14e Test Bank Docx Chapter.4 Fundamental Research Issues

Chapter 04

Test Bank

1. Which of the following refers to the extent to which the measurement or manipulation of a variable accurately represents the theoretical variable being studied?A. construct validityB. internal validityC. face validityD. external validityAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Define and distinguish among construct validity, internal validity, and external validity.Topic: Construct Validity2. A ________ is anything that changes and can be measured.A. parameterB. systemC. moduleD. variableAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Define variable and describe the operational definition of a variable.Topic: Variables3. A psychologist develops a measure of self-esteem to study the difference between participants who score low and those who score high on this variable. He does this to devise an accurate method for studying self-esteem. In this scenario, the psychologist is trying to establishA. internal validity.B. reliability.C. construct validity.D. reactivity.APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Define variable and describe the operational definition of a variable.Topic: Construct Validity4. Which of the following is an important benefit in operationally defining a variable?A. It enables researchers to generalize the findings of a study to other settings.B. It enables scientists to discuss concrete concepts in abstract terms.C. It helps researchers to communicate their ideas with others.D. It ensures accuracy of conclusions about cause and effect.APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domainsAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Define variable and describe the operational definition of a variable.Topic: Operational Definition5. Which of the following statements best describes construct validity?A. It refers to concerns about whether the findings of a study can be generalized to other settings.B. It refers to the accuracy of conclusions about cause and effect.C. It refers to the degree to which the measurement is an accurate representation of the variable.D. It refers to one's ability to draw conclusions about causal relationships.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Define variable and describe the operational definition of a variable.Topic: Construct Validity6. Which of the following statements is true regarding the operational definition of variables?A. A variable must have an operational definition to be studied empirically.B. There are no benefits associated with the operational definition of variables.C. Operational definition of a variable forces scientists to discuss concrete concepts in abstract terms.D. It is relatively easy to operationalize a variable such as pain, which is very specific and concrete.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Define variable and describe the operational definition of a variable.Topic: Operational Definition7. The ________ definition of a variable is the set of procedures used to measure or manipulate it.A. operationalB. legalC. generalD. technicalAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Define variable and describe the operational definition of a variable.Topic: Operational Definition8. Jim, a psychiatrist, develops a method to study mood swings in individuals. He asks individuals to describe the frequency and intensity of their mood swings and rate them on a scale of 1 to 10. He wants to develop a treatment plan according to the average outcomes of the frequency and the intensity of mood swings. In this scenario, Jim is trying to ________ the variable "mood swing."A. theorizeB. describeC. operationalizeD. internalizeAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Define variable and describe the operational definition of a variable.Topic: Operational Definition9. In the context of relationships between variables, increases in the values of one variable are accompanied by increases in the values of the second variable in a ________ relationship.A. curvilinearB. negative linearC. positive linearD. nonlinearAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Describe the different relationships between variables: positive, negative, curvilinear, and no relationship.Topic: Positive Linear Relationship10. Which of the following is true of a positive linear relationship?A. A U-shaped curve results when this relationship is graphed.B. Increases in the values of one variable are accompanied by decreases in the values of the other variable.C. Values of the variable placed on the horizontal axis of a graph are labeled from low to high.D. This type of relationship is sometimes referred to as a nonmonotonic function.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Describe the different relationships between variables: positive, negative, curvilinear, and no relationship.Topic: Positive Linear Relationship11. Identify the true statement about a curvilinear relationship.A. The relationship is sometimes referred to as a monotonic function.B. The relationship results in a flat line when graphed.C. The direction of the relationship changes at least once.D. The variables vary independently of one another.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Describe the different relationships between variables: positive, negative, curvilinear, and no relationship.Topic: Curvilinear Relationship12. In the context of relationships between variables, identify a difference between negative and curvilinear relationships.A. A negative relationship is represented by an increasing-trend line on a graph; whereas a curvilinear relationship is represented with a straight line on a graph.B. In a negative relationship, the causal variable is always dependent, whereas in a curvilinear relationship, the causal variable is independent.C. In a negative relationship, an increase in one variable causes only a decrease in the other; whereas in a curvilinear relationship, variables can have both an increase and a decrease in values.D. A negative relationship has more than one extraneous variable associated with it, whereas a curvilinear relationship has only one associated extraneous variable.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Describe the different relationships between variables: positive, negative, curvilinear, and no relationship.Topic: Curvilinear RelationshipTopic: Negative Linear Relationship13. Roger, a researcher, conducted a study to analyze the impact of alcohol exposure during childhood. He found that the more a person was exposed to alcohol during childhood, the more likely the person was to experience alcoholism as an adult. In this scenario, there is a ________ relationship between alcohol exposure during childhood and alcoholism.A. curvilinearB. nonlinearC. positive linearD. negative linearAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Describe the different relationships between variables: positive, negative, curvilinear, and no relationship.Topic: Positive Linear Relationship14. An advertising agency conducted a research study to analyze the effects of advertising on the buying behavior of consumers. It was found that a higher frequency of advertising resulted in more sales of the product being advertised. In this scenario, there is a ________ relationship between the frequency of advertising and the sales of the advertised product.A. negative linearB. nonlinearC. curvilinearD. positive linearAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Describe the different relationships between variables: positive, negative, curvilinear, and no relationship.Topic: Positive Linear Relationship15. The management at Burgerjoy, a small restaurant, finds that the lower the price of hamburgers, the more the hamburgers sold. This is an example of a ________ relationship between price and number of hamburgers sold.A. curvilinearB. positive linearC. negative linearD. nonlinearAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Describe the different relationships between variables: positive, negative, curvilinear, and no relationship.Topic: Negative Linear Relationship16. In the context of relationships between variables, increases in the values of one variable are accompanied by decreases in the values of another variable in aA. curvilinear relationship.B. negative linear relationship.C. positive linear relationship.D. nonlinear relationship.