Exam Prep Evidence for Evolution Ch11

Chapter 11: Evidence for Evolution

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Evolution is

2. Which of the following statements about evolution is true?

3. Which of the following statements regarding the evolutionary history of an organism is FALSE?

4. Breeding programs for farm-raised chickens result in a variety of unusual colors and feathers. Is this an example of evolution?

5. Cultivation of corn over thousands of years has resulted in a modern corncob that looks very different from the tiny ancestral cob. Does this support the concept of evolution?

6. Humans simulate the process of natural selection when they use ________ to develop new varieties of crop plants that better meet the needs of farmers.

7. Natural selection

8. The result of ________ over evolutionary time spans is that alleles that allow organisms to survive and reproduce at a higher rate than other individuals become more common in the population.

9. Natural selection tends to

10. Peppered moths are generally light in color and blend into the trunks of the trees on which they live. Populations of peppered moths found in areas where soot has blackened the tree trunks are dark in color. This example demonstrates

11. A group of scientists proposed that mammals with fur that contrasts with their background are hunted more by predators than mammals with fur that blends in with their background. After running several experiments, the scientists found that dark mice were attacked 25 percent of the time in a dark habitat and 75 percent of the time in a light habitat. The light-colored mice were attacked 25 percent of the time in a light habitat and 75 percent of the time in a dark habitat. These data

12. One of the reasons scientists have had so much difficulty finding a cure for HIV/AIDS is that the HIV virus is quick to evolve resistance to the drugs used to treat it. What is the most likely mechanism for this type of evolution?

13. What is biological evolution?

14. Fossils found in deeper layers are ________ than fossils found in more shallow layers.

15. Two fossils are found in a hillside. Fossil A was found in an upper layer and fossil B was found in a lower layer. Which of the following statements is true?

16. The fossil record

17. Equus (horses) have a single toe on their hoof, while Hyracotherium (the ancestor to horses) had four toes. Which of the following evidence would support this conclusion?

18. Bears have thinner bones than whales. Hippopotami have intermediate bone thickness. What hypothesis does this support?

19. Neanderthal fossils

20. The fossils of Pakicetus, Ambulocetus, Rodhocetus, and Dorudon are examples of ________, demonstrating the fifteen million years of evolution between Indohyus and Balaena (modern baleen whale).

21. Both humans and whales evolved from a common ancestor. Although our forelimbs are quite different, they are made of the same bones. This is an example of a(n)

22. Two different species may have similar features because of

23. A species of cave beetle that lives in total darkness is blind but has remnants of what looks like eyes. These “eyes” are

24. Whales have tiny thighbones embedded in the skin next to their pelvis. This is an example of

25. The fact that small, nonfunctioning hind legs are found in the skeletons of many snakes suggests that snakes

26. The diagram below shows the bone structure of a whale flipper and a bat wing. Which of the following suggests that these two structures are homologous rather than analogous?

27. The hands of a human and the hands of a chimpanzee are similar in structure because humans

28. Although snakes and dogs are different species, they both have a bony vertebral column surrounding and protecting the nerve cord running down the center of their back. This column of bone is an example of a ________ trait and evidence of snakes and dogs sharing a common ________.

29. The proteins and DNA of organisms that share a recent common ancestor are ________ the proteins and DNA of organisms that do not share a recent common ancestor.

30. Whale DNA is more similar to hippo DNA than to the DNA of any other mammal. This indicates that

31. The following image shows genetic comparisons of human, chicken, mouse, and chimpanzee. The shaded regions show nucleotide differences. This data supports that ________ are more closely related to ________ than to ________.

32. Examine the figure below. According to this figure, which two breeds have the LEAST similar DNA?

33. When comparing certain amino acid sequences in the protein hemoglobin of humans to those of other animals, scientists found that baboons had seven amino acids that were different than the human protein, dogs had 10 amino acids that were different than the human protein, gorillas had one amino acid that was different than the human protein, and lemurs had eight amino acids that were different than the human protein. Which of these animals is most closely related to humans?

