Ethics In Behavioral Research Ch.3 Exam Questions 14e

Chapter 03

Test Bank

1. In Milgram's obedience experiment, participants were deceived when they were told that the purpose of the experiment was to studyA. blind obedience.B. the effect of electric shocks.C. the effects of punishment.D. memory and learning.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Summarize Milgram's obedience experiment.Topic: Milgram's Obedience Experiment2. The real purpose of the Milgram experiment was to studyA. memory and learning.B. the effect of electric shocks.C. obedience to authority.D. the effects of punishment.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Summarize Milgram's obedience experiment.Topic: Milgram's Obedience Experiment3. Current ethical guidelines for both behavioral and medical researchers have their origins inA. Greek mythology.B. the Red Data Book.C. the Belmont Report.D. Institutional Review Boards (IRBs).APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Discuss the three ethical principles outlined in the Belmont Report: beneficence, autonomy, and justice.Topic: Belmont Report4. Which of the following statements is true regarding the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?A. It focused on treating individuals with syphilis using penicillin.B. It spurred scientists to overhaul ethical regulations.C. It was an isolated incident brought to light in 1998.D. It took place for only one year.APA Outcome: 3.1: Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practiceAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Discuss the three ethical principles outlined in the Belmont Report: beneficence, autonomy, and justice.Topic: Physical HarmTopic: Respect for Person5. Which of the following is a key element included in one of the three basic ethical principles of the Belmont Report?A. Psychologists should be aware of their professional responsibilities to society and to the specific communities in which they work.B. Psychologists should provide all information to potential participants that might influence their decision on whether to participate.C. Psychologists should seek to promote accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness in the science, teaching, and practice of psychology.D. Psychologists should avoid stealing, cheating, or engaging in fraud, subterfuge, or intentional misrepresentation of fact.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Discuss the three ethical principles outlined in the Belmont Report: beneficence, autonomy, and justice.Topic: Belmont Report6. Which of the following principles of the Belmont Report suggests that individuals are capable of making deliberate decisions about whether to participate in research?A. autonomyB. justiceC. deliberationD. beneficenceAPA Outcome: 3.1: Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practiceAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Discuss the three ethical principles outlined in the Belmont Report: beneficence, autonomy, and justice.Topic: Belmont Report7. The ethical principle of justice given in the Belmont Report requires thatA. there be fairness in receiving the benefits of research.B. potential participants in a research project be provided with complete information.C. participants make deliberate decisions about whether to participate in research.D. researchers limit their studies to only those of legal age.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Discuss the three ethical principles outlined in the Belmont Report: beneficence, autonomy, and justice.Topic: Belmont Report8. According to the Belmont Report, which of the following principles states that research should confer benefits and risks must be minimal?A. Principle E: Respect for people's rights and dignityB. Principle A: Beneficence and nonmaleficenceC. Principle D: JusticeD. Principle C: Integrity