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Describe the different relationships between variables: positive, negative, curvilinear, and no relationship.Topic: Negative Linear Relationship17. In the context of relationships between variables, increases in the values of one variable are accompanied by systematic increases and decreases in the values of another variable in aA. curvilinear relationship.B. positive linear relationship.C. nonlinear relationship.D. negative linear relationship.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Describe the different relationships between variables: positive, negative, curvilinear, and no relationship.Topic: Curvilinear Relationship18. A researcher finds that the more a song is played on the radio, the greater the public liking for the song. However, she also finds that people start to dislike the song if it is played too much. In the context of relationships between variables, what type of relationship exists between the song being played and its likability factor?A. positive linear relationshipB. curvilinear relationshipC. no relationshipD. negative linear relationshipAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Describe the different relationships between variables: positive, negative, curvilinear, and no relationship.Topic: Curvilinear Relationship19. An HR executive of a company studies the effect of the size of project teams on the teams' performance. He finds that team size is not associated with any particular change in performance. In the context of relationships between variables, what type of relationship exists between the size of project teams and their performance?A. negative linear relationshipB. curvilinear relationshipC. positive linear relationshipD. no relationshipAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Describe the different relationships between variables: positive, negative, curvilinear, and no relationship.Topic: No Relationship20. In the context of relationships between variables, the graph is simply a flat line when there is ________ between two variables.A. a curvilinear relationshipB. a negative linear relationshipC. no relationshipD. a positive linear relationshipAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Describe the different relationships between variables: positive, negative, curvilinear, and no relationship.Topic: No Relationship21. The term ________ implies that there is randomness in events.A. reliabilityB. uniformityC. uncertaintyD. constancyAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Describe the different relationships between variables: positive, negative, curvilinear, and no relationship.Topic: Variables22. A numerical index of the strength of relationship between variables is called a ________ coefficient.A. correlationB. biaxialC. randomD. linearAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Describe the different relationships between variables: positive, negative, curvilinear, and no relationship.Topic: Correlation Coefficient23. Random variability exists because relationships between variablesA. are curvilinear.B. can only be positive or negative.C. can only be monotonic.D. are rarely perfect.APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domainsAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Describe the different relationships between variables: positive, negative, curvilinear, and no relationship.Topic: Random Variability24. A study has high ________ validity when strong inferences can be made that one variable caused changes in the other variable.A. reliableB. constructC. inferentialD. internalAPA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domainsAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Compare and contrast nonexperimental and experimental research methods.Topic: Internal Validity25. In ________ methods, relationships among variables are studied by observing variables of interest.A. nonexperimentalB. curvilinearC. confoundedD. operationalAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Compare and contrast nonexperimental and experimental research methods.Topic: Nonexperimental Method26. Dr. Sears, a psychologist, observes that the more time individuals spend in a department store, the more purchases they tend to make. The research method used in this study is ________ method.A. a curvilinearB. a confoundedC. the nonexperimentalD. an operationalAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Compare and contrast nonexperimental and experimental research methods.Topic: Nonexperimental Method27. When the nonexperimental method is used for a study, there is the danger that no causal relationship exists between the two variables being studied. This phenomenon is best known as a(n) ________ relationship.A. spuriousB. operationalC. curvilinearD. confoundedAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Compare and contrast nonexperimental and experimental research methods.Topic: Nonexperimental Method28. A researcher wants to study the relationship between stress and an employee's ability to perform at work. However, he finds that there is no direct relationship between the two. He also notices that the presence of a supervisor in the environment establishes a relationship between stress and the employee's ability to perform. In this scenario, the supervisor's presence is acting as a ________variable.A. confoundingB. situationalC. participantD. dependentAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Compare and contrast nonexperimental and experimental research methods.Topic: Confounding Variable29. In the context of the study of relationships between variables, the ________ method involves direct manipulation and control of one variable while the other is measured.A. confoundedB. curvilinearC. experimentalD. operationalAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Compare and contrast nonexperimental and experimental research methods.Topic: Experimental Method30. Which of the following is a problem with making causal statements when the nonexperimental method of study is used in research?A. creating operational definitionsB. determining the direction of cause and effectC. establishing a curvilinear relationship between variablesD. analyzing concrete conceptsAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Compare and contrast nonexperimental and experimental research methods.Topic: Nonexperimental Method31. Which of the following is true of the nonexperimental method?A. The problem of direction of cause and effect is not the most serious drawback to this method.B. Both variables can be directly manipulated and controlled to arrive at results.C. With this method, one variable is manipulated and the other is then measured.D. It eliminates the influence of all potential confounding third variables on the dependent variable.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Compare and contrast nonexperimental and experimental research methods.Topic: Nonexperimental Method32. Which of the following is true regarding third variables?A. They help a researcher determine which of the other two variables is operating in a given situation.B. They are mostly used to enhance nonexperimental methods.C. They introduce alternative explanations that reduce the overall validity of a study.D. They are also called subject variables and personal attributes.