Test Bank

Chapter 12: Diversity in Parenting

Multiple Choice

1. Every time Rosie visits her two-year-old grandson, Max, he bites her. Max’s parents always ignore this behavior, hoping he will soon outgrow it. This family situation demonstrates what parenting choice?

a. “Regretful” parental decisions can be reframed.

b. Parental choices are influenced by society and culture.

c. Not making a parental decision is still a decision.

d. All parental choices involve trade-offs.

Learning Objective: 12.1: Identify the nature of parenting choices.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Nature of Parenting Choices

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Aron’s parents spent all their savings sending him to an Ivy League college across the country. As they cannot afford to visit each other, his parents feel disconnected from their son. After graduation, Aron accepts a job far away from his hometown. This family situation demonstrates what parenting choice?

a. “Regretful” parental decisions can be reframed.

b. Parental choices are influenced by society and culture.

c. Not making a parental decision is still a decision.

d. All parental choices involve trade-offs.

Learning Objective: 12.1: Identify the nature of parenting choices.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Nature of Parenting Choices

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Product ads for Baby Einstein and Baby Mozart target new parents, promising to captivate and stimulate their baby. The marketing suggests that if you don’t buy these kits, your baby will lag behind its peers. High sales of these products suggest that ______.

a. parental choices are often influenced by their culture

b. parents pride themselves on their choices

c. all parents question previous parental decisions

d. parental choices are influenced by their own education level

Learning Objective: 12.1: Identify the nature of parenting choices.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Nature of Parenting Choices

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Which parental choice involves helping their child avoid adverse child experiences (ACEs)?

a. accepting a teen’s “coming out” announcement

b. modeling a drug- and alcohol-free lifestyle

c. spending money on a new house with a large backyard

d. enrolling children in many extra-curricular activities

Learning Objective: 12.1: Identify the nature of parenting choices.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Nature of Parenting Choices

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. What does ACE stand for?

a. abusive care experience

b. adverse child experiences

c. appropriate caregiving expectations

d. applied childhood expectations

Learning Objective: 12.1: Identify the nature of parenting choices.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Nature of Parenting Choices

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Which belief does concerted cultivation perpetuate?

a. Male children are preferable for passing on the family name.

b. Children should learn necessary life skills at a young age.

c. You are a good parent if you enroll your child in extracurricular activities.

d. Enrolling children in Pre-K is important.

Learning Objective: 12.1: Identify the nature of parenting choices.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The “Good Enough” Parent

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Which of the following is one of the seven basic parenting choices?

a. method of discipline

b. contraception method

c. child care responsibilities

d. private or public school

Learning Objective: 12.1: Identify the nature of parenting choices.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Seven Basic Parenting Choices

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. What time period in a young couple's life marks the transition to parenthood status?

a. marriage to conception

b. pregnancy to first few months of baby’s life

c. birth to first year of baby’s life

d. birth to age 12 of child’s life

Learning Objective: 12.2: Describe how women, men, and couples transition to parenthood.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Transition to Parenthood

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. According to sociobiologists, attachment between a mother and her children is based on ______.

a. hormones

b. attraction

c. survival

d. sentiment

Learning Objective: 12.2: Describe how women, men, and couples transition to parenthood.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Transition to Motherhood

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Research indicates that ______ helps working mothers experience less parental stress and depression after birth.

a. dieting and working out

b. taking a month or more off work

c. going on vacation

d. hiring a full-time nurse

Learning Objective: 12.2: Describe how women, men, and couples transition to parenthood.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Transition to Motherhood

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. After Julee’s baby is born, she decides to bottle feed her baby instead of breastfeeding, so she can easily return to work. Both her mother and her mother-in-law urge her to reconsider, and her husband acts upset that his wife isn’t doing what she is “supposed to do” just like all their friends. This type of “mom shaming” is a form of ______.

a. cultural pressure

b. parental choice

c. resisting separation

d. boundary ambiguity

Learning Objective: 12.2: Describe how women, men, and couples transition to parenthood.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Transition to Motherhood

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. The new ______ often experiences the baby blues a few days after a birth.

