3.3

GLO: G1

23) Bulk movement of water across plasma membranes and the exchange of oxygen from blood into cells are similar in that the method of transport is by

A) facilitated transport.

B) endocytosis.

C) diffusion.

D) active transport.

E) sodium-potassium pumps.

Topic: Sec. 3.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.4

GLO: G1

24) A student is designing an experiment to show the effects of the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane. He places a highly concentrated saltwater solution into a bag that is permeable only to water. He then submerges the bag into a beaker of pure water. Which one of the following can be expected?

A) The net flow of water will be from the bag to the surrounding water.

B) The pH of the contents of the bag will increase over time.

C) The volume of the bag will decrease over time.

D) The net flow of water will be from the beaker into the bag, causing the contents of the bag to increase in volume.

E) In this situation, the flow of water into the bag will never equal the flow of water out of the bag.

Topic: Sec. 3.6

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 3.4

GLO: G2

25) Oxygen and carbon dioxide are able to pass through the plasma membrane of a cell because

A) they are both polar molecules.

B) both are lipid soluble.

C) they move through ion pores.

D) each binds to a transport protein that "pulls" it across the membrane.

E) they are small and nonpolar and readily pass between phospholipids.

Topic: Sec. 3.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.4

GLO: G1

26) Gated channels are especially important in regulating the transport of ________ across a plasma membrane.

A) glucose

B) water

C) ions

D) small uncharged molecules

E) nucleic acids

Topic: Sec. 3.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.4

GLO: G1

27) Which one of the following best explains how water moves freely across a plasma membrane?

A) Water moves directly through the phospholipid bilayer because of the charges on phospholipids.

B) Water is brought into the cell by facilitated diffusion but released by exocytosis.

C) It is actively transported across the membrane.

D) Water moves through protein-lined channels in the plasma membrane.

E) The passage of water across a plasma membrane requires facilitated transport.

Topic: Sec. 3.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.4

GLO: G1

28) Which one of the following is TRUE regarding active transport?

A) Active transport requires the input of energy.

B) Molecules are moved across a plasma membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

C) Active transport relies on the process of diffusion.

D) Molecules to be transported attach to phospholipids in the plasma membrane; as the phospholipids change shape, the molecules are moved across the membrane.

E) This mechanism allows a cell to equalize the concentration of molecules on either side of the plasma membrane.

Topic: Sec. 3.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.4

GLO: G1

29) Active transport is like facilitated diffusion in that both processes

A) move molecules down their concentration gradient.

B) require the presence of proteins in the plasma membrane that move molecules from one side of the plasma membrane to the other.

C) require the conversion of ADP to ATP.

D) do not require a source of energy.

E) facilitate the movement of water through the phospholipids of the plasma membrane.

Topic: Sec. 3.6

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 3.4

GLO: G2

30) To move solutes like amino acids into a cell by active transport, the cell

A) must possess appropriate transport proteins in the plasma membrane.

B) must have a net gain in energy resulting from active transport.

C) maintains a lower concentration of the amino acids in the cytoplasm.

D) must move water out of the cytoplasm at the same time.

Topic: Sec. 3.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.4

GLO: G1

31) Peptides and small proteins are generally too large to be transported into cells using transport proteins or by moving through pores. The macromolecules are brought into the cell using

A) diffusion.

B) exocytosis.

C) gated channels.

D) endocytosis.

E) open channels.

Topic: Sec. 3.6

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 3.4

GLO: G2

32)

The accompanying figure shows a portion of the cell membrane. Which one of the following processes does it depict?

A) diffusion

B) endocytosis

C) facilitated diffusion

D) gated channels

E) exocytosis

Topic: Sec. 3.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.4

GLO: G1

33) Which one of the following is TRUE regarding the sodium-potassium pump?

A) Cholesterol molecules within the plasma membrane pump sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell.

B) In order to reduce cell volume, the cell decreases the activity of the sodium-potassium pump.

C) Because the sodium-potassium pump works on the principle of diffusion, it does not require energy.

D) Increased activity of the sodium-potassium pump causes an increase in cell volume.

E) In order to maintain a certain cell volume, the sodium-potassium pump exchanges three sodium ions for two potassium ions.