E. Principle B: Fidelity and responsibility

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Discuss the three ethical principles outlined in the Belmont Report: beneficence, autonomy, and justice.Topic: Belmont Report9. In the context of the APA Ethics Code, which of the following principles refers to the need for research to maximize benefits and minimize any possible harmful effects of participation?A. the principle of beneficenceB. the principle of respect for people's rights and dignityC. the principle of fidelity and responsibilityD. the principle of integrityAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Summarize the ethical principles in the APA Ethics Code concerning research with human participants.Topic: APA Ethics Code10. In the context of the APA Ethics Code, which of the following statements is true about the principle of integrity?A. Psychologists respect the rights of individuals to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination.B. Psychologists recognize that fairness entitles all persons to access to and benefit from the contributions of psychology.C. Psychologists seek to promote accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness in the science, teaching, and practice of psychology.D. Psychologists establish relationships of trust with those with whom they work.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Summarize the ethical principles in the APA Ethics Code concerning research with human participants.Topic: APA Ethics Code11. Principle C of the APA Ethics Code focuses onA. responsibility.B. beneficence.C. justice.D. integrity.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Summarize the ethical principles in the APA Ethics Code concerning research with human participants.Topic: APA Ethics Code12. Which of the following principles of the Belmont Report was most specifically violated when a cure for syphilis was withheld from participants in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?A. the principle of autonomyB. the principle of justiceC. the principle of integrityD. the principle of responsibilityAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Discuss the three ethical principles outlined in the Belmont Report: beneficence, autonomy, and justice.Topic: Belmont Report13. Adam, a researcher, promises the participants of his experiment that they will receive extra course credits for their participation. However, he forgets to inform their instructor about their participation, and they do not receive the promised course credits. Which principle of the APA Ethics Code has Adam most specifically violated?A. the principle of fidelity and responsibilityB. the principle of respect for people's rights and dignityC. the principle of beneficence and nonmaleficenceD. the principle of justiceAPA Outcome: 3.1: Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practiceAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Summarize the ethical principles in the APA Ethics Code concerning research with human participants.Topic: APA Ethics Code14. Which of the following is a potential risk that a participant may face during a research experiment?A. loss of confidentialityB. monetary lossC. loss of responsibilityD. statutory lossAPA Outcome: 3.1: Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practiceAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Discuss how potential risks and benefits of research are evaluated.Topic: Risk-Benefit Analysis15. The examination of potential problems and benefits that are likely to result from a research is known as a ________ analysis.A. risk-benefitB. cost-benefitC. SWOTD. lifecycle costAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Discuss how potential risks and benefits of research are evaluated.Topic: Risk-Benefit Analysis16. Angelica informs her research participants that they will receive extremely intense electric shocks. However, they never actually receive the shocks, and the waiting period brings about fear and anxiety in the participants. In this scenario, the participants are most likely experiencing ________ stress.A. physicalB. psychicalC. psychologicalD. proceduralAPA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domainsAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Discuss how potential risks and benefits of research are evaluated.Topic: Risk-Benefit Analysis17. Matt wants to conduct an experiment on people's perceptions of tattoos. He plans to manipulate the experimental conditions by making participants get tattoos of varying size and color on their arms. An ethics review board would most likely be concerned about theA. various perceptions of tattoos.B. monetary cost of the tattoos.C. size and color of the tattoos.D. physical and psychological risk to the participants.APA Outcome: 3.1: Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practiceAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Discuss how potential risks and benefits of research are evaluated.Topic: Risk-Benefit Analysis18. In a research experiment, ________ is an issue when the researcher has assured subjects that the collected data are accessible only to people with permission, generally only the researcher.A. integrityB. nonmaleficenceC. confidentialityD. informed consentAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Discuss how potential risks and benefits of research are evaluated.Topic: Confidentiality19. ________ becomes particularly important when studying sensitive topics, such as family violence, drug use, divorce, or sexual behavior.A. ConfidentialityB. DefensivenessC. Concealed observationD. CompensationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Discuss how potential risks and benefits of research are evaluated.Topic: Confidentiality20. Which of the following is a requirement of an informed consent form?A. It should be written in the first person to avoid confusion.B. Jargons and technical terminologies should be used extensively.C. Participants should be given a form written in their primary language.D. Use of simple and straightforward language must be avoided.APA Outcome: 3.1: Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practiceAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: List the information contained in an informed consent form.Topic: Informed Consent21. Which of the following is of informed consent forms?A. They should exclude contact information, such as phone and email contacts.B. They should be free of technical jargon and written at a sixth- to eighth-grade level.C. They should be in fine print, smaller than 11-point type.D. They should be written in the first person.APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domainsAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: List the information contained in an informed consent form.Topic: Informed Consent22. Helga, a researcher, explains to her participants the purpose of her study before she conducts an experiment. She also informs them that participation is voluntary and they can withdraw without penalty. This shows that the experiment involvesA. informed consent.B. deception.C. psychological withdrawal.D. role-playing.APA Outcome: 3.1: Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practiceAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: List the information contained in an informed consent form.Topic: Informed Consent23. Which of the following best represents the principle of respect for persons (autonomy) included in the Belmont