Endocrine Glands VanPutte Chapter 18 Exam Questions

Seeley's Anatomy and Physiology, 12e (VanPutte)

Chapter 18 Endocrine Glands

1) Which of the following is NOT a regulatory function of the endocrine system?

A) Regulates water balance by controlling the solute concentration of the blood.

B) Regulates skeletal muscle contraction strength.

C) Regulates satiation and the breakdown of food into individual nutrients.

D) Regulates the rate of metabolism.

E) Regulates the levels of nutrients, such as glucose in the blood.

2) Identify the function for which the endocrine system is NOT responsible.

A) Regulates the rate of metabolism

B) Controls development and functions of the reproductive system

C) Regulates equilibrium and balance from the inner ear

D) Prepares the body for physical activity and stress

E) Regulates heart rate and blood pressure

3) The hypothalamus

A) rests in the sella turcica.

B) is also called the neurohypophysis.

C) is located inferior to the pituitary gland.

D) regulates the secretory activity of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

E) is located superior to the thalamus.

4) The connecting stalk between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland is the ________.

A) tectum

B) cerebral peduncle

C) hippocampus

D) infundibulum

5) The embryonic origin of the posterior pituitary gland is

A) epithelium from the oral cavity.

B) nervous tissue from the area of the hypothalamus.

C) an outpocket of the nasal cavity.

D) glandular tissue from the cerebrum.

6) The embryonic origin of the anterior pituitary gland is

A) epithelium from the oral cavity.

B) nervous tissue from the area of the hypothalamus.

C) an outpocket of the nasal cavity.

D) glandular tissue from the cerebrum.

7) The two functional portions of the pituitary gland are the ________.

A) infundibulum and neurohypophysis

B) pars nervosa and pars tuberalis

C) neurohypophysis and adenohypophysis

D) adenohypophysis and infundibulum

E) infundibulum and hypothalamohypophysial portal system

8) The posterior pituitary

A) has a direct connection with neurons of the hypothalamus.

B) is controlled by releasing hormones produced in the hypothalamus.

C) produces hormones that regulate other endocrine glands.

D) stores lipotropins.

E) is not related to fluid balance in the body.

9) The hypothalamohypophysial portal system carries hormones from the ________.

A) anterior pituitary to the hypothalamus

B) posterior pituitary to the hypothalamus

C) hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

D) hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary

E) anterior pituitary to posterior pituitary

10) The hypothalamohypophysial tract carries

A) neurohormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.

B) neurohormones from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary.

C) neurons from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.

D) neurons from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary.

E) neurons from the anterior pituitary to posterior pituitary.

11) The hypothalamohypophysial tract connects the hypothalamus to the ________.

A) anterior pituitary

B) posterior pituitary

C) adenohypophysis

D) infundibulum

12) Hormone secretion by the anterior pituitary is controlled by

A) hormones of the thalamus.

B) neurohormones of the hypothalamus.

C) itself (anterior pituitary) because it is the master gland of the body.

D) the overall rate of metabolism.

E) neurons from the hypothalamus.

13) A function of the hypothalamohypophysial tract is to

A) move ADH from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.

B) move releasing hormones from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary.

C) carry action potentials to the posterior pituitary, causing the release of oxytocin.

D) cause the release of insulin from the anterior pituitary.

E) form a vascular connection from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary.

14) Arrange the following in the sequence in which releasing hormones travel through them.

(1) Secondary capillary network

(2) Primary capillary network

(3) Hypothalamohypophysial portal vessels

A) 1, 2, 3

B) 3, 2, 1

C) 2, 3, 1

D) 3, 1, 2

E) 2, 1, 3

15) Releasing hormones

A) travel through axons to the posterior pituitary.

B) increase anterior pituitary secretion.

C) cause action potentials to be generated by anterior pituitary cells.

D) decrease secretions of the anterior pituitary.

16) Hormones are released from the posterior pituitary when posterior pituitary cells are stimulated by

A) hypothalamic releasing hormones.

B) hormones from the anterior pituitary.

C) action potentials from hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons.

D) the primary capillary network.

E) the sympathetic nervous system.

17) ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is also called vasopressin because at high concentrations it causes

A) increased urine output.

B) constriction of blood vessels.

C) increased potassium secretion by the kidneys.

D) decreased sodium retention by the kidneys.

E) dilation of blood vessels.

18) ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is secreted in response to

A) overhydration.

B) increased volume of the body fluids.

C) increased osmotic pressure of the body fluids.

D) high blood pressure.