Topic: Sec. 3.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.4

GLO: G1

34) If human white blood cells were extracted from the circulatory system and then placed into an isotonic solution, which one of the following is most likely to occur?

A) Water will rush into the cells, and the cells will swell and eventually burst.

B) Because there is more water outside the cell than inside the cell, an equal amount of water will enter the cell and leave the cell.

C) There will be no change in the cells because the isotonic environment is in equilibrium with the cells.

D) Because a hypertonic environment is highly acidic, these cells will become acidic as well.

E) Water will diffuse out of the cells, and they will decrease in cell volume.

Topic: Sec. 3.6

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 3.4

GLO: G2

35) Which one of the following is TRUE regarding metabolism?

A) Metabolism involves about 200 different chemical reactions occurring in a living organism.

B) An anabolic reaction is one in which a large molecule is broken down into smaller molecules.

C) Linear metabolic pathways occur when the product of one reaction is used as the substrate of the previous reaction.

D) Catabolic pathways result in the release of energy.

E) Anabolic reactions generate molecules with decreased energy content.

Topic: Sec. 3.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.7

GLO: G1

36) Chemical reactions that result in the synthesis or assembly of large molecules are referred to as

A) catabolic.

B) glycolysis.

C) anabolic.

D) anaerobic.

E) aerobic.

Topic: Sec. 3.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.7

GLO: G1

37) Which one of the following is TRUE regarding cellular respiration?

A) begins with the electron transport system

B) requires the presence of oxygen

C) results in the complete breakdown of ATP

D) produces carbon dioxide and oxygen

E) results in the synthesis of large sugar molecules

Topic: Sec. 3.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.7

GLO: G1

38) Cellular respiration is essential to eukaryotic cells because

A) it is a process of anabolic reactions necessary for DNA synthesis.

B) it breaks down ATP molecules into ADP and a phosphate.

C) the process releases energy from organic substrates.

D) it releases energy from anabolic reactions, which then can be used to drive catabolic reactions.

E) the process stimulates the catabolism of potentially toxic molecules absorbed during digestion.

Topic: Sec. 3.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.7

GLO: G1

39) Glucose is the most commonly used energy source by human cells because

A) this is the largest macromolecule available to cells for energy production.

B) this monosaccharide yields the most energy of all macromolecules.

C) fats and proteins yield too much energy for the cells to process.

D) glucose is generally the most readily available substrate, derived from food or glycogen.

E) no other macromolecule can be broken down enzymatically by cells to release energy.

Topic: Sec. 3.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.7

GLO: G1

40) Which one of the following stages in the catabolism of glucose involves the splitting of glucose into two three-carbon molecules?

A) conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA

B) movement of NADH to the electron transport system

C) glycolysis

D) movement of electrons through the electron transport system

E) the citric acid cycle

Topic: Sec. 3.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.7

GLO: G1

41) Where in a typical human cell does glycolysis occur?

A) mitochondrion

B) Golgi apparatus

C) cytoplasm

D) nucleus

E) rough endoplasmic reticulum

Topic: Sec. 3.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.7

GLO: G1

42) The molecule acetyl CoA is completely broken down into carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions, and electrons in which one of the following processes?

A) glycolysis

B) action of the sodium-potassium pump

C) the electron transport system

D) exocytosis

E) the citric acid cycle

Topic: Sec. 3.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.7

GLO: G1

43) At the end of the electron transport system, oxygen combines with electrons and hydrogen ions to form ________, a waste product.

A) urea

B) FAD

C) water

D) NAD+

E) glucose

Topic: Sec. 3.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.7

GLO: G1

44) In the electron transport system, the energy used to synthesize ATP comes from the diffusion of ________ from the outer compartment of the mitochondria to the inner compartment.

A) electrons

B) NADH

C) hydrogen ions

D) FADH2

E) pyruvate

Topic: Sec. 3.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.7

GLO: G1

45) Cellular respiration is a multipathway process that converts an organic substrate into cellular energy. The majority of energy in the form of ATP is not synthesized until electrons are transferred by ________ and ________ to the electron transport pathway.

A) coenzyme A; FADH2

B) glucose; NADH

C) CoA; NADH

D) FADH2; NADH

Topic: Sec. 3.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.7

GLO: G1

46) Immediately after a meal, which one of the following is first used by cells as an energy source?