Report?A. researchers' freedom to select their topic of interestB. researchers' discretion to alter the findings of their experimentC. not providing a risk-benefit analysis to participantsD. including an informed consent form for participantsAPA Outcome: 3.1: Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practiceAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: List the information contained in an informed consent form.Topic: Belmont ReportTopic: Informed Consent24. Informed consent of participants can sometimes be a problem for a researcher becauseA. understanding and signing informed consent forms is time-consuming.B. participants are rarely interested in the details of the experiment being conducted.C. researchers themselves are not completely informed about the procedures.D. knowledge of the hypothesis may bias the participants' responses.APA Outcome: 3.1: Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practiceAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Discuss potential problems in obtaining informed consent.Topic: Informed Consent25. The agreement by a minor to participate in an experiment is formally calledA. assent.B. exempt.C. consent.D. debriefing.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Discuss potential problems in obtaining informed consent.Topic: Informed Consent26. Byron, a high school student, agrees to participate in a research study that will examine the attitudes of high school students toward alcohol use. As he is a minor, a written consent form is signed by his mother, allowing him to participate in the study. In this scenario, Byron's agreement to participate is known asA. exempt.B. disclosure.C. coercion.D. assent.APA Outcome: 3.1: Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practiceAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Discuss potential problems in obtaining informed consent.Topic: Informed Consent27. In research, ________ is defined as an active misrepresentation of information about the nature of a study.A. deceptionB. fidelityC. nonmaleficenceD. plagiarismAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Define deception and discuss the ethical issues surrounding its use in research.Topic: Deception28. In Milgram's study on obedience, informing the participants that they would participate in a study of learning and memory is an example ofA. informed consent.B. debriefing.C. deception.D. plagiarism.APA Outcome: 3.1: Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practiceAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Define deception and discuss the ethical issues surrounding its use in research.Topic: Deception29. Which of the following best exemplifies deception?A. Participants do not agree to fill in an informed consent form.B. A researcher provides too much information about a study to the participants.C. An investigator withholds information that does not affect the decision to participate.D. An experimenter disguises the true purpose of a laboratory experiment.APA Outcome: 3.1: Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practiceAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Define deception and discuss the ethical issues surrounding its use in research.Topic: Deception30. Brent has agreed to participate in a study on "preferences for different fast food items." However, he is actually asked to read an article on a sexual assault incident and suggest a punishment for the assailant. This procedure best illustratesA. obedience to authority.B. the importance of autonomy.C. informed consent.D. the use of deception.APA Outcome: 3.1: Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practiceAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Define deception and discuss the ethical issues surrounding its use in research.Topic: Deception31. Which of the following is a primary reason for a decrease in the type of elaborate deception seen in the Milgram study?A. Ethics review boards no longer review research studies that use deceptive methods.B. There has been a decrease in the general awareness of the ethical issues regarding deception.C. Deception has become an expensive and time-consuming method to employ.D. More researchers have become interested in cognitive variables rather than emotions.APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomenaAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Define deception and discuss the ethical issues surrounding its use in research.Topic: Deception32. In which of the following areas of psychology has elaborate deception been most common?A. developmental psychologyB. social psychologyC. parapsychologyD. clinical psychologyAPA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomenaAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Define deception and discuss the ethical issues surrounding its use in research.Topic: Deception33. Participants volunteered for a study on "attitudes toward television violence." However, they actually completed a survey on their own aggressive behavior. After the completion of the study, the researcher failed to inform the participants about the true purpose of the study. In this case, the researcher has failed to conduct a(n)A. evaluative study.B. cost-benefit analysis.C. simulation study.D. debriefing session.APA Outcome: 3.1: Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practiceAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Describe the purpose of debriefing research participants.Topic: Debriefing34. If a participant has been deceived, ethical considerations require that a researcher provideA. counseling.B. incentives.C. debriefing.D. motivation.APA Outcome: 3.1: Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practiceAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Describe the purpose of debriefing research participants.Topic: Debriefing35. Renae conducts a study to understand altruistic behavior. She deceives her participants by stating that the purpose of her study is to test intelligence. This results in some of the participants feeling bad about their performance. Which of the following would most likely help Renae reduce the negative impact of the experiment on her participants?A. providing the participants with incentivesB. giving feedback to the participants on their performanceC. misrepresenting information about the nature of the studyD. debriefing her participants about the studyAPA Outcome: 3.1: Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practiceAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Describe the purpose of debriefing research participants.Topic: Debriefing36. Identify a true statement about debriefing.A. It is used to deceive participants about the details of a study.B. It typically occurs before the completion of a study.C. It fails to serve educational or ethical purposes for researchers or participants.D. It helps in discussing the practical implications of a study's results with the participants.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Describe the purpose of debriefing research participants.Topic: Debriefing37. Which of the following is true regarding the Institutional Review Board (IRB)?A. Its members are typically compensated by political lobbyists.B. Every institution that receives federal funds must have an IRB.C. All members of an institute's IRB must be from outside the institution.D. It is a national review agency composed of at least three individuals.