E) increased blood volume.

19) An increase in ADH (antidiuretic hormone) secretion will cause

A) the intestines to absorb more water.

B) the kidney tubules to retain more water.

C) a person to drink more water.

D) All of the choices are correct.

20) A decrease in blood volume will result in

A) decreased blood pressure.

B) increased ADH (antidiuretic hormone) secretion.

C) decreased urine volume.

D) All of the choices are correct.

21) Which hormone is sometimes given to women to induce labor?

A) Glucagon

B) Prolactin

C) Progesterone

D) Oxytocin

E) Estrogen

22) What role does oxytocin play in lactation?

A) Ejection of milk

B) Production of milk

C) Storage of milk

D) Stop production of milk

23) Which of the following hormones is synthesized by the hypothalamus?

A) ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

B) MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone)

C) TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

D) ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

E) T3 and T4

24) If fluid intake increases dramatically over a short time frame,

A) ADH (antidiuretic hormone) secretion increases.

B) ADH secretion decreases.

C) there is no effect on ADH secretion.

D) ADH secretion stops.

E) None of the choices are correct.

25) ADH (antidiuretic hormone) secretion will increase when

A) blood osmolality increases.

B) blood pressure increases.

C) blood volume increases.

D) blood pressure decreases.

E) Both "blood osmolality increases" and "blood pressure decreases" are correct.

26) A person working outside in the hot sun can perspire a great deal. This increase in perspiration results in an increase in water loss from the body. Increased water loss causes the blood osmolality to increase. This increased osmolality is "sensed" by the ________.

A) kidneys

B) osmoreceptors

C) cerebral cortex

D) anterior pituitary

E) baroreceptors

27) Urine volume ________ when ADH (antidiuretic hormone) secretion decreases.

A) increases

B) decreases

C) is not affected

D) declines

E) None of the choices are correct.

28) ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

A) is produced by cells of the anterior pituitary.

B) is stored and released from the posterior pituitary.

C) has the uterus as its primary target.

D) travels on axons to its target tissue.

E) travels in the blood from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary.

29) Oxytocin is responsible for

A) preventing release of insulin from the pancreas.

B) preventing the formation of goiters.

C) milk production by the mammary glands.

D) regulating blood calcium levels.

E) causing contractions of uterine smooth muscle during labor.

30) Oxytocin release is stimulated by ________.

A) nursing a baby

B) increased blood pressure

C) increased urine output

D) a hypothalamic-releasing hormone

E) increased blood osmolality

31) Which of the following hormones is secreted by the anterior pituitary?

A) ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

B) TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone)

C) CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone)

D) FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)

E) Oxytocin

32) Anterior pituitary hormones

A) are all proteins or glycoproteins.

B) are transported in the hypothalamohypophysial portal system.

C) bind to intracellular receptor molecules.

D) have a half-life of hours.

E) are released as a direct result of action potentials.

33) ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is synthesized by the ________, while TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) is synthesized by the ________.

A) kidney; thyroid

B) posterior pituitary; thyroid

C) hypothalamus; anterior pituitary

D) kidney; anterior pituitary

E) posterior pituitary; hypothalamus

34) Which gland is located in the sella turcica?

A) Thymus

B) Adrenal

C) Pineal

D) Hypothalamus

E) Pituitary (hypophysis)

35) Growth hormone

A) increases amino acid uptake in cells.

B) decreases the use of lipids as an energy source.

C) decreases the synthesis and storage of glycogen.

D) increases the use of glucose for energy.

E) facilitates the uptake of glucose by cells.

36) Which of the following will inhibit the secretion of growth hormone?

A) Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

B) Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

C) Somatomedins

D) A posterior pituitary-inhibiting hormone

E) T3 and T4

37) If GH (growth hormone) secretion is deficient in a newborn, the child will

A) develop acromegaly as an adult.

B) mature sexually at an earlier age.

C) be in constant danger of dehydration.

D) probably experience reduced bone growth.

E) probably experience increased bone growth.

38) Chronic hypersecretion of growth hormone as a child would result in ________.

A) pituitary dwarfism

B) acromegaly

C) myxedema

D) gigantism

39) Which of the following is NOT a description of acromegaly?

A) Enlargement of feet, hands and face

B) Chronic hypoglycemia

C) No height increase

D) Broad nose and enlarged tongue

40) Which of the following hormones promotes the breakdown of fatty acids?

A) Lipotropins

B) Somatotropins

C) Gonadotropins

D) Thyrotropins

41) Which of the following stimulates the development of follicles in the ovary?