A) fat

B) glycogen

C) lactic acid

D) amino acids

E) glucose

Topic: Sec. 3.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.7

GLO: G1

47) When a runner or other long-distance athlete hits the "wall," the individual is experiencing oxygen debt in muscle cells. In those cells, the pyruvate generated in glycolysis would be expected to be converted to

A) fat.

B) lactic acid.

C) glucose.

D) carbon dioxide.

E) water.

Topic: Sec. 3.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.7

GLO: G1

48) The burning sensation associated with muscle fatigue is due to the accumulation of

A) lactic acid.

B) pyruvate.

C) carbon dioxide.

D) NADH.

E) protein.

Topic: Sec. 3.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.7

GLO: G1

49) Which one of the following steps in the breakdown of glucose can occur without oxygen?

A) glycolysis

B) the preparatory step

C) the citric acid cycle

D) the electron transport system

E) both the citric acid cycle and the electron transport system

Topic: Sec. 3.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.7

GLO: G1

3.2 True/False Questions

1) All eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane composed of a phospholipid bilayer.

Topic: Sec. 3.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.1

GLO: G1

2) Based on all the characteristics of living organisms, an influenza virus should be considered to be a living organism.

Topic: Sec. 3.1

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 3.1

GLO: G2

3) The genetic material of a prokaryotic cell is stored in a small nucleus located adjacent to the plasma membrane.

Topic: Sec. 3.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.1

GLO: G1

4) All waste, raw materials, and sources of energy for a cell must enter and leave the cell by passing through the plasma membrane.

Topic: Sec. 3.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.1

GLO: G1

5) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes on its surface and is therefore the site of protein synthesis.

Topic: Sec. 3.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.5

GLO: G1

6) Lysosomes contain enzymes that are so destructive that if the enzymes were released from these organelles, they would damage or kill the cell that contains them.

Topic: Sec. 3.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.5

GLO: G1

7) The major organelle involved in the detoxification of alcohol is the peroxisome.

Topic: Sec. 3.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.5

GLO: G1

8) Diet and exercise reduce the number of fat cells as well as the amount of fat stored in each cell.

Topic: Sec. 3.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.5

GLO: G1

9) The role of cilia on cells is to anchor cells by attaching them to other cells.

Topic: Sec. 3.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.6

GLO: G1

10) The phospholipids, proteins, and cholesterol in the plasma membrane are firmly bonded to each other via covalent bonds, lending strength and appropriate rigidity to the membrane.

Topic: Sec. 3.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.3

GLO: G1

11) The plasma membrane is constructed in layers, with the protein layer innermost, the cholesterol layer in the middle, and the phospholipid layer outermost.

Topic: Sec. 3.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.3

GLO: G1

12) Water moves via osmosis from an area with a lower solute concentration to an area with a higher solute concentration.

Topic: Sec. 3.6

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 3.4

GLO: G2

13) Polar molecules cannot pass across a plasma membrane through the lipid bilayer because they are not soluble in lipids.

Topic: Sec. 3.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.4

GLO: G1

14) Receptors are membrane-bound proteins typically located on the cell surface that function to bind other molecules based on shape or structure.

Topic: Sec. 3.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.4

GLO: G1

15) Cells surrounded by plasma membranes and no cell wall need to maintain a certain cell volume because an influx of water would cause the cell to explode. In order to reduce cell volume, these cells increase the activity of their sodium-potassium pumps.

Topic: Sec. 3.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.4

GLO: G1

16) If a red blood cell, or any other type of human cell, is placed in a hypertonic solution, water enters the cell, causing it to swell and eventually burst.

Topic: Sec. 3.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.4

GLO: G1

17) Glycolysis can occur in the presence or absence of oxygen.

Topic: Sec. 3.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.7

GLO: G1

18) During the citric acid cycle, acetyl CoA is oxidized completely.

Topic: Sec. 3.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.7

GLO: G1

19) Most of the ATP produced during cell respiration is produced during the citric acid cycle.

Topic: Sec. 3.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.7

GLO: G1

3.3 Matching Questions

Match each of the following descriptions to the appropriate term.

