Evolutionary Genetics – Ch29 Test Bank | 7th Edition

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1) Select the prezygotic isolating mechanisms. (Check all that apply.)

A) Temporal isolation
B) Habitat isolation
C) Mechanical isolation
D) Hybrid inviability
E) Sexual isolation

2) Analysis of rRNA sequences led to the proposal of what main branches of life? (Check all that apply.)

A) Bacteria
B) Animalia
C) Archaea
D) Eukaryotes
E) Protists

3) The changing composition of a gene pool with regard to a particular allele over a measurable period of time is called __________.

A) microevolution
B) macroevolution
C) molecular evolution
D) None of these choices are correct.

4) The biological species concept was introduced by __________.

A) Dobzhansky
B) Darwin
C) Mayr
D) Mendel
E) Wallace

5) Differences in sexual attraction between males and females based on behavior, physiology, or morphology is an example of a __________ isolation mechanism.

A) prezygotic
B) postzygotic

6) Which concept of speciation uses multiple criteria to determine if a population is part of an independent evolutionary lineage, and thus a species, which is distinct from others?

A) Ecological species concept
B) General lineage concept
C) Biological species concept
D) Evolutionary species concept

7) What type of cladogenesis occurs when a new species arises in the same habitat as the species from which it was derived?

A) Parapatric speciation
B) Allopatric speciation
C) Sympatric speciation

8) What type of cladogenesis can occur through the founder effect?

A) Parapatric speciation
B) Allopatric speciation
C) Sympatric speciation

9) What is the most common form of cladogenesis?

A) Parapatric speciation
B) Allopatric speciation
C) Sympatric speciation

10) In which form of cladogenesis do hybrid zones exist?

A) Parapatric speciation
B) Allopatric speciation
C) Sympatric speciation

11) What form of cladogenesis occurs due to geographic separationdividing a population?

A) Parapatric speciation
B) Allopatric speciation
C) Sympatric speciation

12) The formation of polyploids in plants is an example of which model of cladogenesis?

A) Parapatric speciation
B) Allopatric speciation
C) Sympatric speciation

13) Homologous genes that are found in different species are called __________.

A) paralogs
B) orthologs
C) gene families
D) clades

14) Molecular clocks are based on __________ mutations.

A) advantageous
B) lethal
C) deleterious
D) neutral

15) Based on rRNA analysis, all life on Earth can be grouped into how many major branches?

A) 1
B) 3
C) 5
D) 6

16) Horizontal gene transfer is most common among what group of organisms?

A) Humans
B) Bacteria
C) Fungi
D) Plants

17) Regions of a chromosome that contain groups of linked genes in several species are called __________.

A) linkage groups
B) synteny groups
C) regression groups
D) homology groups

18) Molecular paleontology __________.

A) studies the morphology of extinct species
B) studies the DNA of extinct species
C) cannot use rRNA

19) In the construction of a phylogenetic tree, a __________ considers the overall similarities among a group of species without trying to understand their evolutionary history, whereas a __________ considers the possible pathways of evolution to find the best possible tree.

A) cladistic approach; phenetic approach
B) phenetic approach; cladistic approach
C) shared derived character; ancestral character
D) ancestral character; shared derived character

20) Many species of cats (including big cats like lions, tigers, etc.) have tails. For cats, tails are likely to be a __________.

A) synapomorphy
B) shared derived character
C) ancestral character
D) clade

21) Proteins that are functionally less important for the survival of an organism generally evolve __________ more important proteins.

A) more slowly than
B) more quickly than
C) at the same rate as

22) In the frog genus, when certain species attempts to mate with other species, embryo development is halted at various stages including zygotic segmentation, blastula formation, gastrulation, or in the final phases of embryo development. The stage where the developing frog arrests depends on the species involved in the cross. This is an example of __________.

A) hybrid breakdown
B) hybrid sterility
C) hybrid inviability
D) sexual isolation

23) It is currently believed that apple maggot flies are undergoing a divergence into two separate species. Two hundred years ago these maggot flies laid their eggs only on the hawthorn fruit, but after apples were introduced in the Americas, some maggot flies started laying their eggs on apples. Today, females generally lay their eggs on the type of fruit they grew up in, and male flies end up mating on the type of fruit they grew up in. Therefore hawthorn flies mate with hawthorn flies and apple flies mate with apple flies. If genetic changes between the hawthorn maggot flies and the apple maggot flies continue until the flies are different species, this would be an example of ___________.

A) allopatric speciation
B) parapatric speciation
C) sympatric speciation

24) One theory of human evolution suggests that Homo erectus evolved directly into Homo sapiens (humans), after which point Homo erectus became extinct. If this is true, humans arose by __________.

A) cladogenesis
B) anagenesis
C) allopatric speciation
D) parapatric speciation

25)
In this phylogenetic tree, select the change that is a shared derived character for sequences A, B, and C.

A) A6→T
B) T5→G
C) G2→A
D) A7→T

26) You are studying a new strain of bacteria. You discover that its genome contains some genes that are not found in any form in its most recent ancestor. You suspect __________.

A) anagenesis
B) an extremely high rate of mutation
C) horizontal gene transfer
D) cladogenesis

27) Select the protein that you think will evolve the fastest.

A) A protein essential for DNA replication
B) A subunit of the ribosome
C) A protein involved in skin and hair pigmentation
D) A cell membrane protein that is important for ion transfer

28) The plant species Erythranthe peregrina arose from a duplication of all of the chromosomes of a sterile triploid hybrid called E. x robertsii. E. peregrina most likely arose by __________.

A) allopatric speciation
B) parapatric speciation
C) sympatric speciation

29) The Galápagos finches described by Darwin evolved into many different species primarily based on different food sources on the island. These finches evolved by __________.

A) allopatric speciation
B) parapatric speciation
C) sympatric speciation

30) You are constructing a phylogenetic tree using the UPGMA method. In a homologous region containing 10,000bp you observe the following number of substititions when comparing species D to species A, B, and C:
Species A: 362
Species B: 400
Species C: 412
What is the percentage of nucleotide differences in species D versus species A/B/C?

A) 3.91
B) 391
C) 1174
D) 11.74

31) Microevolution is the term given to evolutionary changes that produce new species and groups of species.

⊚ true
⊚ false

32) One definition of species is a group of individuals whose members have the potential to interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring.

⊚ true
⊚ false

33) The production of sterile offspring is an example of a prezygotic isolation mechanism.

⊚ true
⊚ false

34) Homologous genes are derived from the same ancestral gene.

⊚ true
⊚ false

35) Human alpha hemoglobin and horse alpha hemoglobin are orthologs.

⊚ true
⊚ false

36) A graphic illustration of the relationships between species is called a phylogenetic tree.

⊚ true
⊚ false

37) At the microevolutionary level, natural selection is based on genetic differences that give an individual a selective advantage.

⊚ true
⊚ false

38) Researchers who study molecular evolution often analyze DNA sequences using computer programs which identify homologous sequences.

⊚ true
⊚ false

39) A gene family consists of two or more paralogs within the genome of a particular species. <!--Markup Copied from Habitat-->

⊚ true
⊚ false

40) Neutral mutations can be acted on by natural selection.

⊚ true
⊚ false