Ch.2 Test Bank Docx The Nature Of Culture Bonvillain

Test Bank

Chapter 2

In this revision of the test bank, I have updated all of the questions to reflect changes in Cultural Anthropology, 4e. There is also a new system for identifying the difficulty of the questions. In earlier editions, the questions were tagged in one of three ways: factual (recall of factual material), conceptual (understanding key concepts), and applied (application of sociological knowledge to a situation). In this revision, the questions are now tagged according to the six levels of learning that help organize the text. Think of these six levels as moving from lower-level to higher-level cognitive reasoning. The six levels are:

REMEMBER: a question involving recall of key terms or factual material

UNDERSTAND: a question testing comprehension of more complex ideas

APPLY: a question applying anthropological knowledge to some new situation

ANALYZE: a question requiring identifying elements of an argument and their interrelationship

EVALUATE: a question requiring critical assessment

CREATE: a question requiring the generation of new ideas

The ninety questions in this chapter’s test bank are divided into two types of questions. Multiple-choice questions span a broad range of skills (one-third are “Remember” questions and the remainder are divided among four higher levels). Essay questions are the most demanding because they include the four highest levels of cognitive reasoning (from “Apply” to “Create”) as well as lower levels.

Types of Questions

Easy to Difficult Level of Difficulty

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Who offered the first definition of culture in anthropology: “Culture is the complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society”?

a. Marvin Harris

b. Edward Tylor

c. Alfred Kroeber

d. A. R. Radcliff-Brown

2. The Tibetan narrative describing the origin of the Tibetan people and two ethnic groups who live near them tells us that __________.

a. Tibetans regard themselves as people of courage and kindness

b. Tibetans dislike their neighbors, the Chinese and Tartars

c. Tibetans bury their dead in coffins

d. Tibetans regard themselves as being descended from a different founder than the Chinese and Tartars

3. __________ refers to the information people have that enables them to function in their social and physical environments.

a. Survival skills

b. Social intelligence

c. Culture

d. Cultural knowledge

4. By the 1950s, Kroeber and Kluckhohn had found more than __________ definitions of culture in anthropological literature.

a. 20

b. 50

c. 100

d. 150

5. All definitions of culture include reference to __________.

a. the biological elements of culture

b. selectively shared knowledge, attitudes, values, and beliefs

c. economic forces as a role in shaping culture

d. survival of the fittest

6. __________ is/are sets of behaviors that allow people to function successfully within their environments and societies.

a. Cultural skills

b. Cultural knowledge

c. Cultural models

d. Norms

7. Shared assumptions that people have about the world and about the ideal culture are termed __________.

a. cultural knowledge

b. norms

c. cultural models

d. definitions of culture

8. Sets of expectations and attitudes that people have about appropriate behavior is/are __________.

a. cultural models

b. norms

c. cultural knowledge

d. cultural skills

9. Which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic of culture?

a. Shared

b. Learned

c. Based on symbols

d. Abstract

10. The behaviors, attitudes, and ideas formed through interaction with others describes which characteristic of culture?

a. shared

b. Learned

c. Integrated

d. Adaptive

11. __________ help to reduce, but do not eliminate, conflict and disagreement in societies.

a. Contracts

b. Laws

c. Cultural models

d. Cultural skills

12. Behaviors that vary from expected norms in a society are called __________.

a. criminal

b. deviant

c. immoral

d. abnormal

13. Body piercings and tattooing among teenagers can be considered an example of __________.

a. deviant behavior

b. revolution

c. revitalization

d. reactive adaptation

14. Which of the following is NOT a significant variable for the norms people within a society are expected to follow?

a. Age

b. ender

c. Social position

d. Political party

15. A group whose members and others think of their way of life as in some significant way different from that of other people in the larger society is called a ____________.

a. minority

b. subculture

c. ethnicity

d. deviants

16. Hasidic families in contemporary America, who are distinguished through ethnic background and religious beliefs and practices, are considered __________.

a. insignificant

b. a race

c. a subculture

d. an ethnicity

17. __________ is the process of learning one’s culture through informal observation and formal instruction.