A) ADH

B) Prolactin

C) FSH

D) ACTH

E) LH

42) During a race, a long-distance runner twisted his ankle. He finished the race without feeling any pain in his ankle. This lack of the perception of pain could be the result of an increase in ________.

A) gonadotropins

B) lipotropins

C) somatotropins

D) epinephrine

E) beta endorphins

43) Which hormone is required for ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum?

A) FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)

B) LH (luteinizing hormone)

C) TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)

D) Prolactin

E) MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone)

44) Synthesis of progesterone in the ovary and testosterone in the testis is stimulated by ________.

A) LH (luteinizing hormone)

B) MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone)

C) TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)

D) ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

E) FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)

45) Removal of the anterior pituitary would affect the functioning of the ________.

A) thyroid gland

B) pancreas islets in the pancreas

C) parathyroid gland

D) adrenal medulla

E) kidney

46) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) regulates the release of ________.

A) prolactin and oxytocin

B) follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

C) estrogen and testosterone

D) progesterone and prolactin

E) thyrotropin-releasing hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone

47) Osmoreceptor cells in the hypothalamus are involved in the secretion of ________.

A) GH (growth hormone)

B) aldosterone

C) ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

D) ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

E) PTH (parathyroid hormone)

48) Hypersecretion of which of the following hormones causes increased metabolic rate, sensitivity to heat, weight loss, and exophthalmos?

A) PTH (parathyroid hormone)

B) Estrogen

C) Cortisol

D) Thyroid hormone

E) GH (growth hormone)

49) Which of the following would apply to the description of a thyroid follicle?

A) Walls contain a single layer of parafollicular cells

B) Center is called the isthmus

C) Stores thyroid hormone

D) Small capillary networks

E) Spheres with walls of a single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells

50) Which of the following ions is necessary for thyroid hormone production?

A) K+

B) Ca2+

C) I−

D) Na+

E) Cl−

51) T3 and T4 are stored in the lumen of thyroid follicles as part of the ________ molecule.

A) thyrotropin

B) thyroid-stimulating hormone

C) thyroxine-binding protein

D) thyroglobulin

E) calcitonin

52) In the blood,

A) most T3 and T4 molecules are found bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG).

B) T3 and T4 are rapidly metabolized.

C) T3 is converted into T4.

D) T3 but not T4 is bound to TSH.

E) most thyroid hormones are transported in a free form.

53) Which of the following events occurs last?

A) Enzymes break down thyroglobulin to release T3 and T4.

B) T3 and T4 are stored within thyroid follicles.

C) Iodide is bound to tyrosine molecules of thyroglobulin.

D) Thyroglobulin is taken into thyroid cells by endocytosis.

E) Iodide is actively transported into thyroid follicle cells.

54) Thyroid hormone interacts with its target tissue by

A) using the intracellular mediator system.

B) binding to a membrane bound receptor.

C) increasing I- uptake in the target cells.

D) releasing thyroglobulin.

E) binding to receptor molecules in the nucleus.

55) John Smith works outdoors in the winter at a ski resort. His thyroid hormone levels are

A) lower in the winter to conserve body heat.

B) higher in the winter to increase body temperature.

C) lowered in the summer after his job to decrease body temperature.

D) increased in the summer after his job to increase body temperature.

E) unaffected by his job.

56) Increased metabolic activity and weight loss are associated with

A) lack of iodine in the diet.

B) hyperthyroidism.

C) too little TSH.

D) cretinism.

E) hypothyroidism.

57) Which of the following characteristics is associated with hyposecretion of thyroid hormones?

A) Weight gain

B) Exophthalmos

C) Warm, flushed skin

D) Increased heart rate

E) Weight loss

58) Which of the following is involved in the regulation of thyroid hormone levels?

A) Thyroglobulin in thyroid follicles

B) Thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary

C) Positive feedback mechanisms

D) PTH (parathyroid hormone) levels

E) Blood Ca2+ levels

59) Which of the following is a target tissue for PTH (parathyroid hormone)?

A) Thyroid

B) Blood

C) Pancreas

D) Small intestine

E) Stomach

60) The rate of secretion of parathyroid hormone increases when

A) serum Ca2+ levels increase.

B) serum Ca2+ levels decrease.

C) serum levels of TSH decrease.

D) serum levels of TSH increase.

E) serum levels of Na+ levels increase.

61) Which of the following is NOT an action of parathyroid hormone?