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Compare and contrast nonexperimental and experimental research methods.Topic: Third-Variable Problem33. What is the difference between experimental and nonexperimental methods of study?A. Nonexperimental methods involve operational definitions, whereas experimental methods are simple observations.B. Experimental methods have random variables, whereas nonexperimental methods have manipulated variables.C. Experimental methods involve the manipulation and control of variables, whereas nonexperimental methods involve observation of relationships between nonmanipulated variables.D. Nonexperimental methods result in definite results, whereas experimental methods simply give a broad perspective of the variables under study.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Compare and contrast nonexperimental and experimental research methods.Topic: Experimental MethodTopic: Nonexperimental Method34. Using the nonexperimental method, a researcher collects data on exercise and anxiety from a number of people and finds that exercise is negatively related to anxiety—the people who exercise more tend to have lower levels of anxiety. What does this scenario demonstrate?A. elimination of possible causesB. covariation between variablesC. temporal precedenceD. nonsufficient element of inference of causeAPA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domainsAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Compare and contrast nonexperimental and experimental research methods.Topic: Nonexperimental versus Experimental Methods35. Experimental control is best accomplished byA. paying attention to the sensitivities of participants.B. using careful operational definitions.C. keeping all extraneous variables constant.D. using a control group as a standard to measure against.APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domainsAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Compare and contrast nonexperimental and experimental research methods.Topic: Experimental Control36. Catherine, a researcher, wants to study child behavior with age, sex, and mental stability as constant variables. She uses their level of activity as an independent variable for her study. By making multiple variables constant (except activity), Catherine is trying to establishA. an ex post facto design.B. experimental control.C. internal validity.D. construct validity.APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Compare and contrast nonexperimental and experimental research methods.Topic: Experimental Control37. Which of the following ensures that an extraneous variable is just as likely to affect one experimental group as it is to affect the other group?A. correlation coefficientB. randomizationC. construct validityD. operationalizationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Compare and contrast nonexperimental and experimental research methods.Topic: Randomization38. To study the effect of workplace lighting on employee productivity, a researcher first manipulates the amount of lighting in a workspace and then observes its effect on a group's productivity. In this scenario, the researcher is focusing on which of the following elements required by the inferences of cause and effect?A. elimination of possible causesB. covariation between variablesC. environmental stabilityD. temporal precedenceAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Compare and contrast nonexperimental and experimental research methods.Topic: Internal Validity39. In the context of psychological research, the variable that is considered to be the cause is called the ________ variable.A. hypotheticalB. mediatingC. operationalD. independentAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Distinguish between an independent variable and a dependent variable.Topic: Independent Variable40. In the context of psychological research, the variable that is considered to be the effect is called the ________ variable.A. dependentB. operationalC. hypotheticalD. mediatingAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Distinguish between an independent variable and a dependent variable.Topic: Nonexperimental versus Experimental Methods41. What is the difference between a dependent and an independent variable?A. An independent variable has a curvilinear relationship, whereas a dependent variable has a biaxial relationship with other variables.B. An independent variable is known as an internal variable, whereas a dependent variable is known as an external variable.C. An independent variable has a positive linear relationship, whereas a dependent variable has a negative linear relationship with other variables.D. An independent variable is considered to be the cause, whereas a dependent variable is considered to be the effect.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Distinguish between an independent variable and a dependent variable.Topic: Dependent VariableTopic: Independent Variable42. Tiana, a researcher, investigated the relationship between the length of a test and the grades in a western civilization course. After randomly assigning students to groups, she found that the students who took longer exams received better grades than students who took shorter exams. In this scenario, the independent variable is theA. gender of the students.B. length of the test.C. class size.D. test grades.APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Distinguish between an independent variable and a dependent variable.Topic: Independent Variable43. A researcher investigated the relationship between alcohol intake and reaction time using a driving simulation task. Participants drank either one ounce or three ounces of alcohol. Their reaction time was measured in terms of the speed with which they applied brakes on seeing a red light during the simulated driving task. In this scenario, the dependent variable in the experiment is theA. speed of applying brakes.B. degree of intoxication.C. red light.D. amount of alcohol.APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Distinguish between an independent variable and a dependent variable.Topic: Dependent Variable44. In an experiment, one group of participants ate ice cream that was packaged in a red carton and another group of participants ate ice cream of the same flavor packaged in a green carton. Participants were asked to rate the ice cream on a scale of 1 to 5. In this scenario, the independent variable is theA. participants' ratings.B. flavor of the ice cream.C. color of the carton.D. gender of the participants.APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Distinguish between an independent variable and a dependent variable.Topic: Independent Variable45. When the relationship between an independent and a dependent variable is plotted in a graph, the independent variable is always placed on the ________ axis.A. verticalB. neutralC. horizontalD. centralAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Distinguish between an independent variable and a dependent variable.Topic: Independent Variable46. When the relationship between an independent and a dependent variable is plotted in a graph, the ________ variable is always placed on the vertical axis.A. independentB. correlationC. dependentD. confoundingAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Distinguish between an independent variable and a dependent variable.Topic: Dependent Variable47. Personal attributes such as gender, nationality, and age are called ________ variables.A. confoundingB. participantC. situationalD. internalAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Discuss the strengths and limitations of laboratory experiments and the advantage of using multiple methods of research.Topic: Participant Variables48. Identify the true statement about laboratory experiments.A. They use a high degree of observational data, resulting in redundancy of information.B. Randomization is difficult in these experiments.C. They