a. Enculturation

b. Acculturation

c. Behaviorism

d. Observation

18. __________ teaches people when and how to acceptably fulfill biological needs within their societies.

a. School

b. Enculturation

c. Subculture

d. Adaptation

19. The idea that culture is __________ is illustrated by the story of Heidi Neville, who returned to Vietnam after being adopted by an American at the age of 7.

a. shared

b. learned

c. adaptive

d. symbolic

20. Norms specifying behaviors that are prohibited in a culture are __________.

a. crimes

b. mores

c. taboos

d. conventions

21. A common form of taboo found in every culture is __________ taboos.

a. wealth

b. learning

c. knowledge

d. food

22. Ideas about how many meals to have, when to have them, and which kinds of food to eat at each meal are examples of __________.

a. taboos

b. customs

c. norms

d. symbols

23. The learned aspect of culture is most dramatically apparent in __________.

a. men

b. women

c. cross-cultural meetings

d. children

24. Practices by which people organize their work and produce food and other goods necessary for their survival are described as a(n) ____________.

a. cultural core

b. economy

c. norms

d. mores

25. When it is said that __________, most anthropologists mean that culture is the means by which people survive in their particular environment.

a. culture is important

b. culture is shared

c. culture is adaptive

d. culture is basic

26. Technology is a primary way in which culture is __________.

a. profitable

b. altered

c. maladaptive

d. adaptive

27. A common scenario is one in which cultural practices are __________ in the short term but __________ in the long term.

a. adaptive; maladaptive

b. maladaptive; adaptive

c. accepted; taboo

d. taboo; accepted

28. Irrigation in ancient Sumer, the Industrial Revolution, and agriculture in the Amazonian rainforest are all examples of __________.

a. the successful use of technology to overcome difficulties in the long run

b. short-term failures

c. cultural practices with long-term maladaptive results

d. cultural stagnation

29. Kuru is a __________ that first appeared among the Fore of New Guinea.

a. virus

b. neurological disease

c. cult

d. agricultural innovation

30. Both kuru and mad cow disease are caused by __________ ingested from infected meat.

a. prions

b. a virus

c. bacteria

d. heavy metals

31. Kuru was prevalent in Fore women and children because __________.

a. they did most farm labor

b. they, and not men, engaged in ritual cannibalism

c. men tended to eat less pork than women or children

d. there was no prenatal care available until the 1960s

32. Both kuru and mad cow disease were the result of attempts to __________, which resulted in unintentionally maladaptive practices.

a. change food taboos

b. avoid disease

c. innovate in economic strategies

d. innovate in meat production

33. __________ refers to the tendency for people’s beliefs and practices to form a relatively coherent and consistent system.

a. Cultural logic

b. Cultural integration

c. Cultural core

d. Cultural norms

34. Cultures are __________ is another way to say that cultures are integrated.

a. premeditated

b. planned

c. random

d. patterned

35. Which of the following statements about cultural integration is false?

a. All aspects of a given culture are internally consistent and integrated with all the other aspects of the culture.

b. Economic activities are usually integrated with, affect, and are affected by other kinds of activities.

c. The work of obtaining food, services, and goods is often performed by people in particular social and gender roles.

d. Policies formulated by political agencies tend to be consistent with particular economic consequences.

36. In America, women’s rates of employment began to rise after __________.

a. suffrage

b. World War I

c. World War II

d. the 1960s

37. In America, the growing financial equality of women with men led to __________.

a. an increase in divorces

b. an increase in average family size

c. an increase in home ownership

d. the two-car family

38. In the twentieth century, the increase in women’s employment has led to __________.

a. women receiving the right to vote

b. increasingly flexible roles for men in society

c. full equality for women with men

d. the surprising reinforcement of traditional gender roles

39. A word, image, or object that stands for cultural beliefs or sentiments is called a ________.

a. symbol

b. sign

c. character

d. script

40. __________ is NOT a pervasive and powerful symbolic system.