A) nucleolus

B) nucleus

C) peroxisome

D) Golgi apparatus

E) microvilli

F) centrioles

G) smooth endoplasmic reticulum

H) ribosome

1) site of protein production in a cell

Topic: Sec. 3.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.5

GLO: G1

2) stack of flattened membranes; site where cell products are modified and prepared for secretion from the cell

Topic: Sec. 3.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.5

GLO: G1

3) large network of membranes in which cellular lipids are synthesized

Topic: Sec. 3.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.5

GLO: G1

4) organelle that stores genetic information of the cell

Topic: Sec. 3.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.5

GLO: G1

5) extensions of cell membrane that increase surface area of the cell

Topic: Sec. 3.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.6

GLO: G1

6) organelle that contains enzymes that break down hydrogen peroxide

Topic: Sec. 3.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.5

GLO: G1

7) organelle that produces RNA used to make ribosomes

Topic: Sec. 3.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.5

GLO: G1

8) organelles that position and divide the genetic material during cell division

Topic: Sec. 3.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.6

GLO: G1

Answers: 1) H 2) D 3) G 4) B 5) E 6) C 7) A 8) F

Match each component of the cell membrane to its description.

A) embedded protein

B) cholesterol

C) membrane surface receptor

D) phospholipid bilayer

9) membrane surface protein that functions to recognize molecules in body fluids

Topic: Sec. 3.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.4

GLO: G1

10) component of plasma membrane through which a small, nonpolar molecule is most likely to pass

Topic: Sec. 3.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.4

GLO: G1

11) component of plasma membrane that confers rigidity to the membrane

Topic: Sec. 3.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.3

GLO: G1

12) component of plasma membrane that gives fluid characteristic to membranes

Topic: Sec. 3.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.3

GLO: G1

Answers: 9) C 10) A 11) B 12) D

Using the accompanying figure, identify the organelles of a eukaryotic cell.

A) mitochondrion

B) centriole

C) Golgi apparatus

D) ribosome

E) nucleolus

F) plasma membrane

G) endoplasmic reticulum

H) nucleus

13) Label A represents a(n) ________.

Topic: Sec. 3.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.5

GLO: G1

14) Label B represents a(n) ________.

Topic: Sec. 3.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.5

GLO: G1

15) Label C represents a(n) ________.

Topic: Sec. 3.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.5

GLO: G1

16) Label D represents a(n) ________.

Topic: Sec. 3.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.5

GLO: G1

17) Label E represents a(n) ________.

Topic: Sec. 3.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.5

GLO: G1

18) Label F represents a(n) ________.

Topic: Sec. 3.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.5

GLO: G1

19) Label G represents a(n) ________.

Topic: Sec. 3.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.5

GLO: G1

20) Label H represents a(n) ________.

Topic: Sec. 3.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.5

GLO: G1

Answers: 13) C 14) D 15) A 16) F 17) H 18) G 19) E 20) B

3.4 Short Answer Questions

1) Cells that have membrane-bound organelles and cytoplasm are classified as ________ cells.

Topic: Sec. 3.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.1

GLO: G1

2) Intracellular structures surrounded by membranes, such as mitochondria and lysosomes, are referred to as ________.

Topic: Sec. 3.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.1

GLO: G1

3) Many cells use tiny projections of their plasma membrane called ________ to increase the surface area relative to cell volume.

Topic: Sec. 3.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.2

GLO: G1

4) Most cells are small in size to maximize their ________ area with respect to their volume.

Topic: Sec. 3.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.2

GLO: G1

5) Cholesterol helps plasma membranes become less ________.

Topic: Sec. 3.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.3

GLO: G1

6)

The accompanying figure illustrates the process of ________, which requires a(n) ________ between two regions in a fluid.

Topic: Sec. 3.6

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 3.4

GLO: G2

7) The plasma membrane regulates the transport of molecules into and out of the cell by allowing only certain substances to pass; thus it is said to be ________.

Topic: Sec. 3.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.4

GLO: G1

8) The net diffusion of water across a plasma membrane is known as ________.

Topic: Sec. 3.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.4

GLO: G1

9) Diffusion of molecules through channels and facilitated transport are types of ________ transport.

Topic: Sec. 3.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.4

GLO: G1

10) The movement of large molecules or large quantities of molecules into a cell is accomplished through ________; movement of these molecules out of the cell is accomplished through ________.

