Complete Test Bank Studying Culture Chapter 3 4th Edition

Test Bank

Chapter 3

In this revision of the test bank, I have updated all of the questions to reflect changes in Cultural Anthropology, 4e. There is also a new system for identifying the difficulty of the questions. In earlier editions, the questions were tagged in one of three ways: factual (recall of factual material), conceptual (understanding key concepts), and applied (application of sociological knowledge to a situation). In this revision, the questions are now tagged according to the six levels of learning that help organize the text. Think of these six levels as moving from lower-level to higher-level cognitive reasoning. The six levels are:

REMEMBER: a question involving recall of key terms or factual material

UNDERSTAND: a question testing comprehension of more complex ideas

APPLY: a question applying anthropological knowledge to some new situation

ANALYZE: a question requiring identifying elements of an argument and their interrelationship

EVALUATE: a question requiring critical assessment

CREATE: a question requiring the generation of new ideas

The ninety questions in this chapter’s test bank are divided into two types of questions. Multiple-choice questions span a broad range of skills (half are “Remember” questions and the remainder are divided among four higher levels). Essay questions are the most demanding because they include four of the highest levels of cognitive reasoning (“Understand,” “Analyze,” “Evaluate” and “Create”) as well as lower levels.

Types of Questions

Easy to Difficult Level of Difficulty

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. The Quillayute, Northern Paiute, and Delaware narratives may describe __________.

a. the origins of their tribes

b. ancient climatic and ecological events

c. ancient marriage ceremonies

d. hunting rituals

2. __________ are stories and myths that dramatize actual memories or events in symbolic form consistent with cultural practices in storytelling.

a. Oral traditions

b. Myths

c. Narratives

d. Genealogies

3. Cultural narratives that have validity as artifacts of culture and experience are called ___________.

a. oral traditions

b. myths

c. narratives

d. genealogies

4. The Supreme Court of Canada ruled in a land claim suit in 1997 that __________ have validity as legal testimony and as records of the past.

a. rock art symbology

b. Native American narratives

c. Native American oral traditions

d. treaties unsigned by Native Americans

5. The earliest origins of anthropology lie in __________.

a. the accounts and diaries written by early European travelers

b. Greek histories

c. medieval bestiaries

d. naturalists such as Charles Darwin

6. Many of the best early accounts of non-Western societies written during the early period of colonialism were written by __________.

a. soldiers

b. governors

c. naturalists

d. Jesuit missionaries

7. The role of a __________ is to attempt an explanation that helps people understand why particular practices originate, develop in certain ways, and change over time.

a. methodology

b. cultural theory

c. cross-cultural comparison

d. relativistic worldview

8. Most early anthropologists during the nineteenth century __________.

a. conducted ethnographic fieldwork

b. ignored the accounts of travelers and missionaries

c. were unilinear evolutionists

d. were interpretive in their analyses of cultures

9. Early anthropologists such as Edward Tylor and Lewis Henry Morgan developed __________.

a. highly systematic fieldwork techniques

b. critical approaches to evolutionary theory

c. comparative evolutionary approaches for studying cultures

d. nontheoretical, descriptive schools of anthropology

10. Morgan proposed a __________ stage evolutionary scheme for all societies based on many comparative criteria.

a. three-

b. five-

c. eight-

d. ten-

11. The three stages of cultural development proposed by Lewis Henry Morgan were __________.

a. band, tribe, and clan

b. savagery, barbarism, and civilization

c. band, tribe, and state

d. primitive, chiefdom, and civilization

12. Lewis Henry Morgan was the first to link __________ with economic systems.

a. technology

b. religion

c. geographic region

d. kinship

13. The founder of professional anthropology in the United States was __________.

a. Bronislaw Malinowski

b. Franz Boas

c. Margaret Mead

d. Lewis Henry Morgan

14. Franz Boas stressed __________ in anthropological work.

a. evolutionary theory

b. culture change

c. empiricism

d. cross-cultural comparison

15. Boas conducted most of his fieldwork __________.

a. in the southwestern United States

b. in central Mexico

c. in the Caribbean

d. on the northwest coast of North America

16. Franz Boas introduced the idea of __________ into American anthropology.

a. evolutionary stages

b. cultural relativism

c. armchair anthropology

d. conflict-oriented explanations

17. __________ can be described as the study of the social functions of cultural traits.

