Exam Prep Chapter 5 Stage 2 Sampling Design

Business Research Methods, 13e (Schindler)

Chapter 5 Stage 2: Sampling Design

1) Which term below refers to the individual participant or object on which a measurement is taken?

A) Population

B) Target population

C) Case

D) Sample frame

E) Sample

2) A ________ is the total collection of elements about which the researcher wishes to make inferences.

A) population parameter

B) target population

C) population element

D) sample frame

E) sample

3) When all the elements in a population are included in a study, the result is a ________.

A) poll

B) census

C) sample

D) sample frame

E) probability sample

4) The list of cases in a population from which the sample is actually drawn is known as the ________.

A) sample frame

B) population extent

C) database

D) sampling base

E) population directory

5) Hilton Hotels wishes to conduct a study on the determinants of brand loyalty among Hilton Hotel customers. The Hilton organization estimates that 10% of its 2,600,000 Hilton Honors club members are loyal to the Hilton brand wherever they travel. However, the remaining members may choose other hotel brands at times. The organization wants to understand how to increase loyalty among the other 90% of club members.

In the Hilton example, the individual club members represent the ________.

A) population

B) sample

C) sample frame

D) case

E) census

6) Hilton Hotels wishes to conduct a study on the determinants of brand loyalty among Hilton Hotel customers. The Hilton organization estimates that 10% of its 2,600,000 Hilton Honors club members are loyal to the Hilton brand wherever they travel. However, the remaining members may choose other hotel brands at times. The organization wants to understand how to increase loyalty among the other 90% of club members.

In the Hilton example, the Hilton Honors membership list represents the ________.

A) sample

B) sample frame

C) population

D) population element

E) target population

7) Hilton Hotels wishes to conduct a study on the determinants of brand loyalty among Hilton Hotel customers. The Hilton organization estimates that 10% of its 2,600,000 Hilton Honors club members are loyal to the Hilton brand wherever they travel. However, the remaining members may choose other hotel brands at times. The organization wants to understand how to increase loyalty among the other 90% of club members.

In the Hilton example, the target population for the study is ________.

A) travelers requiring overnight lodging

B) guests at Hilton-brand hotels

C) Hilton Honors club members

D) the top 10% of Hilton Honors club members

E) the 90% of Hilton Honors club members who are not brand loyal

8) Hilton Hotels wishes to conduct a study on the determinants of brand loyalty among Hilton Hotel customers. The Hilton organization estimates that 10% of its 2,600,000 Hilton Honors club members are loyal to the Hilton brand wherever they travel. However, the remaining members may choose other hotel brands at times. The organization wants to understand how to increase loyalty among the other 90% of club members.

The Hilton organization is considering a survey about factors affecting brand loyalty that will be sent to all of its Hilton Honors club members. This is an example of a(n) ________.

A) population

B) sample

C) extent

D) census

E) general population survey

9) Hilton Hotels wishes to conduct a study on the determinants of brand loyalty among Hilton Hotel customers. The Hilton organization estimates that 10% of its 2,600,000 Hilton Honors club members are loyal to the Hilton brand wherever they travel. However, the remaining members may choose other hotel brands at times. The organization wants to understand how to increase loyalty among the other 90% of club members.

In the Hilton example, the sample frame is made up of the ________.

A) list of Hilton Honors club members

B) list of guests staying at any Hilton hotel during a designated period of time

C) list of the top 10% of Hilton Honors club members

D) list of the 90% of Hilton Honors members who are not brand loyal

E) list of guests at Hilton's top competitors

10) Hilton Hotels wishes to conduct a study on the determinants of brand loyalty among Hilton Hotel customers. The Hilton organization estimates that 10% of its 2,600,000 Hilton Honors club members are loyal to the Hilton brand wherever they travel. However, the remaining members may choose other hotel brands at times. The organization wants to understand how to increase loyalty among the other 90% of club members.

Hilton plans to send surveys to 10,000 Hilton Honors club members. This group of people is known as the ________.

A) sample frame

B) population

C) census

D) sample

E) population element

11) Which of the following terms refers to the variation in measures due to some known or unknown influence that causes the scores to skew in one direction or another?

A) Precision

B) Standard error

C) Systematic variance

D) Sampling error

E) Random error

12) Assuming that the sample frame is appropriate, systematic variance can be minimized in a study by ________.

A) decreasing the sample size

B) increasing the sample size

C) contacting nonparticipants

D) increasing response rates

E) matching

13) Sampling error refers to ________.