a. baby

b. mother

c. parents

d. grandparents

Learning Objective: 12.2: Describe how women, men, and couples transition to parenthood.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Postpartum Depression, Peripartum Depression, and Maternal Well-being

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. About ______ percentage of new mothers experience postpartum depression.

a. 1

b. 2 to 4

c. 10 to 15

d. 30

Learning Objective: 12.2: Describe how women, men, and couples transition to parenthood.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Postpartum Depression, Peripartum Depression, and Maternal Well-being

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. What service is provided by states with a Safe Haven law?

a. free or low-cost prenatal care

b. parental education classes

c. couples counseling

d. caregiving for unwanted children

Learning Objective: 12.2: Describe how women, men, and couples transition to parenthood.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Postpartum Depression, Peripartum Depression, and Maternal Well-being

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Evidence from Luthar and Ciciolla’s (2016) survey show that personal and parental well-being is reported as highest by those with what aged children?

a. infants and adults

b. toddlers and elementary-aged

c. middle-schoolers

d. teenagers

Learning Objective: 12.2: Describe how women, men, and couples transition to parenthood.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Postpartum Depression, Peripartum Depression, and Maternal Well-being

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. What family scenario describes the new fatherhood ideal for our culture?

a. Jonas boasts about his son’s good grades but doesn’t know who his friends are.

b. Hugh travels a lot for work and tries to eat dinner with his family on the weekends.

c. Sebastian enjoys supervising bath time and putting his twins to bed each night.

d. Kurt prides himself on being a good provider, just like his father.

Learning Objective: 12.2: Describe how women, men, and couples transition to parenthood.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Transition to Fatherhood

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. About what percentage of new fathers report experiencing postpartum depression?

a. none

b. less than 1%

c. 1 to 2%

d. 5 to 10%

Learning Objective: 12.2: Describe how women, men, and couples transition to parenthood.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Transition to Fatherhood

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Who tends to regulate fathers’ involvement with their children?

a. the child(ren)

b. the mother

c. the father

d. an older relative

Learning Objective: 12.2: Describe how women, men, and couples transition to parenthood.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Transition to Fatherhood

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. Couples who experience parental empowerment are feeling ______.

a. exhausted from being parents

b. emotional distance from their own parents

c. in control of their children’s behavior

d. normal stress related to parenting

Learning Objective: 12.2: Describe how women, men, and couples transition to parenthood.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Transition from a Couple to a Family

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. In what general way are children likely to affect marital relationships?

a. decrease marital happiness, but increase marital stability

b. decrease marital happiness and stability

c. increase marital happiness, but decrease marital stability

d. increase marital happiness and stability

Learning Objective: 12.2: Describe how women, men, and couples transition to parenthood.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Transition from a Couple to a Family

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. What tends to be the first parenting role, taken on as soon as a woman determines that she’s pregnant?

a. emotional resource

b. protector/caregiver

c. economic resource

d. ritual bearer

Learning Objective: 12.3: Summarize the facts of parenthood.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Parental Roles

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. Carlos is the primary caregiver for his newborn son. When the baby is fussy, Carlos straps him to a carrier on his chest and hums quietly as he goes about his chores. What parenting role is Carlos demonstrating?

a. health promoter

b. economic resource

c. teacher

d. emotional resource

Learning Objective: 12.3: Summarize the facts of parenthood.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Parental Roles

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. When Lizzie is fined for being late with her rent, her dad calls the landlord to smooth things over. During the call, he also negotiates a better parking space for Lizzie, so she can avoid walking through the dark parking lot at night. What role is Lizzie’s dad representing?

a. helicopter parent

b. economic resource

c. parent as concierge

d. emotional resource

Learning Objective: 12.3: Summarize the facts of parenthood.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Overparenting

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. Diana Baumrind’s typology of parenting considers the dimensions of responsiveness and ______.

a. strictness

b. communicativeness

c. demandingness

d. permissiveness

Learning Objective: 12.3: Summarize the facts of parenthood.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Parenting Styles Differ

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. What parenting style is associated with the most positive outcomes?

a. authoritarian

b. authoritative

c. permissive

d. uninvolved

Learning Objective: 12.3: Summarize the facts of parenthood.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Parenting Styles Differ

Difficulty Level: Easy

26. What does Erikson’s psychosocial developmental theory of childrearing emphasize?

a. Early attachments affect later development.

b. Children learn by modeling parents’ behaviors.

c. Positive and negative consequences shape behavior.

d. Development is a life-long process.