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Describe the function of an Institutional Review Board.Topic: Institutional Review Board (IRB)38. ________ defined research as "an activity designed to test a hypothesis and permit conclusions to be drawn. . . . Research is usually described in a formal protocol that sets an objective and a sequence of procedures to reach that objective."A. The Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyB. The Belmont ReportC. The Declaration of HelsinkiD. The Nuremberg CodeAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Describe the function of an Institutional Review Board.Topic: Belmont Report39. ________ risk is a type of research activity in which the risks of harm to participants are no greater than the risks encountered in daily life or in routine physical or psychological tests.A. MinimalB. ManageableC. MinorD. ModerateAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Contrast the categories of risk involved in research activities: exempt, minimal risk, and greater than minimal risk.Topic: Minimal Risk Research40. Anonymous questionnaires, surveys, and educational tests are all considered ________ research.A. fraudulentB. nonethicalC. laboratoryD. exemptAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Contrast the categories of risk involved in research activities: exempt, minimal risk, and greater than minimal risk.Topic: Exempt Research41. Which of the following statements is true regarding exempt research?A. This type of research requires complete informed consent and debriefing for approval to be granted by an Institutional Review Board (IRB).B. Researchers can decide by themselves that their research is exempt.C. The Institutional Review Board (IRB) at an institution formulates a procedure to allow a researcher to apply for exempt status.D. Moderate exercise by healthy volunteers best exemplifies this type of research.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Contrast the categories of risk involved in research activities: exempt, minimal risk, and greater than minimal risk.Topic: Exempt Research42. Exempt review research includes researchA. in which the participants are deceived by not providing them any information.B. in which the participants give informed consent to the researcher.C. in which the risks are not greater than those involved in taking routine tests.D. involving public behavior and public records that do not identify the participants.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Contrast the categories of risk involved in research activities: exempt, minimal risk, and greater than minimal risk.Topic: Exempt Research43. Sasha decides to examine the public records of crime rates to determine whether perpetrators committed property crimes at an earlier age in the 1940s than in the 1970s. Sasha's research would be categorized as ________ research.A. maximum riskB. exemptC. minimal riskD. fraudulentAPA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domainsAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Contrast the categories of risk involved in research activities: exempt, minimal risk, and greater than minimal risk.Topic: Exempt Research44. Which of the following is an example of minimal risk research?A. recording routine physiological data from adult participantsB. a research study that induces stress in the volunteersC. vigorous exercise by healthy volunteersD. a research study in which a volunteer's behavior is manipulatedAPA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domainsAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Contrast the categories of risk involved in research activities: exempt, minimal risk, and greater than minimal risk.Topic: Minimal Risk Research45. In an attempt to study participants' physiological responses to visual stimuli, Kenneth measures the blood pressure and heart rate of the participants while they watch different genres of films. An IRB review would likely rule that this study involves ________ risk.A. greater than minimalB. maximumC. minimalD. noAPA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domainsAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Contrast the categories of risk involved in research activities: exempt, minimal risk, and greater than minimal risk.Topic: Minimal Risk Research46. Thorough full review by the IRB is necessary when research places participants at greater than ________ risk.A. minimalB. averageC. moderateD. normalAPA Outcome: 3.1: Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practiceAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Contrast the categories of risk involved in research activities: exempt, minimal risk, and greater than minimal risk.Topic: Minimal Risk Research47. Research involving physical stress, psychological stress, invasion of privacy, or measures of sensitive information, where participants may be identified, is an example of ________ research.A. low riskB. greater than minimal riskC. minimal riskD. exemptAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Contrast the categories of risk involved in research activities: exempt, minimal risk, and greater than minimal risk.Topic: Greater Than Minimal Risk Research48. Studying normal educational practices, anonymous surveys, and observation of nonsensitive public behaviors, where participants cannot be identified, are examples of ________ research.A. greater than minimal riskB. moderate riskC. minimal riskD. high riskAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Contrast the categories of risk involved in research activities: exempt, minimal risk, and greater than minimal risk.Topic: Exempt Research49. Which of the following is true of greater than minimal risk research?A. It places participants at a level of risk similar to that encountered in daily life.B. It involves conducting anonymous surveys and cognitive aptitude tests.C. It requires full IRB review.D. It is mostly exempt from review and therefore called exempt research.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Contrast the categories of risk involved in research activities: exempt, minimal risk, and greater than minimal risk.Topic: Greater Than Minimal Risk Research50. Which of the following is true regarding research with nonhuman animal subjects?A. There are explicit guidelines to protect animals used for research.B. Ethics is of little concern because animals have no feelings.C. Animals cannot be used to test the effects of drugs.D. Psychologists do not conduct research on animals.APA Outcome: 3.1: Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practiceAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Summarize the ethical issues concerning research with nonhuman animals.Topic: Research with Animal Subjects51. Which of the following is most likely to have caused a decline in animal research?A. The lack of funding available for animal researchB. The increasing costs incurred to conduct an animal researchC. Declining safety measures for sheltering animals for a long periodD. An increasing interest in conducting cognitive research with human participantsAPA Outcome: 3.1: Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practiceAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Summarize the ethical issues concerning research with nonhuman animals.Topic: Research with Animal Subjects52. Which of the following is a function of an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee?A. analyzing the cost to be incurred by researchB. ensuring that animals are used only in psychological researchC. ensuring that all regulations are adhered to in animal researchD. approving all animal research proceduresAPA Outcome: 3.1: Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practiceAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Summarize the ethical issues concerning research with nonhuman animals.Topic: Research with Animal Subjects53. In which of the following areas is fraud considered to be the most serious?A. science and journalismB. advertising and engineeringC. psychology and biologyD. math and chemistryAPA Outcome: 3.1: Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practiceAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Discuss the ethical issue surrounding misrepresentation of research findings.Topic: Fraud54. The fabrication of data is known asA. assault.B. fraud.C. plagiarism.D. liaison.