A) differences between the sample statistics and the population's parameters caused by random fluctuations inherent in the sampling process

B) bias caused by using a poor sample frame

C) error created by systematic variance

D) differences between the results of a census and the population's parameters

E) error created by differences between those who respond to the survey and those who do not

14) With what does one measure the degree of precision of a sample estimate?

A) Feasibility studies

B) Census comparisons

C) Unstandardized coefficients

D) Standard error of the estimate

E) Significance indicators

15) The standard error of the estimate is a type of measure of ________.

A) central tendency

B) accuracy

C) significance

D) confidence

E) standard deviation

16) Which word below best describes nonprobability sampling?

A) Subjective

B) Objective

C) Random

D) Systematic

E) Generalizable

17) Which term below refers to a controlled procedure that assures that each population element is given a known nonzero chance of selection into the sample?

A) Nonprobability sampling

B) Random selection

C) Systematic selection

D) Judgment sampling

E) Statistical selection

18) Estimates of precision are possible with ________ samples.

A) nonprobability

B) probability

C) judgment

D) quota

E) All of the above are correct.

19) ________ are summary descriptors of variables of interest in the population.

A) Sample statistics

B) Population parameters

C) Systematic estimates

D) Standard errors

E) Standardized coefficients

20) Which term below refers to the descriptors of variables computed from sample data used to estimate those same variables in the population?

A) Sample statistics

B) Population parameters

C) Systematic estimates

D) Standard errors

E) Standardized coefficients

21) When the variables of interest are measured on nominal or ordinal scales, what should be used to estimate population proportion?

A) Standard error

B) Standard deviation

C) Sample proportion of incidence (p)

D) Sample proportion of incidence (pq)

E) Sample statistic

22) When the variables of interest are measured on nominal or ordinal scales, what should be used to estimate population variance?

A) Standard error

B) Standard deviation

C) Sample proportion of incidence (p)

D) Sample proportion of incidence (pq)

E) Sample statistic

23) The most frequent proportion measure is the ________.

A) mean

B) standard deviation

C) mode

D) correlation

E) percentage

24) Hilton Hotels wishes to conduct a study on the determinants of brand loyalty among Hilton Hotel customers. The Hilton organization estimates that 10% of its 2,600,000 Hilton Honors club members are loyal to the Hilton brand wherever they travel. However, the remaining members may choose other hotel brands at times. The organization wants to understand how to increase loyalty among the other 90% of club members. In a follow-up survey to the Hilton study on brand loyalty, the organization plans to focus solely on estimating the attributes of the 10% of Hilton Honors members who are thought to be brand loyal.

In this example, the 10% of club members who are loyal is the ________.

A) sample statistic

B) population parameter

C) population variance

D) population proportion of incidence

E) sample frame

25) In a study of college search behaviors among the families of college-bound high school students, the search behaviors are very different from family to family. In the situation described, which guideline below best explains why the researcher will use a larger sample size?

A) The greater the variance within the population, the larger the sample should be.

B) The greater the desired precision of the estimate, the larger the sample should be.

C) The smaller the error range, the larger the sample must be.

D) The higher the level of confidence in the estimate, the larger the sample must be.

E) The greater the number of subgroups of interest within a sample, the larger the sample must be.

26) All of the following are methods of probability sampling except ________.

A) systematic

B) simple random

C) stratified

D) cluster

E) purposive

27) If one selects a sample by beginning with a random start in the sample frame and then selecting every kth element in the frame for inclusion in the sample, which type of sampling method is being used?

A) Simple random

B) Systematic

C) Cluster

D) Stratified

E) Double

28) Which sampling method includes elements from each of several mutually exclusive groups within a population?

A) Simple random

B) Systematic

C) Stratified

D) Cluster

E) Double

29) A survey that uses a sample of city blocks from a map as a way of sampling city residents is based on the ________ sampling technique.

A) convenience

B) quota

C) stratified

D) systematic

E) cluster

30) With which of the following sampling techniques is the practice of double sampling typically found?

A) Simple random

B) Stratified

C) Systematic

D) Purposive

E) Quota

31) Which two sampling techniques employ subpopulations as a component of the selection criteria?

A) Simple random, systematic

B) Systematic, stratified

C) Stratified, cluster

D) Quota, cluster

E) Quota, snowball

32) The random digit dialing (RDD) technique used commonly in conjunction with telephone surveys is based on ________ sampling.

A) simple random

B) systematic

C) stratified

D) cluster

E) double

33) Which type of sampling technique can result in a skewed sample if periodicity exists in the population?