Learning Objective: 12.4: Explain child rearing theories.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Child Rearing Theories

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. The social learning theory of Albert Bandura says that children acquire behaviors through ______.

a. conditioning and reinforcement

b. observation and imitation

c. normal stages of social development

d. bonding with primary caregivers

Learning Objective: 12.4: Explain child rearing theories.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Child Rearing Theories

Difficulty Level: Medium

28. Children raised in orphanages without loving caregivers may develop issues later in life in forming close relationships with others. Which theory of childrearing best explains this developmental issue?

a. attachment theory

b. social learning theory

c. psychosocial developmental theory

d. cognitive developmental theory

Learning Objective: 12.4: Explain child rearing theories.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Child Rearing Theories

Difficulty Level: Hard

29. Which of the following scenarios represents a parent spending quality time with their child, according to Hodge’s definition?

a. Lydia enjoys bathing her children each night before bedtime.

b. Shraddha reads the books her daughter reads so they can discuss them together.

c. Kevin drops his children off for school each morning on his way to work.

d. Gabe returns from each business trip with a special treat for his kids.

Learning Objective: 12.5: Review the various principles of effective parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Give Time, Love, Praise, Encouragement, and Acceptance

Difficulty Level: Medium

30. What is the suggested strategy for parents regarding children's exposure to technology?

a. Allow unlimited technology access to encourage academic excellence.

b. Provide technology access for children, but limit and monitor screen time.

c. Encourage solitary digital interaction to replace other forms of entertainment.

d. Eliminate all access to technology until age 18.

Learning Objective: 12.5: Review the various principles of effective parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Monitor Screen Time, Gaming, and Pornography Exposure

Difficulty Level: Medium

31. Apps such as Family Link and Mobiflock are tools parents can utilize in order to ______.

a. keep in touch with their children

b. block teen’s social media access

c. monitor children’s cellphone use

d. keep technology costs down

Learning Objective: 12.5: Review the various principles of effective parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Monitor Cell Phone Use, Texting, and Sexting

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. What two methods are appropriate measures for parents to guide children’s behavior?

a. time out and withdrawal of privileges

b. negative language and overlooking transgressions

c. corporal punishment and reward

d. spanking and time out

Learning Objective: 12.5: Review the various principles of effective parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Provide Discipline

Difficulty Level: Easy

33. What is a benefit of learning empathy from one’s parents?

a. being able to identify and label happiness or sadness

b. being able to express emotion to others

c. being able to regulate his or her emotions

d. being able see the world from another viewpoint

Learning Objective: 12.5: Review the various principles of effective parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Teach Emotional Competence and Empathy

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. After a recent move, Robyn is attending a new high school tomorrow, and she’s nervous about signing up for classes and extracurricular activities. What attitude should her mom express in order to boost Robyn’s confidence?

a. Remember that this school is very competitive.

b. Just do what everyone else is doing.

c. I know you will make good decisions.

d. I’d be happy to come with you to help.

Learning Objective: 12.5: Review the various principles of effective parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Teach Emotional Competence and Empathy

Difficulty Level: Medium

35. According to the text, the altered brains of teens make them more likely to ______.

a. engage in risky behaviors

b. avoid conflict

c. reject peer influences

d. respond to social stimuli

Learning Objective: 12.5: Review the various principles of effective parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Respond to the Teen Years Creatively

Difficulty Level: Easy

36. On average, ______ household has significantly less income.

a. cohabiting couple

b. married couple

c. single-man

d. single-woman

Learning Objective: 12.6: Know the unique challenges of single parents.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Challenges Faced by Single Parents