34. Whales and Indohyus share a more recent common ancestor than whales and fish. Which of the following is true?

35. How closely related two DNA molecules, and the organisms from which they came, are is measured through

36. Pangaea is

37. Fossils of organisms that lived on Pangaea are likely found

38. Two fossils of the same species are found in both Africa and South America. What does this indicate?

39. Kangaroos are found only in Australia; these organisms

40. In the figure below, the region at the lower right indicated by the arrow is the only modern-day location of the freshwater lungfish. Fossils of the ancestors of the lungfish, however, have been found all over the world (dots throughout the map). What does the distribution of these fossils indicate?

41. The fossils of organisms that existed when the continents were connected are distributed across ________ continents than the fossils of organisms that evolved after the continents separated.

42. The genus Lycopodium includes plants that evolved before the breakup of Pangaea. The genus Sequoiadendron (Sequoia trees) evolved after Pangaea split into separate landmasses. Which genus would you expect to have the widest distribution of living representatives across the modern continents?

43. By 200 million years ago, parts of the supercontinent of Pangaea had begun to drift away from each other. Laurasia (North America and Eurasia) separated from Gondwanaland (South America, Africa, Antarctica, Australia, and India). Which of the following would you expect to find?

44. Which of the following embryos will look similar to human embryos for the longest?

45. Why do human embryos develop gill slits?

46. Some whales have teeth as embryos but do not as adults. What is the most likely explanation of this phenomenon?

47. Tails are found

48. Dolphin embryos develop hind limb buds, but these buds disappear after a short time. What is one mechanism to explain how this change occurs in the embryo?

49. Human and fish embryos share a number of features. Why is this?

50. The evolution of new organs usually builds on preexisting structures that are modified in form and sometimes function. The embryos of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals all have pharyngeal pouches or gill slits. These pouches develop into gills in adult fish and they are used to absorb oxygen from their watery environment. These same pouches become parts of the ________ in humans.

51. Consider the experimental design presented in the infographic below. What is the significance of growing the populations at 42.2^oC? The increased growth temperature serves as a method of

1. The increase in antibiotic resistance in E. coli as a result of treating healthy animals with antibiotics is an example of ________ driving evolution.

2. The evolutionary process by which a population becomes better suited to its environment over time because advantageous traits are passed from one generation to the next is called ________.

3. Humans bred cows specialized for milk production by allowing female cows that produce large quantities of milk to mate only with male cows with mothers that also produced large quantities of milk. This is an example of ________ selection.

4. Grasshopper mice prey on venomous scorpions. Though the mice have some level of resistance to the scorpion venom, scorpions with more potent venom are better able to fend off attack by a grasshopper mouse. Over time, the population of scorpions all produce more potent venom. This is an example of ________ selection.

5. The preserved remains of formerly living organisms are called ________.

6. Indohyus’s thick bones made it easier for this animal to wade and dive in water to evade predators and find plants to eat on the river bottom. This is an example of a(n) ________, a feature that gives an individual improved function in a competitive environment.

7. The human appendix is an example of a(n) ________ structure.

8. An organism from which more than one species has evolved is referred to as a(n) ________. The group of organisms arising from it have a common descent.

9. The ________ would have DNA most similar to the Borzoi.

10. DNA is the genetic (hereditary) material found in all living things on planet Earth. The genetic code is the same for everything from bacteria to plants and humans; this is evidence that the great diversity of life evolved from a ________.

11. Continental drift is the ________ of Earth’s landmasses through geologic time.

12. The geographic locations where an organism (or its fossils) can be found are described as the species’ ________.

13. The study of organisms prior to birth or hatching is called ________.

14. Human embryos have webbing between their fingers and toes, but genes turn on during development that cause this webbing to dissolve before birth. Tiktaalik and other early amphibians had lobed fins or limbs. This evidence supports the hypothesis that humans and amphibians had a ________ in fish.

15. The E. coli populations that survived the selective pressure of growing at the warmer temperatures did so because of ________ present in their DNA.