a. Language

b. Religion

c. Gender

d. Health

41. Afro-Lingua __________ the basic assumptions encoded in the ordinary speech of European colonizers of the Caribbean.

a. replicates

b. symbolically reinforces

c. symbolically challenges

d. ignores

42. Naturalized concepts are one of the main sources for __________.

a. ethnocentrism

b. intercultural disagreement

c. cultural innovation

d. intercultural understanding

43. Western Apache communication styles __________.

a. are very similar to Anglo communication styles

b. are in many ways opposed to Anglo communication styles

c. are more flamboyant than Anglo communication styles

d. are considered invasive by many Anglos

44. Ideas and behaviors so deeply embedded in a culture that they are regarded as universally normal or natural are ____________.

a. norms

b. cultural cores

c. symbolic systems

d. naturalized concepts

45. Which of the following is a naturalized concept in Western societies?

a. That men and women are absolutely opposed gender sets

b. That collective action is always beneficial

c. That all persons wish to acquire greater wealth

d. That Christianity is the only true religion

46. An alternative cultural model within a society that expresses different views about the way that society should be organized is a/an __________.

a. subculture

b. resistance movement

c. counterculture

d. alternative lifestyle

47. In Bedouin society, women use __________ to pose symbolic challenges to male domination.

a. coded language

b. song and poetry

c. household decoration

d. clothing

48. A culture-based, often ethnocentric, way that people see the world and other people is a __________.

a. worldview

b. bias

c. prejudice

d. model culture

49. A __________ is an example of how culture organizes the way people think about the world.

a. cultural core

b. set of norms

c. worldview

d. symbol

50. Direct interaction or __________ between peoples of different cultures through migration, trade, invasion, or conquest is an important source of cultural borrowing.

a. syncretism

b. culture contact

c. acculturation

d. enculturation

51. __________ is a process by which a new cultural product is created by the selective borrowing of elements from other cultures.

a. Culture contact

b. Appropriation

c. Syncretism

d. Cultural evolution

52. Santería is a syncretic religion that borrows elements from traditional Afro-Caribbean beliefs and __________.

a. Islam

b. Lutheranism

c. Roman Catholicism

d. Voodoo

53. A more proper name for Santería is __________.

a. “Way of the Saints”

b. Voodoo

c. Goddess Worship

d. New Age

54. The process by which a less numerous and less powerful cultural group changes its ways and cultural identity to blend in with the dominant culture is referred to as __________.

a. cultural pluralism

b. assimilation

c. acculturation

d. enculturation

55. Conquest and colonization are examples of __________.

a. cultural evolution

b. culture contact

c. assimilation

d. forced assimilation

56. __________ is the process by which a group adjusts to living within a dominant culture while at the same time maintaining its original cultural identity.

a. Cultural pluralism

b. Acculturation

c. Assimilation

d. Syncretism

57. One example of acculturation is __________ in American society.

a. Anglo-Americans

b. Irish-Americans

c. Native Americans

d. the Amish

58. The condition in a stratified society in which many diverse groups ideally live together equally and harmoniously without losing their cultural identities and diversity is __________.

a. cultural evolution

b. acculturation

c. syncretism

d. cultural pluralism

59. Early anthropologists believed in __________, or the idea that all societies advance through improved stages over time, going from primitive to more advanced forms of society.

a. cultural evolution

b. progress

c. modernization

d. civilization

60. The Tiv are farmers who live in __________.

a. Malaysia

b. South Africa

c. Nigeria

d. Brazil

61. Complex culture change, both internal and external, based on industrialism and a transnational market economy is called __________.

a. globalization

b. social evolution

c. culture history

d. modernization

62. The Tiv elders’ interpretation of Laura Bohannon’s telling of Hamlet could be attributed to all of the following EXCEPT __________.

a. worldview

b. naturalized concepts

c. ethnocentrism

d. ignorance

63. One problem that Laura Bohannon encountered in telling the story of Hamlet to the Tiv was __________.

a. the Tiv did not believe it was correct behavior for a man to marry his brother’s widow

b. the Tiv did not believe in ghosts

c. the Tiv thought Hamlet was the villain

d. the Tiv did not believe in witches

64. Social Darwinism is most compatible with which of the following ideas?

a. Cultural evolution

b. Ethnogenesis

c. Culture history

d. Globalization

65. The most apt term to describe cultural change over time is __________.

a. cultural evolution

b. social Darwinism

c. ethnogenesis

d. culture history

66. Which of the following is the best definition of ethnogenesis?

a. The origination of first culture, from which all other cultures are descended

b. The spread of a cultural trait from its point of invention to other cultures

c. A process in which people develop, define, and direct their own cultural identities

d. Genetic patterns underlying ethnic cultures

67. Which of the following is NOT an example of internal culture change?

a. Ethnogenesis

b. Diffusion

c. Revolution

d. Innovation

68. __________ is the spread of ideas, material objects, and cultural practices from one society to another through direct and indirect culture contact.