have a high degree of control and may create an artificial atmosphere.D. It is difficult to create an independent variable to study dependent variables in these experiments.APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domainsAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Discuss the strengths and limitations of laboratory experiments and the advantage of using multiple methods of research.Topic: Experimental Method49. Participant variables are also called ________ variables.A. constructB. situationalC. externalD. subjectAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Discuss the strengths and limitations of laboratory experiments and the advantage of using multiple methods of research.Topic: Participant Variables50. In the context of validity, we find internal validity to be generally in conflict with ________ validity when examining a single study.A. constructB. externalC. subjectD. situationalAPA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domainsAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Discuss the strengths and limitations of laboratory experiments and the advantage of using multiple methods of research.Topic: Experimental Method51. Which of the following is a disadvantage of field experiments?A. Randomization of confounding variables becomes complex.B. The independent variable is studied in an artificial environment.C. The researcher loses the ability to directly control many aspects of the situation.D. It is difficult to establish operational definitions.APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domainsAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Discuss the strengths and limitations of laboratory experiments and the advantage of using multiple methods of research.Topic: Field Experiment52. Which of the following is a key characteristic of field experiments?A. Researchers investigate extraneous variables in an artificial setting.B. Independent variables are manipulated in a natural setting.C. Researchers are permitted to keep extraneous variables constant.D. Independent variables fail to influence the outcome of an experiment.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Discuss the strengths and limitations of laboratory experiments and the advantage of using multiple methods of research.Topic: Field Experiment53. Margaret, a researcher, wants to conduct a field experiment to determine the effects of a shopping mall's music and decoration on the purchasing behavior of consumers. However, she has to deal with other influencing factors such as noise, crowd, and space distribution. She wants to avoid them by using randomization. In this scenario, noise, crowd, and space are ________ variables.A. internalB. constructC. extraneousD. linearAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Discuss the strengths and limitations of laboratory experiments and the advantage of using multiple methods of research.Topic: Field Experiment54. A researcher wants to understand the effect of child abuse on an individual's personality and attitude. He forms two groups of participants for his study. The first group includes people who were abused during their childhood and the second group includes people who had normal childhoods. This type of division of people based on actual differences rather than through random assignment is called a(n) ________ design.A. ad libB. randomizedC. ex post factoD. variableAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Discuss the strengths and limitations of laboratory experiments and the advantage of using multiple methods of research.Topic: Experimental Method55. One limitation of laboratory experiments is that they haveA. very limited internal validity.B. strong external validity but limited construct validity.C. very limited randomization of variables.D. strong internal validity but limited external validity.APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domainsAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Discuss the strengths and limitations of laboratory experiments and the advantage of using multiple methods of research.Topic: Experimental Method56. A researcher interested in establishing that there is a causal relationship between variables is most interested in ________ validity.A. artificialB. linearC. internalD. constructAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Discuss the strengths and limitations of laboratory experiments and the advantage of using multiple methods of research.Topic: Internal Validity57. Ron, a researcher at Texo Labs, wants to conduct his study in a shopping mall to understand the factors that influence the shopping preferences of customers. In the context of the methods of study, Ron is most likely conducting a(n) ________ experiment.A. fieldB. laboratoryC. constructD. artificialAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Discuss the strengths and limitations of laboratory experiments and the advantage of using multiple methods of research.Topic: Field Experiment58. What is the difference between internal validity and external validity?A. Internal validity deals with establishing positive linear relationships between variables, whereas external validity deals with establishing negative linear relationships between variables.B. Internal validity deals with the accuracy of methods for studying variables, whereas external validity deals with the randomization of variables present in a study.C. Internal validity deals with the creation of operational definitions for procedure, whereas external validity deals with establishing curvilinear relationships between variables.D. Internal validity deals with the accuracy of conclusions drawn about cause and effect, whereas external validity deals with the generalization of findings of a study to other settings.APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domainsAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Define and distinguish among construct validity, internal validity, and external validity.Topic: External ValidityTopic: Internal Validity59. ________ validity refers to the accuracy of conclusions drawn about cause and effect.A. InternalB. ConstructC. ExternalD. LinearAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Define and distinguish among construct validity, internal validity, and external validity.Topic: Internal Validity60. ________ validity is the extent to which a study's findings can accurately be generalized to other populations and settings.A. ExternalB. InternalC. ConstructD. LinearAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Define and distinguish among construct validity, internal validity, and external validity.Topic: External Validity61. Behavioral scientists use the term ________ to refer to the extent to which, given everything that is known, a conclusion is reasonably accurate—that is, the extent to which it approaches what we would call truth.A. validityB. reliabilityC. relativityD. generalizabilityAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Define and distinguish among construct validity, internal validity, and external validity.Topic: Validity62. Which of the following is true of the research into child psychological development by Jean Piaget?A. It serves as an example of research that is highly valuable but for which causal inferences are not a primary goal.B. It serves as an example of valuable research with very low external validity and only moderate internal validity.C. It serves as an example of the dangers of laboratory research and how artificial settings can skew results.D. It serves as an example of research conducted with very tight control of extraneous variables and one easily manipulated independent variable.APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Discuss the strengths and limitations of laboratory experiments and the advantage of using multiple methods of research.Topic: Experimental Method