A) Decreases the release of phosphate from bone

B) Stimulates osteoclast activity resulting in the release of Ca2+

C) Stimulates increased reabsorption of Ca2+ in the kidneys

D) Stimulates absorption of Ca2+ from the small intestine

E) Increases enzymatic formation of active vitamin D

62) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A) tends to inhibit osteoclasts.

B) decreases blood Ca2+ levels.

C) allows the kidneys to retain Ca2+.

D) increases Ca2+ excretion by the intestine.

E) stimulates kidneys to excrete Ca2+.

63) Overall, PTH (parathyroid hormone) ________ blood phosphate levels.

A) increases

B) decreases

C) elevates

D) enhances

E) has no effect on

64) In hypocalcemia,

A) incidence of bone fractures increases.

B) muscular weakness is common.

C) cardiac arrhythmias occur.

D) constipation becomes a problem.

E) the nervous system becomes depressed.

65) Julie was diagnosed with an aggressive tumor of the thyroid. Surgery was performed to remove the thyroid. However, post-operatively, Julie's blood Ca2+ levels began declining to life-threatening levels. This decline is most likely due to

A) thyroid hormone replacement therapy after the surgery.

B) damage to the anterior pituitary during surgery.

C) accidental removal of the parathyroid glands during surgery.

D) improper laboratory handling of blood samples.

E) post-traumatic stress disorder.

66) The endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys are the ________ glands.

A) thyroid

B) vestibular

C) adrenal

D) parathyroid

E) renal

67) Which of these hormones is NOT secreted by the adrenal cortex?

A) Cortisol

B) Norepinephrine

C) Androgens

D) Aldosterone

E) Glucocorticoids

68) The adrenal medulla

A) plays a role in the adaptation of the body for physical activity.

B) decreases its secretions during stress.

C) has acetylcholine as its major secretory product.

D) is stimulated by the parasympathetic nervous system.

E) is the outer layer of the adrenal glands.

69) Which of the following statements about epinephrine is true?

A) The effects of epinephrine are long-lasting (days to weeks).

B) Epinephrine increases blood pressure.

C) Epinephrine decreases heart rate.

D) Epinephrine increases GI tract activity.

E) Epinephrine is a chemical of the parasympathetic nervous system.

70) An injection of epinephrine would

A) increase heart rate, increase blood pressure, and increase gastric tract motility.

B) decrease heart rate, decrease blood pressure, and increase gastric tract motility.

C) increase heart rate, increase blood pressure, and decrease gastric tract motility.

D) decrease heart rate, decrease gastric motility, and increase blood pressure.

E) have no effect on the heart or the GI tract.

71) The primary stimulus for release of adrenal medullary hormones comes from ________.

A) the kidneys

B) aldosterone

C) the anterior pituitary

D) the parasympathetic nervous system

E) the sympathetic nervous system

72) The major secretory products of the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex are ________.

A) glucocorticoids

B) mineralocorticoids

C) androgens

D) catecholamines

E) cortisol and ADH

73) A tumor in the adrenal cortex causes excessively high levels of aldosterone. The high aldosterone levels cause ________.

A) hyponatremia

B) acidosis

C) hypokalemia

D) hypocalcemia

E) hyperkalemia

74) The zona fasciculata of the adrenal glands secretes the hormone ________.

A) androstenedione

B) aldosterone

C) cortisol

D) epinephrine

E) ADH

75) The glucocorticoids

A) stimulate gluconeogenesis.

B) increase the inflammatory response.

C) supplement the sex hormones from the gonads.

D) decrease synthesis of glycogen.

E) stimulate glycogenolysis.

76) Which of the following will decrease glucocorticoid secretion by the adrenal cortex?

A) Hypoglycemia and stress

B) Increased CRH production

C) Increased plasma levels of cortisol

D) Increased plasma levels of ACTH

E) Decreased plasma levels of cortisol

77) Which of the following situations might be the result of hypersecretion of glucocorticoids?

A) Weight loss

B) Hypoglycemia

C) Depression of the immune response

D) Increased plasma levels of ACTH

E) Proteins and lipids are unused

78) If both ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) and cortisol levels increase, which of the following would occur?

A) ACTH production is increased even more by positive feedback.

B) High cortisol levels will begin to cause ACTH levels to decline.

C) High ACTH levels will begin to cause cortisol levels to decline.

D) Aldosterone levels will increase.

E) None of the choices are correct.

79) Adrenal androgens

A) are produced in the adrenal medulla.

B) stimulate growth of pubic hair in females.

C) reduce the inflammatory response.