Topic: Sec. 3.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.4

GLO: G1

11) Receptor proteins can receive and transmit information across a ________ membrane.

Topic: Sec. 3.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.4

GLO: G1

12) The area surrounding cells outside the plasma membrane is referred to as the ________ environment.

Topic: Sec. 3.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.4

GLO: G1

13) The primary function of the ________ is to achieve a balance in ion and osmotic concentrations on both sides of the plasma membrane.

Topic: Sec. 3.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.4

GLO: G1

14) If a cell has a higher concentration of solutes than its surrounding environment, its tonicity is ________ in relation to the extracellular environment.

Topic: Sec. 3.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.4

GLO: G1

15) Molecules pass in and out of the nucleus through openings in the nuclear membrane called nuclear ________.

Topic: Sec. 3.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.4

GLO: G1

16) The RNA and proteins required for the production of the ribosomes of a cell are produced within the ________, in the nucleus.

Topic: Sec. 3.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.4

GLO: G1

17) An organelle that is surrounded by an outer membrane that encloses a folded inner membrane and contains its own DNA is called a(n) ________.

Topic: Sec. 3.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.5

GLO: G1

18) Alcohol is detoxified in organelles called ________.

Topic: Sec. 3.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.5

GLO: G1

19) Microtubules and microfilaments compose the ________, which forms an internal network of support for the cell.

Topic: Sec. 3.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.6

GLO: G1

20) ________ are long, slender structures that enable a cell, such as a sperm, to swim.

Topic: Sec. 3.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.6

GLO: G1

21) Cells lining parts of the respiratory tract have numerous short filamentous structures known as ________ on their surfaces, which beat in unison and move materials through the airways.

Topic: Sec. 3.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.6

GLO: G1

22) Chemical reactions that take place in living organisms are collectively known as the organism's ________.

Topic: Sec. 3.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.7

GLO: G1

23) Cells get their energy from the ________ of molecules, such as ATP, that store energy.

Topic: Sec. 3.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.7

GLO: G1

24) Anabolic reactions result in the ________ of large molecules and therefore ________ energy.

Topic: Sec. 3.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.7

GLO: G1

25) The citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain occur in the ________ of the cell.

Topic: Sec. 3.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.7

GLO: G1

26) Glycolysis occurs in the ________ of a cell, not in mitochondria.

Topic: Sec. 3.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.7

GLO: G1

27) The majority of ATP synthesis occurs during the ________ chain of cellular respiration.

Topic: Sec. 3.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.7

GLO: G1

28) The only way that cells can produce ATP in the absence of oxygen is through the process of ________.

Topic: Sec. 3.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.7

GLO: G1

29) If oxygen is present in a cell, pyruvate is converted to ________, which is transported to the citric acid cycle in the form of ________.

Topic: Sec. 3.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.7

GLO: G1

30) When fats are broken down and used as an energy source, the fatty acids are converted to ________, which then enters the citric acid cycle.

Topic: Sec. 3.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.7

GLO: G1

31) Pound for pound, ________ are the macromolecules that store the greatest amount of energy.

Topic: Sec. 3.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.7

GLO: G1

32) The synthesis of ATP that occurs using energy derived from the electron transport system is referred to as ________ phosphorylation.

Topic: Sec. 3.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.7

GLO: G1

33) The enzyme located in the inner mitochondrial membrane that synthesizes ATP is known as ________.

Topic: Sec. 3.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 3.7

GLO: G1

3.5 Essay Questions

1) During a triathlon, many individuals reach a point in which their muscles are in oxygen debt, a state characterized by low or no oxygen available for cellular respiration. Describe how oxygen debt would impact energy production in these athletes.

Topic: Sec. 3.7

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 3.7

GLO: G7, G8

2) In experiments with HeLa cells, you discover that a new chemical agent blocks cell growth by inhibiting protein synthesis. Describe where in the cell the drug is most likely having an effect.

Topic: Sec. 3.3

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 3.5

GLO: G8

3) If you ingest and digest a meal that contains components necessary for normal body function but too large to be transported across the plasma membrane through pores, by diffusion, or aided by transport proteins, how could the macromolecules enter the cell?

Topic: Sec. 3.6

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 3.4

GLO: G5, G8