Difficulty Level: Easy

37. Single women having children tend to have poorer pregnancy outcomes than married women due to ______.

a. greater periods of depression

b. lack of funds and social support

c. poorer health of birth fathers

d. higher average ages at birth

Learning Objective: 12.6: Know the unique challenges of single parents.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Challenges Faced by Single Parents

Difficulty Level: Easy

38. What advantage do many single parents experience?

a. decreased risk for child’s developmental delays

b. increased pride and self-esteem for being independent

c. lower conflict levels with children

d. higher opportunity for child’s academic achievement

Learning Objective: 12.6: Know the unique challenges of single parents.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Challenges Faced by Single Parents

Difficulty Level: Easy

39. Which couple is experiencing an “empty nest?”

a. Maria and Charles have decided not to have children.

b. Tim and Lauren recently married and are trying to get pregnant.

c. Sanchez and Chela’s two sons both live in nearby towns.

d. Priya and her former husband share custody of their daughter.

Learning Objective: 12.7: Discuss the future of parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Empty Nest Via Emigration of Children

Difficulty Level: Medium

40. What parenting trend is likely to increase in the future?

a. return to stricter behavioral norms and values

b. greater reliance on non-parental caregiving

c. fewer children raised in single-parent households

d. decreased use of technology in childcare

Learning Objective: 12.7: Discuss the future of parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Future of Parenting

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. Parents who practice concerted cultivation are trying to maintain their status as “good parents.”

Learning Objective: 12.1: Identify the nature of parenting choices.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Nature of Parenting Choices

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. The amount of technology we expose our children to is an unimportant parenting issue.

Learning Objective: 12.1: Identify the nature of parenting choices.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Seven Basic Parenting Choices

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Becoming a biological or adoptive mother means a major identity shift for women.

Learning Objective: 12.2: Describe how women, men, and couples transition to parenthood.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Transition to Motherhood

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Peripartum depression is sometimes experienced by an anxious couple during the last few weeks of pregnancy.

Learning Objective: 12.2: Describe how women, men, and couples transition to parenthood.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Postpartum Depression, Peripartum Depression, and Maternal Well-being

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Children with an involved father in their lives experience higher incomes as adults.

Learning Objective: 12.2: Describe how women, men, and couples transition to parenthood.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Transition to Fatherhood

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. A child’s physical and social development relies almost exclusively on his or her parents.

Learning Objective: 12.3: Summarize the facts of parenthood.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Parents Are Only One Influence in a Child’s Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Authoritative parents are both responsive and demanding.

Learning Objective: 12.3: Summarize the facts of parenthood.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Parenting Styles Differ

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory explains childhood intellectual development using four separate stages.

Learning Objective: 12.4: Explain child rearing theories.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Child Rearing Theories

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Parental monitoring of teens has little effect on academic performance or delinquent behavior.

Learning Objective: 12.5: Review the various principles of effective parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Monitor Teens’ Activities

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. One measure of marital satisfaction is raising successful children.

Learning Objective: 12.7: Discuss the future of parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Empty Nest Via Emigration of Children

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. Consider the assertion “Parental choices are influenced by society and culture.” In your own words, explain what this statement means, and provide at least three examples that support your explanation.

Learning Objective: 12.1: Identify the nature of parenting choices.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Nature of Parenting Choices

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. What are the seven basic parenting choices discussed in the text? Assuming children are likely in your future, discuss the specific choices you might make in each situation.

Learning Objective: 12.1: Identify the nature of parenting choices.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Seven Basic Parenting Choices

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Briefly describe the four styles of parenting identified by Baumrind. Then, assess your own parent’s behavior. Which style most closely aligns with their parenting behavior? Provide examples to support your assessment.

Learning Objective: 12.3: Summarize the facts of parenthood.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Parenting Styles Differ

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Compare two theories of childrearing, providing a brief scenario that demonstrates each type.

Learning Objective: 12.4: Explain child rearing theories.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Child Rearing Theories

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Imagine that you have suddenly become the parent of a young teenager. What key issues and concerns do you face? Describe how to effectively parent this teen.

Learning Objective: 12.5: Review the various principles of effective parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Principles of Effective Parenting

Difficulty Level: Hard