A) Simple random

B) Systematic

C) Stratified

D) Cluster

E) Double

34) Brittany is developing a sampling plan for a study of alcohol consumption among college students at BigState University. She wants to ensure that students from each class level are represented. She also wants to be able to compare students who are members of fraternities and sororities to nonmembers. Finally, she wants to consider patterns by gender. Brittany plans to cross-reference BigState University's student directory with membership lists from each fraternity and sorority on campus to develop a sample frame.

What type of sampling method should Brittany use?

A) Simple random

B) Systematic

C) Stratified

D) Cluster

E) Double

35) Brittany is developing a sampling plan for a study of alcohol consumption among college students at BigState University. She wants to ensure that students from each class level are represented. She also wants to be able to compare students who are members of fraternities and sororities to nonmembers. Finally, she wants to consider patterns by gender. Brittany plans to cross-reference BigState University's student directory with membership lists from each fraternity and sorority on campus to develop a sample frame.

In the alcohol consumption study at BigState University, students who are not members of fraternities and sororities outnumber members 6 to 4. If Brittany draws the study sample such that 60% of the sample is made up on students who are nonmembers and 40% of students who are members, what type of sampling has she used?

A) Simple random

B) Quota

C) Systematic

D) Proportionate stratified

E) Disproportionate stratified

36) Brittany is developing a sampling plan for a study of alcohol consumption among college students at BigState University. She wants to ensure that students from each class level are represented. She also wants to be able to compare students who are members of fraternities and sororities to nonmembers. Finally, she wants to consider patterns by gender. Brittany plans to cross-reference BigState University's student directory with membership lists from each fraternity and sorority on campus to develop a sample frame.

At BigStateUniversity, there are more female students than male students. However, because Brittany is particularly interested in male drinking behavior, she plans to include an equal number of men and women in the sample. What type of sampling will Brittany use?

A) Simple random

B) Quota

C) Systematic

D) Proportionate stratified

E) Disproportionate stratified

37) Brittany is developing a sampling plan for a study of alcohol consumption among college students at BigState University. She wants to ensure that students from each class level are represented. She also wants to be able to compare students who are members of fraternities and sororities to nonmembers. Finally, she wants to consider patterns by gender. Brittany plans to cross-reference BigState University's student directory with membership lists from each fraternity and sorority on campus to develop a sample frame.

If Brittany draws a sample of class locations (buildings with classrooms) on campus, and then samples all of the students in those selected buildings, what type of sampling technique is employed?

A) Convenience

B) Simple random

C) Area

D) Quota

E) Systematic

38) When selecting a convenience sample, case selection is based on ________.

A) accessibility

B) judgment

C) random selection

D) area

E) All of the above.

39) In which sampling technique are participants in a study selected by referral?

A) Convenience

B) Judgment

C) Quota

D) Snowball

E) Area

40) The skip interval refers to ________.

A) amount of time between questions when interviewing a participant

B) the physical distance between two questions on a questionnaire

C) the calculation applied to a sample frame when drawing a systematic sample

D) the place within a sample frame where you start to draw sample elements

E) None of the above is correct.

41) Which sampling method uses a skip interval during case selection?

A) Convenience

B) Judgment

C) Quota

D) Systematic

E) Simple random

42) When you draw a multiphase sample, ________.

A) you draw two samples and one becomes your control group

B) you use information from a first sample for collecting a subsequent subsample for further study

C) you draw two samples from two separate sample frames

D) you draw a nonprobability sample

E) None of the above is correct.

43) You are designing a study where you need attitudes about investing to cover the cost of college for an unborn child. Your most appropriate target population would be ________.

A) organizations

B) events

C) scenarios

D) people

E) objects

44) You are designing a study where you need to understand the effectiveness of performance training on new corporate email protocols. Your most appropriate target population would be ________.

A) organizations

B) events

C) scenarios

D) people

E) objects

45) You are designing a study where you need to capture the power of a newly designed corporate convention booth to draw attendees as compared to its competitors. Your most appropriate target population would be ________.

A) organizations

B) events

C) scenarios

D) people

E) objects

46) You are designing a study to understand where damage occurs during the dry cleaning of draperies and other fabric window coverings. Your most appropriate target population would be ________.

A) organizations

B) events

C) scenarios

D) people

E) objects

47) You are designing a study of conditions in employee breakrooms across 15 different plants. Your most appropriate target population would be ________.

A) organizations

B) events

C) environments

D) people

E) objects

48) You are designing a small study to examine conditions in employee breakrooms in preparation for a much large statistical study of the firm's 15 locations. You want to be sure that you examine breakrooms in both office environments and manufacturing environments. You should use a ________.