a. Interpretive anthropology

b. Evolutionary anthropology

c. Functionalism

d. Materialism

18. The founder of the functionalist perspective in anthropology was __________.

a. Clifford Geertz

b. Edward Tylor

c. Franz Boas

d. Bronislaw Malinowski

19. Functionalism, as developed by Malinowski, was most influential in __________ anthropology.

a. British

b. French

c. American

d. German

20. Malinowski conducted fieldwork in __________.

a. India

b. the Trobriand Islands

c. Egypt

d. Peru

21. Functionalism has the shortcoming of overemphasizing __________ at the expense of __________.

a. conflict; stability

b. groups; individuals

c. stability; societal change

d. individuals; groups

22. __________ understands society and culture to be derived from its economic foundation.

a. Functionalism

b. Structuralism

c. Cultural ecology

d. Cultural materialism

23. Environmental adaptation, technologies, and methods of acquiring food are emphasized in __________ perspectives in anthropology.

a. functionalist

b. symbolic

c. interpretive

d. materialist

24. Cultural ecology was developed by __________ in the 1930s.

a. Marvin Harris

b. Julian Steward

c. Margaret Mead

d. Claude Levi-Strauss

25. Cultural materialism is greatly influenced by the economic views of __________.

a. Adam Smith

b. Thomas Malthus

c. Karl Marx

d. Max Weber

26. __________ views are subjective and based on insiders’ views so that they resemble as much as possible the explanations that people have for their own culture.

a. Emic

b. Etic

c. Structural

d. Irrational

27. __________ views are objective and based on outsiders’ views so that they resemble explanations by observers from another culture.

a. Emic

b. Etic

c. Structural

d. Materialist

28. A(n) __________ explanation of why Hindus in India do not eat cows is that cows are too important to farm labor to be eaten.

a. interpretive

b. emic

c. etic

d. subjective

29. A(n) __________ explanation of why Hindus in India do not eat cows is that they are sacred animals.

a. materialist

b. emic

c. etic

d. objective

30. Claude Levi-Strauss developed structuralism to try to answer the question of why __________ around the world seem so similar.

a. myths

b. marriages

c. ethical systems

d. religions

31. __________ proposes that cultural differences can be explained by differences in forms or conceptual categories rather than in meanings.

a. Functionalism

b. Materialism

c. Structuralism

d. Cultural ecology

32. __________ considers cultural diversity to stem from the differences in the forms by which people express universal meanings, rather than the meanings themselves.

a. Interpretive anthropology

b. Structuralism

c. Cultural ecology

d. Evolutionary anthropology

33. Which of the following modern anthropological methods of analyzing cultures contrasts with structural-functional analyses?

a. Interpretive

b. Evolutionary

c. Empirical

d. Conflict

34. __________ views cultural differences to be best understood as complex webs of meaning rather than forms.

a. Functionalism

b. Materialism

c. Structuralism

d. Interpretive anthropology

35. Interpretive anthropology as proposed by __________ was developed as a result of fieldwork in Java.

a. Margaret Mead

b. Clifford Geertz

c. Julian Steward

d. Marvin Harris

36. According to __________, culture is a unique system of symbols with multiple layers of meaning.

a. interpretive anthropology

b. cultural materialism

c. conflict theory

d. structuralism

37. Social problems or issues, especially those that arise as a result of the distribution of power in society, are the focus of __________ perspectives.

a. conflict

b. materialist

c. structuralist

d. interpretive

38. Conflict theorists often concentrate on __________ and how they penetrate and transform indigenous cultures to suit their own needs.

a. religions

b. agriculturalists

c. settlers

d. capitalist institutions

39. __________ is a topic of great concern to most conflict theorists.

a. Warfare

b. Deviance

c. Gender

d. Kinship

40. Indigenous societies often were based on __________, principles that community members had fundamentally equal rights to available resources and to social respect.

a. egalitarian ethics

b. cross-cultural comparisons

c. etic perspectives

d. polyphony

41. Which of the following two perspectives emphasize including multiple voices and perspectives within a community?

a. Materialist and structuralist

b. Reflexive and conflict

c. Materialist and interpretive

d. Interpretive and conflict

42. Which of the following anthropological perspectives would be useful for understanding the impact warfare between societies has on cultural norms and practices?

a. Conflict

b. Materialist

c. Structuralist

d. Interpretive

43. Which of the following was developed in the tradition of postmodernism?

a. Structuralism

b. Interpretive anthropology

c. Reflexive anthropology

d. Conflict perspectives

44. The anthropology of anthropology is called __________.

a. self-analysis

b. anthropological ethnography

c. reflexive anthropology

d. critical anthropology

45. __________ is the term for the many voices of people from all the different segments and groups that make up society.