D) cause reabsorption of K+ by the kidney.

E) decrease the sex drive.

80) Which condition would likely have the following symptoms: polyuria, acidosis, hyponatremia, and tetany of skeletal muscles?

A) Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids

B) Hypersecretion of mineralocorticoids

C) Hyposecretion of androgens

D) Hyposecretion of mineralocorticoids

81) Which condition may be the cause of hyperglycemia, depressed immune system, and redistribution of adipose tissue from limbs to the face, neck, and abdomen?

A) Addison disease

B) Hypersecretion of mineralocorticoids

C) Hyposecretion of cortisol

D) Cushing syndrome

82) Which of the following glands is both an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland?

A) Thyroid gland

B) Adrenal gland

C) Pancreas

D) Parathyroid gland

E) Pituitary gland

83) A function of insulin is to

A) increase the uptake of glucose by its target tissues.

B) decrease the uptake of amino acids by its target tissues.

C) increase glycogen breakdown in the liver and skeletal muscle.

D) increase breakdown of lipids.

E) increase gluconeogenesis.

84) High blood glucose levels cause an increased secretion of ________.

A) insulin

B) calcitonin

C) erythropoietin

D) glucagon

E) growth hormone

85) Which of the following is NOT a type of cell found in the pancreas?

A) Acinar cells

B) Gamma cells

C) Delta cells

D) Alpha cells

E) Beta cells

86) Which pancreatic cells is correctly matched to its secretion?

A) Beta cells - digestive enzymes

B) Acini cells - somatostatin

C) Alpha cells - glucagon

D) Delta cells - insulin

87) Which of the following statements concerning the pancreas is true?

A) Most of the hormones produced by the pancreas flow into the pancreatic duct.

B) Both glucagon and insulin are produced in the pancreatic islets.

C) The pancreas is located above the liver.

D) The endocrine portion of the gland is called the zona reticularis.

E) Alpha and beta cells are associated with the acini.

88) When blood sugar levels decrease,

A) insulin and glucagon secretion increase.

B) insulin and glucagon secretion decrease.

C) insulin secretion increases; glucagon secretion decreases.

D) insulin secretion decreases; glucagon secretion increases.

E) there is no change in insulin or glucagon levels.

89) Insulin is necessary for the satiety center to detect the presence of glucose in extracellular fluid. When insulin levels are low

A) the person feels "full" or satisfied.

B) the person is intensely hungry.

C) the person is thirsty.

D) the person is sleepy.

E) there is no effect on hunger or satiety feelings.

90) Which of the following occurs when insulin molecules bind to their receptors on target cells?

A) Increased mRNA synthesis in the target cells

B) Minimal uptake of glucose by target cells

C) Phosphorylation of proteins in the plasma membrane in the target cells

D) Increased numbers of active transport molecules for glucose

E) Both "Phosphorylation of proteins in the plasma membrane in the target cells" and "Increased numbers of active transport molecules for glucose" are correct.

91) Glucagon primarily influences cells of the ________.

A) brain

B) liver

C) kidneys

D) smooth muscle

E) pancreas

92) In gluconeogenesis,

A) glucose is used for energy.

B) glycogen is broken down to glucose.

C) glucose is formed from amino acids.

D) glycogen is synthesized from excess glucose.

E) glucose is formed from fatty acids.

93) Which of the following would NOT affect blood glucose levels?

A) Fat content of a meal

B) Gastrointestinal hormones

C) Breakdown of glycogen

D) Autonomic nervous system

E) Protein content of a meal

94) Increased insulin secretion immediately following a meal will result in increased

A) lipid catabolism.

B) glycogenolysis.

C) gluconeogenesis.

D) glycogen synthesis.

E) release of glucose into the circulatory system.

95) Which of the following helps to keep blood nutrients at normal levels six to eight hours after a meal?

A) Parasympathetic stimulation of the pancreas

B) Breakdown of glycogen in the liver releasing glucose

C) Increased production of insulin by the pancreas

D) Increased glucose uptake by cells

E) Glycogen synthesis

96) A person with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) forgets to take their insulin. This causes ________.

A) alkalosis

B) hypoglycemia

C) decreased urine production

D) decreased appetite

E) hyperglycemia

97) During exercise, the energy necessary to sustain skeletal muscle cell contraction comes from

A) increased insulin production.

B) increased epinephrine and glucagon release.

C) decreased sympathetic nervous system activity.

D) storing glucose as glycogen.

E) conservation of glucose.