A) systematic probability sample

B) nonprobability convenience sample

C) double probability sample

D) nonprobability judgment sample

E) cluster probability sample

49) In your statistical study, those who participated are believed to have very different ideas than those who refused to participate. This study has a high ________.

A) response error

B) nonresponse error

C) acquiescence bias

D) physical presence bias

E) None of the above is correct.

50) In your statistical study, participants are skipping sensitive questions. This study has significant ________.

A) nonsampling error

B) nonresponse error

C) acquiescence bias

D) physical presence bias

E) None of the above.

51) In your nonprobability statistical study, participants are recruited such that you have equal numbers of men and women. You need a ________.

A) systematic sample

B) convenience sample

C) double sample

D) quota sample

E) cluster sample

52) Your study requires that you obtain parental consent prior to interviewing children about their use of imagination when playing with certain toys. This decision affects what task of sampling design?

A) Define the target population and case.

B) Define the population parameters.

C) Define selection and recruiting protocols.

D) Define the sample method.

E) Define the sample frame.

53) Deception, related to sampling protocols, may be used to protect the sponsor's purpose in doing the research.

54) If a participant lies on a screening question in order to be chosen to participate in research, they will fail their responsibility related to the right to quality research.

55) Incentives may be offered to encourage participants to protect the research purpose by not disclosing their participation or the measurement questions used in the research.

56) A lakefront resort is planning for its summer busy season. It wishes to estimate with 95% confidence the average number of nights each guest will stay in a single visit. Using a sample of guests who stayed last year, the average number of nights per guest is calculated at 5 nights. The standard deviation of the sample is 1.5 nights. The size of the sample used is 120 guests, and the resort desires a precision of plus or minus 0.5 nights.

What is the standard error of the mean in the lakefront resort example?

A) 0.5

B) 0.065

C) 0.96

D) 0.13

E) 1.96

57) A lakefront resort is planning for its summer busy season. It wishes to estimate with 95% confidence the average number of nights each guest will stay in a single visit. Using a sample of guests who stayed last year, the average number of nights per guest is calculated at 5 nights. The standard deviation of the sample is 1.5 nights. The size of the sample used is 120 guests, and the resort desires a precision of plus or minus 0.5 nights.

Within which range listed below can the resort expect with 95% confidence for the true population mean to fall?

A) 3.12 to 6.88

B) 3.35 to 6.65

C) 2.42 to 7.58

D) 4.10 to 5.50

E) 4.65 to 6.65

58) A local restaurant is planning a study on demand for meals over holiday weekends. In calculating the desired sample size for the study, the restaurant's researcher decides to use a rule-of-thumb calculation for estimating the population dispersion. If the range of meals in the study is 0 to 30, what standard deviation does the rule-of-thumb method produce?

A) 2

B) 4

C) 5

D) 6

E) 10

59) A microbrewery plans to conduct a study on beer consumption among men between the ages of 29 and 45. A pilot test indicated that men in this age category consume an average of 6 beers per week with a standard deviation of 2.3. If the microbrewery seeks a 95% confidence level and a precision of 0.5 beers, what size sample should be used in the study?

A) 70

B) 120

C) 300

D) 456

E) 987

60) The pq ratio found in calculations of sample size for a proportion can never exceed ________.

A) .10

B) .25

C) .50

D) .75

E) There are no such limitations on the pq ratio.

61) In calculations of sample size for proportions, q refers to the ________.

A) calculated sample size

B) quota of required completes to refusals

C) proportion of the population that does not have the attribute of interest

D) proportion of the population that does have the attribute of interest

E) desired precision

62) Which of the following symbols is used to refer to the sample standard deviation?

A) p

B) π

C) α

D) σ

E) s

63) What information below is necessary for computing sample size for questions involving means?

A) Precision

B) Confidence level

C) Expected dispersion in the population

D) Size of the interval estimate

E) All of the above are correct.

64) When a calculated sample size must be adjusted due to the size of the population relative to the size of the sample, which of the following formulas should be applied?

A) Divide the calculated n by the standard error of the mean

B) Multiply the calculated n by the precision estimate

C) Reduce the calculated n by 5% of the population size

D) Multiply the calculated n by the square root of (N − n)/(N − 1)

E) Divide the calculated n by the standard deviation squared

65) Explain the rationale for drawing a sample rather than using a census for every study.

66) What is the difference between a probability sample and a nonprobability sample? Which one is preferred by business researchers? Explain.

67) Compare and contrast stratified sampling and cluster sampling.

68) If a researcher must use a nonprobability sample because a suitable sample frame is not available, should convenience sampling or judgment sampling be used? Explain.