a. Diffusion

b. Syncretism

c. Culture history

d. Ethnogenesis

69. The process by which people try to change their culture or overturn the social order and replace it with a new, ideal society and culture is ___________.

a. innovation

b. revolution

c. invention

d. ethnogenesis

70. The change in violence and sexual activity in American film content since the 1960s is an example of __________.

a. intentional culture change

b. unintentional culture change

c. external culture change

d. diffusion

71. Colonial British land reforms in Kenya undermined Luo __________ rights and economic independence.

a. clan’s

b. men’s

c. women’s

d. society’s

72. In colonial Kenya, a hut tax __________.

a. forced women to find wage labor

b. resulted in most of the food that was grown by the Luo going to the British

c. could not be paid only by labor

d. forced heads of households to seek wage labor in order to earn cash

73. __________ is a coping response of captive, conquered, or oppressed peoples to loss and deprivation.

a. Revolution

b. Reactive adaptation

c. Assimilation

d. Diffusion

74. The Ghost Dance movement of the North American Plains Indians is an example of both __________.

a. a revitalization movement and diffusion

b. a revolution and diffusion

c. a revitalization movement and revolution

d. external culture change and forced assimilation

75. A __________ is a type of nonviolent, reactive adaptation in which people try to resurrect their culture heroes and restore their traditional way of life.

a. conservative movement

b. revitalization movement

c. great awakening

d. spiritual movement

76. Globalization stems from economic and political changes that have expanded worldwide through __________.

a. colonialism

b. mass media and consumerism

c. democratization

d. manufacturing and television

77. The idea that Euro-American values and practices are creating a culturally uniform world dominated by similar values and practices is an example of what theory of globalization?

a. Westernization

b. Hybridization

c. Polarization

d. Homogenization

78. Globalization began with __________.

a. United States’ interest in Latin America and the Pacific during the late nineteenth century

b. expansion of the Roman Empire during the first century

c. European colonial and mercantile expansion in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries

d. the explosion of media and information technology during the late twentieth century

79. The principal agent(s) of globalization is/are __________.

a. multinational corporations and mass media

b. information technology

c. the International Monetary Fund (IMF)

d. genetic innovations in agricultural production

80. What is the name of the branch of cultural anthropology in which anthropologists use their knowledge and skills to help developing countries maneuver through the process of culture change?

a. Global anthropology

b. Development anthropology

c. Culture change anthropology

d. Empowerment anthropology

ESSAY QUESTIONS

81. What elements of Edward Tylor’s definition of culture as “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society” are still present in today’s understanding of culture in anthropology? What elements of the current understanding of culture have changed?

(APPLY)

82. Using an example, show how worldview, naturalized concepts, and ethnocentrism are related.

(ANALYZE)

83. What are the similarities and differences between subcultures and countercultures?

(EVALUATE)

84. What is a symbol? Using language as an example, explain how culture is a symbolic system.

(EVALUATE)

85. List the characteristics of culture given in Chapter 2 of the text. Give one example to illustrate each of the characteristics.

(ANALYZE)

86. Explain the differences between assimilation, acculturation, and forced assimilation. Under what kinds of circumstances might each of these occur?

(CREATE)

87. What are some of the causes of internal change in societies over time? What may drive these changes to occur?

(APPLY)

88. What are some causes of external change in societies over time? Give two examples of externally introduced changes that have affected a culture or society.

(APPLY)

89. What are some of the historical origins of contemporary globalization? How does historical globalization differ from contemporary globalization?

(EVALUATE)

90. Explain the differences among the three concepts used to describe the consequences of globalization: homogenization, polarization, and hybridization.

(ANALYZE)