98) Insulin shock occurs when there is

A) damage to pancreatic beta cells.

B) too much glucagon available.

C) a rapid fall in the blood sugar level.

D) overstimulation of alpha cells.

E) not enough glucagon available.

99) Which of the following is NOT an effect of dropping blood glucose levels, 1-2 hours after a meal?

A) Increased sympathetic stimulation causes insulin secretion to decrease.

B) Decreasing blood nutrient levels cause increased growth hormone secretion.

C) Decreasing blood nutrient levels cause increased cortisol secretion.

D) Increasing parasympathetic stimulation causes increased glucagon secretion.

100) Which gland does NOT produce reproductive hormones?

A) Ovaries

B) Testes

C) Placenta

D) Thyroid

E) Pituitary gland

101) The main hormone of the male reproductive system is ________.

A) luteinizing hormone

B) testosterone

C) progesterone

D) follicle-stimulating hormone

102) What is/are the function(s) of inhibin?

A) Inhibits secretion of FSH from the anterior pituitary gland

B) Inhibits secretion of luteinizing hormone from the anterior pituitary gland

C) Inhibits secretion of estrogen from the ovaries

D) All of the choices are correct.

103) Secretions of the pineal gland

A) include vasopressin.

B) may be involved with development of the immune system.

C) may inhibit reproductive functions.

D) increase the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus.

E) decrease the tendency to sleep.

104) The amount of melatonin secreted by the pineal gland is regulated by

A) the stress response.

B) blood glucose levels.

C) a person's individual metabolic rate.

D) the amount of sleep a person gets.

E) the photoperiod (the daily amount of daylight).

105) What is the function of thymosin?

A) Regulates metabolism

B) Development and maturation of the immune system

C) Regulates sleep cycles

D) Development and maturation of the adrenal glands

106) Which of the following is NOT an example of an autocrine chemical messenger?

A) Prostacyclins

B) Thromboxanes

C) Leukotrienes

D) Endorphins

107) Which of the following are NOT an endogenously produced analgesics?

A) Interleukin-2

B) Enkephalins

C) Dynorphins

D) Endorphins

108) Which endocrine gland secretions do not appear to decrease as one ages?

A) Melatonin

B) Growth hormone

C) Thyroid hormones

D) Parathyroid hormone

Read the two statements and use the following key to answer them.

A. The first item is greater than the second item.

B. The first item is less than the second item.

C. The first item is equal or nearly equal to the second item.

109) (1) Amount of water reabsorbed by the kidney when ADH is present

(2) Amount of water reabsorbed by the kidney when ADH is absent

110) (1) Level of ACTH during stress

(2) Level of ACTH during relaxation

111) (1) Metabolic rate if thyroid hormones are under secreted

(2) Metabolic rate if thyroid hormones are over secreted

112) (1) Blood Ca2+ levels if parathyroid secretion decreases

(2) Blood Ca2+ levels if parathyroid hormone secretion increases

113) (1) Amount of K+ excreted by the kidney if aldosterone secretion is high

(2) Amount of K+ excreted by the kidney if aldosterone secretion is low

Match the hormone with its appropriate function.

A. Stimulates synthesis of thyroid hormones

B. Increases adrenal cortex secretions

C. Development of immune system

D. Milk production

E. Decreases blood Ca2+ levels

114) Calcitonin

115) TSH

116) ACTH

117) Prolactin

118) Thymosin

Match the endocrine gland with the hormone it secretes.

A. Glucagon

B. Progesterone

C. Cortisol

D. T3

E. Prolactin

119) Thyroid

120) Pancreas

121) Adrenal cortex

122) Anterior pituitary

123) Ovary

Match the cell type with the hormone produced by that cell type.

A. Mineralocorticoids

B. PTH

C. Insulin

D. ADH

E. T3

124) Beta cells

125) Follicular cells of thyroid

126) Zona glomerulosa cells

127) Cells of parathyroid gland

128) Neurosecretory cells

Match the pathological condition with its cause.

A. Decreased amounts of thyroid hormone

B. Increased amounts of thyroid hormone

C. Abnormally low levels of aldosterone and cortisol

D. Increased levels of growth hormone in adults

E. Lack of ADH

129) Diabetes insipidus

130) Cretinism

131) Graves disease

132) Acromegaly

133) Addison disease

Use the following information concerning thyroid hormone secretion to determine the best answer.

Normal serum levels for T3, T4, and TSH are as follows:

Consider the following laboratory results of thyroid function and TSH levels.