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Discuss the ethical issue surrounding misrepresentation of research findings.Topic: Fraud55. Which of the following is an example of fraud?A. Jimmy is arrested for robbing an old woman's house.B. A manager is accused of sexual harassment by his secretary.C. Berta misplaces the money that her mother gave her as a loan.D. A newspaper publishes articles that its editor knows to be unsubstantiated.APA Outcome: 3.1: Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practiceAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Discuss the ethical issue surrounding misrepresentation of research findings.Topic: Fraud56. A researcher's results should be considered fraudulent ifA. animals were used while conducting experiments.B. the researcher used any form of survey to collect the data.C. participants were not debriefed after completion of the study.D. data were changed in order to support the hypothesis.APA Outcome: 3.1: Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practiceAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Discuss the ethical issue surrounding misrepresentation of research findings.Topic: Fraud57. Rebecca's colleagues, who are also research scientists, are unable to replicate the results of her published findings. In this scenario, Rebecca has most likely committed an act ofA. assault.B. battery.C. fraud.D. plagiarism.APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Discuss the ethical issue surrounding misrepresentation of research findings.Topic: Fraud58. Which of the following precautions can scientists take to protect themselves against charges of fraud?A. They should only publish results that are significant.B. They should not conduct a public survey.C. They should keep records carefully and document procedures and results.D. They should always ensure that their findings support their hypotheses.APA Outcome: 3.1: Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practiceAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Discuss the ethical issue surrounding misrepresentation of research findings.Topic: Fraud59. Fraud is not a major problem in science, in part becauseA. scientific research has high external validity.B. scientists are always ethical.C. researchers know that others will attempt to replicate their work.D. researchers' hypotheses are always supported.APA Outcome: 3.1: Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practiceAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Discuss the ethical issue surrounding misrepresentation of research findings.Topic: Fraud60. Which of the following is perhaps the most famous case of fraud?A. Burger's partial replication of Milgram's studiesB. the Szabo and Underwood reportC. the study of identical twins by Sir Cyril BurtD. Milgram's study on obedience to authorityAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Discuss the ethical issue surrounding misrepresentation of research findings.Topic: Fraud61. ________ can be best defined as misrepresenting another's work as one's own.A. MisconductB. PlagiarismC. PossessionD. ExtortionAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Define plagiarism and describe how to avoid plagiarism.Topic: Plagiarism62. In her research paper, Kirstein copied a few paragraphs from a renowned author's work verbatim without placing them within quotation marks or citing the source. The review board rejected her paper on grounds of plagiarism. In this scenario, Kirstein has committedA. paraphrasing plagiarism.B. active plagiarism.C. word-for-word plagiarism.D. detailed plagiarism.APA Outcome: 3.1: Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practiceAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Define plagiarism and describe how to avoid plagiarism.Topic: Plagiarism63. Which of the following behaviors does NOT represent plagiarism?A. including a copied sentence without using quotation marks or a reference citationB. including another's personal idea or research finding in one's own research with a citationC. representing another's work as one's ownD. paraphrasing the actual words of another source without citationAPA Outcome: 3.1: Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practiceAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Define plagiarism and describe how to avoid plagiarism.Topic: Plagiarism64. Carlos, a student of psychology, included data and findings of the renowned thinker Erik Erikson in his research. However, Carlos did not paraphrase the data or cite and credit the actual author. The board of reviewers rejected Carlos's research paper on account ofA. perjury.B. extortion.C. manslaughter.D. plagiarism.APA Outcome: 3.1: Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practiceAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Define plagiarism and describe how to avoid plagiarism.Topic: Plagiarism65. ________ plagiarism is a form of plagiarism in which the words are not directly copied without attribution, but the ideas are copied without attribution.A. Word-for-wordB. ParaphrasingC. DetailedD. SubstantialAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Define plagiarism and describe how to avoid plagiarism.Topic: Plagiarism66. Which of the following scenarios would likely result in an expedited review of a research study proposal?A. A researcher wants participants to take an anonymous survey about their feelings toward marriage.B. A researcher wants to observe the behavior of participants (who will be anonymous) in a public setting—in particular, their reactions to a street mural depicting a happy family.C. A researcher wants to have participants subjected to verbal insults and shouting while measuring blood pressure.D. A researcher wants to take blood samples from participants a maximum of three times during the course of a study.APA Outcome: 3.1: Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practiceAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Describe the function of an Institutional Review Board.Topic: Exempt ResearchTopic: Minimal Risk Research67. What was a core problem with the Nuremberg Code as a vehicle for improving ethical practices in research?A. It offered no enforcement structure.B. It was not or did not produce a legal document.C. It recorded no specific principles related to research conduct.D. It was not inspired by any real-world abuses.APA Outcome: 3.1: Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practiceAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Discuss the three ethical principles outlined in the Belmont Report: beneficence, autonomy, and justice.Topic: Belmont Report