a. Polyphony

b. Multiculturalism

c. Multivocality

d. Cultural complexity

46. One problem with the representation of the societies studied by anthropologist has been __________.

a. that there were really fewer differences than anthropologists imagined

b. the relativistic perspectives used to discuss other cultures

c. the assumption that cultures were essentially static and unchanging

d. that they are projected to be an accumulation of many individual voices and perspectives

47. In response to the recognition that cultures or societies are not uniform and that many people cooperate and compete in forming a society, anthropologists have __________.

a. begun to resort exclusively to cultural life histories

b. begun to focus on smaller and smaller groups of people

c. begun to shift toward national personality studies

d. have begun to reflexively question whose voices and views appear in their writing and whose do not

48. The hallmark of modern anthropological methods since the early twentieth century has been __________.

a. surveys

b. fieldwork

c. statistical analysis

d. excavation

49. The largest attempt to gather comparative data from all cultures around the world into one source has been __________.

a. the annual American Anthropological Association meetings

b. the Human Genome Project

c. the Human Relations Area Files

d. the United Nations Human Rights Declaration

50. In anthropology, fieldwork means __________.

a. having people answer questionnaires

b. compiling census data

c. conducting polls

d. living and interacting with the group of people under study

51. Cross-cultural comparisons are __________.

a. a means of understanding cultural differences and similarities through data analysis rather than through direct observation

b. made by conducting fieldwork in multiple cultures

c. no longer made in twentieth-century anthropology

d. are only done on cultures discovered prior to 1950

52. All can be problematic when attempting to conduct large-scale cross-cultural comparative studies EXCEPT which of the following?

a. Data may not be comparable.

b. Practices and traits may be taken out of their full cultural contexts.

c. Imputing causality can cause confusion about cultural traits.

d. No database exists that codifies all known cultural facts and details about the world’s peoples.

53. Ethnohistorians are interested in __________.

a. using historical documents rather than fieldwork to do anthropology

b. constructing a global cultural world history based on the Human Relations Area Files

c. reconstructing and interpreting the history of indigenous peoples from their point of view

d. creating a more scientific basis for the study of cultural histories

54. A common focus in ethnohistories is __________.

a. migration patterns

b. the impact of colonialism

c. indigenous economies

d. mythology

55. Before fieldwork can begin, an anthropologist must __________.

a. choose a research problem

b. gather the majority of the data off-site

c. interpret the majority of the data

d. choose a field site in a remote, foreign location

56. Typically fieldwork on an anthropologist’s first research project will last about __________.

a. two months

b. six months

c. one year

d. two years

57. During which of the following stages of fieldwork will an anthropologist attempt to learn the rules for entering and residing in their chosen country of study?

a. Choosing a problem

b. Conducting preliminary research

c. Gathering qualitative data

d. Interpreting data

58. Which of the following is a common problem that anthropologists experience while doing fieldwork?

a. Creating surveys

b. Finding activists that will help resolve local conflicts and disputes

c. Culture shock

d. Bribing informants

59. Culture shock, or __________, is a common problem for anthropologists after they first arrive to do fieldwork.

a. the inability to accept new ethical frameworks

b. the feeling of being out of place in unfamiliar surroundings

c. the unfriendliness of people at the new location

d. the inability of people at the new location to accept the anthropologist

60. Which of the following is an advantage to obtaining residence in a native household when conducting fieldwork?

a. It makes it easy to pay people for information.

b. It allows for close proximity to people through family networks.

c. All the data can be obtained from one family.

d. It provides a partisan viewpoint.

61. Although sometimes necessary, interpreters are less desirable than knowing the language during fieldwork because __________.

a. many of the nuances of meaning are lost in translation

b. few people are willing to talk with a translator present

c. translators are expensive and shorten the time an anthropologist can do fieldwork

d. translators often are dishonest and do not convey the information accurately that informants present

62. Which of the following is an example of qualitative data?

a. Relationships between members of households within a community

b. Population trends in births

c. Fluctuations in community size

d. Sources of income

63. Which of the following is an example of quantitative data?

a. Relationships between members of households within a community

b. Descriptions of food gathering techniques

c. Sources of income

d. Information about how people trace their genealogical relationships

64. Gathering data through participant observation might mean using which of the following techniques?

a. Following one person for a day without their knowledge

b. Searching Human Relations Area Files

c. Having conversations with people

d. Sending mass surveys

65. One limitation to gathering information that is almost impossible to overcome is the __________ of the anthropologist.