134) Based on these laboratory results, which patient is most likely to have the following pathological condition: destructive tumor of anterior pituitary that destroys TSH secreting cells?

135) Based on these laboratory results, which patient is most likely to have the following pathological condition: proliferative tumor of anterior pituitary cells that produce TSH?

136) Based on these laboratory results, which patient is most likely to have the following pathological condition: goiter due to iodine deficiency?

137) Based on these laboratory results, which patient is most likely to have the following pathological condition: Graves disease?

Match the hormone with the best description.

A. Aids in spermatogenesis

B. Inhibits FSH secretion

C. Menstrual cycle

D. Increases flexibility of connective tissue

138) Estrogen

139) Inhibin

140) Testosterone

141) Progesterone

142) Relaxin

143) The ________ pituitary is a neural extension of the hypothalamus.

144) Another name for the anterior pituitary is the ________.

145) The hypothalamohypophysial portal system extends from the hypothalamus to the ________.

146) Glucagon is synthesized by the ________ cells of the pancreas.

147) Thromboxane is a chemical mediator released by platelets. Thromboxane promotes the aggregation of platelets which results in platelet plug formation during hemostasis. Thromboxane would therefore be classified as a/an ________.

A) neurotransmitter

B) paracrine chemical messenger

C) endorphin

D) enkephalin

E) autocrine chemical messenger

148) The endocrine system is a system of ductless glands that secrete their products into the interstitial fluid.

149) All of the following are regulatory functions of the endocrine system except ________.

A) labor contractions

B) development of tissues

C) immune functions

D) metabolic rate

E) thermoregulation

150) All of the following are characteristics of the pituitary gland except

A) rests in the sphenoid bone.

B) secretes several major hormones.

C) influences the secretion of other endocrine glands.

D) is regulated by the hypothalamus.

E) located superior to the hypothalamus.

151) The posterior pituitary secretes ________.

A) chiasmatic hormones

B) tropic hormones

C) transcriptional hormones

D) interstitial hormones

E) neurohormones

152) Which of the following is NOT a function of LH?

A) Stimulates ovulation

B) Stimulates the synthesis of testosterone

C) Support for sperm cell production

D) Stimulates secretion of progesterone

E) Stimulates contraction of the uterus

153) Tetraiodothyronine is also commonly referred to as thyroxine.

154) The major thyroid hormone that interacts with target cells is ________.

A) calcitonin

B) thyroxine

C) tetraiodothyronine

D) T3

E) T4

155) Which of the following statements best describes the actions of thyroid hormones?

A) These hormones interact with membrane signaling proteins.

B) Thyroid hormones bind to molecules of the cytoskeleton in the cell cytoplasm.

C) Thyroid hormones bind to epithelial plasma membranes that line the intestine.

D) Both "These hormones interact with membrane signaling proteins" and "Thyroid hormones bind to epithelial plasma membranes that line the intestine" are correct.

156) All of the following tissues are targeted by PTH, except ________.

A) bone

B) the kidneys

C) muscle

157) All of the following conditions may result in the release of adrenal medullary hormones, except ________.

A) stress

B) low blood glucose

C) exercise

D) injury

E) consuming a large meal

158) All of the following classes of hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex except

A) mineralocorticoids.

B) glucocorticoids.

C) androgens.

D) steroid hormones.

E) water-soluble peptides.

159) The major target tissues of insulin include all of the following, except ________.

A) adipose tissue

B) liver

C) skeletal muscle

D) brain

160) If insulin secretion is too low or its receptors are insensitive, all of the following effects are seen, except

A) high blood glucose levels.

B) polyuria.

C) increased uptake of glucose to cells.

D) increased thirst.

E) polyphagia.

161) Indicate which pair of hormones act antagonistically to one another.

A) Estrogen and LH

B) T3 and T4

C) Melatonin and calcitonin

D) Testosterone and FSH

E) Insulin and glucagon

162) Which of the following statements best describes relaxin?

A) Relaxin is produced by the parathyroid glands and triggers the release of calcium from the bones.

B) Relaxin is produced by the testes and stimulates secretion of the reproductive glands.

C) Relaxin is produced by the adrenal cortex and maintains normal metabolism.

D) Relaxin is produced by the ovaries and increases the flexibility of connective tissue.

163) In addition to testosterone and estrogen, reproductive organs (testes and ovaries) also produce the hormone ________, which decreases the production of FSH.

A) relaxin

B) thyroxine

C) insulin

D) parathyroid hormone

E) inhibin

164) The target tissue for melatonin is the ________.