Category # of Questions

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 67

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 29

APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains 5

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology 1

APA Outcome: 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena 2

APA Outcome: 3.1: Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practice 30

Blooms: Apply 14

Blooms: Remember 29

Blooms: Understand 24

Difficulty Level: Easy 29

Difficulty Level: Hard 14

Difficulty Level: Medium 24

Learning Objective: Contrast the categories of risk involved in research activities: exempt, minimal risk, and greater than minimal risk. 11

Learning Objective: Define deception and discuss the ethical issues surrounding its use in research. 6

Learning Objective: Define plagiarism and describe how to avoid plagiarism. 5

Learning Objective: Describe the function of an Institutional Review Board. 3

Learning Objective: Describe the purpose of debriefing research participants. 4

Learning Objective: Discuss how potential risks and benefits of research are evaluated. 6

Learning Objective: Discuss potential problems in obtaining informed consent. 3

Learning Objective: Discuss the ethical issue surrounding misrepresentation of research findings. 8

Learning Objective: Discuss the three ethical principles outlined in the Belmont Report: beneficence, autonomy, and justice. 8

Learning Objective: List the information contained in an informed consent form. 4

Learning Objective: Summarize Milgram's obedience experiment. 2

Learning Objective: Summarize the ethical issues concerning research with nonhuman animals. 3

Learning Objective: Summarize the ethical principles in the APA Ethics Code concerning research with human participants. 4

Topic: APA Ethics Code 4

Topic: Belmont Report 9

Topic: Confidentiality 2

Topic: Debriefing 4

Topic: Deception 6

Topic: Exempt Research 6

Topic: Fraud 8

Topic: Greater Than Minimal Risk Research 2

Topic: Informed Consent 7

Topic: Institutional Review Board (IRB) 1

Topic: Milgram's Obedience Experiment 2

Topic: Minimal Risk Research 5

Topic: Physical Harm 1

Topic: Plagiarism 5

Topic: Research with Animal Subjects 3

Topic: Respect for Person 1

Topic: Risk-Benefit Analysis 4