Category # of Questions

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 62

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 34

APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains 10

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology 18

Blooms: Apply 17

Blooms: Remember 22

Blooms: Understand 23

Difficulty Level: Easy 22

Difficulty Level: Hard 17

Difficulty Level: Medium 23

Learning Objective: Compare and contrast nonexperimental and experimental research methods. 15

Learning Objective: Define and distinguish among construct validity, internal validity, and external validity. 5

Learning Objective: Define variable and describe the operational definition of a variable. 7

Learning Objective: Describe the different relationships between variables: positive, negative, curvilinear, and no relationship. 15

Learning Objective: Discuss the strengths and limitations of laboratory experiments and the advantage of using multiple methods of research. 12

Learning Objective: Distinguish between an independent variable and a dependent variable. 8

Topic: Confounding Variable 1

Topic: Construct Validity 3

Topic: Correlation Coefficient 1

Topic: Curvilinear Relationship 4

Topic: Dependent Variable 3

Topic: Experimental Control 2

Topic: Experimental Method 7

Topic: External Validity 2

Topic: Field Experiment 4

Topic: Independent Variable 5

Topic: Internal Validity 5

Topic: Negative Linear Relationship 3

Topic: No Relationship 2

Topic: Nonexperimental Method 6

Topic: Nonexperimental versus Experimental Methods 2

Topic: Operational Definition 4

Topic: Participant Variables 2

Topic: Positive Linear Relationship 4

Topic: Random Variability 1

Topic: Randomization 1

Topic: Third-Variable Problem 1

Topic: Validity 1

Topic: Variables 2