A) gonads

B) anterior pituitary

C) posterior pituitary

D) liver

E) hypothalamus

165) Which of the following statements describes the effect of hormones secreted by the thymus gland?

A) These hormones stimulate growth.

B) These hormones lower blood Ca2+ levels.

C) These hormones increase blood Ca2+ levels.

D) These hormones increase blood glucose levels.

E) These hormones stimulate the development of the immune system.

166) Compounds released from cells that influence the same cell are called ________.

A) paracrine chemical messengers

B) steroidal hormones

C) neuropeptides

D) tropic hormones

E) autocrine chemical messengers

167) Which of the following are released by damaged tissues and function as intercellular autocrine or paracrine signals?

A) Aldosterone

B) Epinephrine

C) Erythropoietin

D) Norepinephrine

E) Prostaglandins

168) All of the following are changes due to age-related decreases in endocrine secretions, except

A) decrease in muscle mass.

B) decrease in bone mass.

C) change in sleeping patterns.

D) increased susceptibility to infection.

E) inability to regulate blood glucose levels.

169) A physician is reviewing the chart of a patient with multiple medical issues. She is convinced it is due to the hypersecretion of a particular endocrine gland. Which of the following will she need to know to verify the diagnosis?

A) Normal blood levels of the hormone

B) Target tissues and mechanism of action on the target tissues

C) Gland secreting the particular hormone

D) All of the choices are correct.

170) A ________ hormone stimulates the secretion of other hormones from the target tissues.

A) tropic

B) inhibitory

C) releasing

D) lipid derivative

171) All of the following are examples of tropic hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary except

A) prolactin, which stimulates milk production by the mammary glands.

B) ACTH, which stimulates cortisol secretion by the adrenal cortex.

C) TSH, which stimulates thyroid hormone secretion by the thyroid gland.

D) All of the choices are examples of tropic hormones.

172) Cells responsible for the secretion of calcitonin are located

A) between the follicles and among the cells that make up the follicle of the thyroid gland.

B) within thyroid follicles.

C) on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.

D) None of the choices are correct.

173) Sully has lost his way while hiking. The temperature has dropped and he is beginning to feel a bit anxious. Which of the following hormone levels do you expect to increase under these conditions?

A) TRH

B) TSH

C) Thyroid hormones

D) All of the choices are correct.

174) True or False? Calcitonin reduces blood calcium levels.

175) Imagine that you are able to monitor specific cell activity in the body. If you detected a dramatic decrease in osteoclast activity, which of the following characteristics would also be detectable?

A) Increased calcitonin levels in the blood

B) Increased PTH levels in the blood

C) Decreased calcitonin levels in the blood

D) Decreased PTH levels in the blood

176) True or False? Parathyroid glands are composed of spherical follicles similar to the thyroid gland.

177) The adrenal cortex

A) is derived from mesoderm.

B) is derived from neural crest cells.

C) is considered part of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

D) secretes epinephrine.

178) True or False? Decreased insulin secretion during sustained activity allows skeletal muscle cells to take up extra glucose to maintain necessary ATP levels.

179) Hypersecretion of inhibin would result in

A) decreased FSH secretion and disruption of normal reproductive cycles.

B) decreased LH secretion and the absence of spermatogenesis in males.

C) increased FSH secretion and the overproduction of ovarian follicles.

D) increased LH secretion and the overproduction of ovarian follicles.

180) True or False? During the last trimester, the placenta secretes a hormone similar to LH that is necessary for maintenance of pregnancy.

181) Nancy is 8 months pregnant. Her physician mentioned that the placental LH-like hormone levels had decreased. Should Nancy be concerned?

A) No; the secretion of an LH-like substance by the placenta is important in the first trimester, and Nancy's pregnancy is beyond the first trimester.

B) Yes; the secretion of an LH-like substance by the placenta throughout the pregnancy is necessary to maintain the pregnancy.

C) No; the placenta doesn't normally secrete an LH-like substance at any time during pregnancy.

D) Yes; a drop in the secretion of an LH-like substance this late in the pregnancy will disrupt normal embryonic development.

182) In Alaska, the longest day of summer is over 20 hours. Predict how this would affect melatonin secretion.

A) Melatonin secretion would decrease due to the extended length of time an individual is exposed to sunlight.

B) Melatonin secretion would increase due to the extended length of time an individual is exposed to sunlight.

183) True or False? Autocrine chemical messengers affect cells in close proximity to the secreting cell and paracrine chemical messengers affect cells that are located a greater distance from the secreting cell.