1. A friend states that “evolution is just a theory because it does not have supporting evidence.” Evaluate this statement, including a list of the types of evidence used in drawing your conclusion.

2. A population of grasshoppers, ranging in color from bright green to greenish-tan, live in a lush green grassland; their coloring helps to camouflage them in their environment and helps them hide from predators. Over the course of several years, a severe drought kills off the grasses, leaving mostly dry, tan-colored sand and topsoil with sparse green vegetation. Predict what the surviving population of grasshoppers will look like in the changed environment. Explain your answer and indicate which evolutionary process has occurred.

3. Although they are protected in many countries, humans still hunt elephants for their ivory tusks. A mutation that results in tuskless elephants is increasing in frequency in some elephant populations. Is this an example of artificial or natural selection? Support your answer.

4. Briefly propose how it could be possible that the cultivated vegetables Kohlrabi, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, and kale are all the same species, Brassica oleracea (common wild mustard).

5. Explain how an intermediate fossil can provide evidence for the lineage of current species.

6. Oxygen in the molecules that make up teeth comes from the water and food that an animal ingests. Additionally, carbon isotopes incorporated into the teeth and the shape of teeth can indicate what type of food an animal consumes. What “tooth evidence” would support the hypothesis that Indohyus spent a great deal of its life near or in the water and grazed on plants? Briefly explain your answer.

7. Dogs have vestigial digits called dewclaws. Describe the most likely origin of these structures.

8. Carpal tunnel syndrome happens when the median nerve in a person’s hand is compressed or squeezed, causing pain in the fingers. When the condition is severe enough, a surgeon can correct it by cutting through the transverse carpal ligament that is putting pressure on the nerve; this cutting of the ligament does not adversely affect the person’s ability to use his or her hand or fingers. What does this suggest about the trait of having a transverse carpal ligament? Briefly explain your answer.

9. Placing a human gene into a plant produces the same protein as would be produced in a human. Some of the genes in plants are similar to human genes; others are very different. What does this information indicate about the relationship between humans and plants?

10. Evaluate the DNA sequences presented below to determine which of the organisms (B, C, or D) shares the most closely related ancestor to organism A. Which organism shares the least closely related ancestor to A? Support your answer with DNA sequence similarity evidence from the figure that represents the DNA sequence for a single protein found in all four organisms.

11. A fossil is found in Africa and South America but nowhere else in the world. What does this tell us about this organism?

12. Dana finds a plant on the southeastern coast of North America and a very similar plant on the northwestern coast of Africa. Upon evaluating their DNA sequence similarity, she determines they had a common ancestor. How long ago should Dana predict that the common ancestor existed, and where should she expect to find fossil evidence of it or transitional forms? Support this prediction.

13. Dolphin embryos have both forelimbs, which will become the flippers, and hind limbs, which will not develop. Explain how this supports the conclusion that dolphins are related to humans.

14. Fish typically have eyes on the sides of their heads. The embryos of amphibians, birds, and mammals begin with their eyes on the sides of their heads, but the eyes move toward the center of the head during development. What does this suggest about the common ancestor of these diverse animals? Provide additional supporting evidence from your reading.

15. How can a researcher determine if the mutations to the RNA polymerase complex or the mutations in the rho gene were caused by the growth in increased temperatures or if they were merely selected for by growing the ancestral E. coli in the warmer temperatures?

1. The human and chimpanzee insulin genes are 98 percent similar.

2. Dolphins develop hind limb buds, but these structures disappear before adulthood.

3. Bats have the same forelimb bones as humans, but the size of these bones is different.

4. The freshwater lungfish Neoceratodus fosteri is found on every continent except Antarctica.

5. Indohyus (an extinct ancestor to the whale) has whalelike ears and slender legs tipped with hooves.

OBJ: 11.1 Define evolution and list the six types of evidence for evolution.

MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 11.1 Define evolution and list the six types of evidence for evolution.

MSC: Understanding