a. language ability

b. gender

c. nationality

d. age

66. A field of cultural anthropology that focuses on studying the lives of people living in cities or urban neighborhoods is called ______________.

a. interpretive anthropology

b. reflexive anthropology

c. ecological anthropology

d. urban anthropology

67. When carrying out research in urban areas, anthropologists often use methods similar to those of __________.

a. historians

b. economists

c. psychologists

d. sociologists

68. All of the following is true of urban anthropologists EXCEPT that__________.

a. they focus on studying an entire town or city

b. they use methods that differ significantly from anthropologists conducting research in rural areas

c. they often investigate a specific topic within a defined subculture

d. they primarily use participant observation rather than surveys to gather data

69. Often, anthropological research in urban areas focuses on __________ and/or particular topics.

a. mass cultures

b. whole communities

c. subcultures or small groups

d. national problems

70. An example of urban anthropology is Judith Freidenberg’s work on __________ in New York City.

a. elderly Puerto Ricans

b. firemen

c. office workers

d. bicycle messengers

71. Cultural life histories are __________.

a. historical records on important people in an area

b. long-term research programs that track a culture over many years

c. biographies of individuals within a particular culture

d. voices of people from all the different segments and groups that make up a society

72. Scott Youngstedt focused his research on how Hausa migrants to the capital city of __________ build social networks in their new settings to create a sense of community and familiarity.

a. Vietnam

b. Niger

c. Tanzania

d. Mongolia

73. Sometimes anthropologists from other countries work in the United States; an example is the work of __________ researchers in “Riverfront” Wisconsin.

a. Turkish

b. French

c. Japanese

d. Brazilian

74. One of the preconceptions that the researchers in “Riverfront” Wisconsin found to be false was the expected __________ of the population there.

a. friendliness

b. homogeneity

c. heterogeneity

d. class consciousness

75. The Sanos found that __________ changed their relationships with people in town for the better after their first year in “Riverfront” Wisconsin.

a. the birth of their son

b. their newly acquired American citizenship

c. the death of the local mayor

d. their jobs as university professors

76. In response to the usual tendency to present peoples in anthropological writings as “others,” anthropologists have in many cases turned to presenting __________ between themselves and the person in their research as their form of writing.

a. contests

b. dialogues

c. cooperation

d. contracts

77. The organization that formulated the Code of Ethics to which many anthropologists adhere is _________.

a. American Anthropological Association

b. American Association of Cultural Anthropologists

c. National Science Foundation

d. United Nations

78. The full disclosure of research goals, methods, types of analyses, and reporting procedures is called __________.

a. informed consent

b. polyphony

c. surveys

d. ethnohistory

79. Which of the following is classified as an unethical practice?

a. Testifying in court proceedings regarding native territories and indigenous land claims

b. Sharing ethnographic data with another anthropologist

c. Staging ethnographic film footage

d. Providing compensation for interviews

80. The most basic rule of anthropological research is __________.

a. research objectively

b. record everything

c. ethical obligations to people they study are more important than the pursuit of knowledge

d. consider a long-term relationship to exist with the research community

ESSAY QUESTIONS

81. Outline the basic differences of evolutionist theory as developed by Edward Tylor and Lewis Henry Morgan, and empiricism as developed by Franz Boas. How has each of these contributed to contemporary anthropological theory?

(ANALYZE)

82. What are the basic assumptions made about human society by materialist theories? How do these assumptions affect choices of research topics and methods of fieldwork?

(EVALUATE)

83. Briefly explain functionalist and interpretive perspectives in anthropology. Who is responsible for pioneering these perspectives and how does their relationship in time show changes in anthropological thinking about culture over time?

(ANALYZE)

84. Define the terms emic and etic. Demonstrate the difference between them by using Marvin Harris’s example of cows in India.

(UNDERSTAND)

85. Describe conflict perspectives used in anthropology and explain how they have been useful for analyzing culture and power.

(UNDERSTAND)

86. In what ways is drawing cross-cultural comparisons useful in anthropology? How might such comparisons be misleading?

(ANALYZE)

87. Identify four major problems that an anthropologist might encounter while conducting field research. How might these problems be dealt with?

(ANALYZE)

88. What are some of the differences in research topics and methodologies between anthropological research in small-scale and large-scale societies?

(UNDERSTAND)

89. What ethical issues do anthropologists face when conducting their research? What arguments exist within the field regarding anthropologists as advocates?

(EVALUATE)

90. Do you believe that anthropologists should remain neutral in their research or work as advocates for the people they study? Why? Argue for your position.

(CREATE)