Complete Test Bank Chapter 17 Sexual Assault And Harassment - Contemp. Human Sexuality 1e | Test Bank Pukall by Caroline Pukall. DOCX document preview.
Chapter 17 : Sexual Assault and Harassment
Test Bank
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 01
1. Tim keeps posting obscene remarks on Anita's Facebook page. He has repeatedly asked her out and she has said no each time. Once at a club he danced so close to her that she decided to leave. What is the most appropriate term for Tim's behaviour?
a) sexual assault
b) sexual harassment
c) stalking
d) teasing
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 02
2. Terry goes to clubs where he knows Uma will be. Once or twice they've chatted at the bar. Terry is hoping one of these days he can start a relationship with her. What type of behaviour is Terry exhibiting?
a) harmless pursuit
b) stalking
c) harassment
d) sexual harassment
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 03
3. What is one way in which the terms "sexual assault" and "rape" differ?
a) "Sexual assault" includes all unwanted sexual acts excluding sexual intercourse, whereas "rape" refers only to unwanted sexual intercourse.
b) "Sexual assault" includes all unwanted sexual acts including sexual intercourse, whereas "rape" refers only to unwanted sexual intercourse.
c) "Sexual assault" can be committed by anyone on anyone but only women can be victims of "rape."
d) "Sexual assault" can occur even when both parties consent to the activity however "rape" is defined as sexual intercourse in the absence of consent.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 04
4. How does the DSM-5 classify people who commit rape?
a) There are no diagnoses in the DSM-5 that have rape as a criterion.
b) Most people who commit rape meet the DSM-5 criteria for "frotteurism disorder" or "sexual sadism disorder."
c) Most people who commit rape meet the DSM-5 criteria for sexual sadism disorder.
d) Most people who commit rape do not meet the criteria for any diagnosis on the DSM-5.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 05
5. What diagnoses do most therapists choose when they must give a DSM-5 diagnosis to a person who has committed rape?
a) sexual sadism disorder
b) frotteurism
c) unspecified paraphilic disorder
d) antisocial personality disorder
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 06
6. Which term refers to the range of non-consensual sexual experiences, including unwanted touching; oral, anal, and vaginal intercourse; and sexual violence?
a) sexual assault
b) rape
c) sexual harassment
d) stalking
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 07
7. Which term refers to any unwanted sex-related behaviours that are considered by the recipient to be offensive, threatening, or demeaning?
a) sexual harassment
b) sexual assault
c) rape
d) stalking
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 08
8. Which term refers to harassing behaviour such as repeatedly following, intimidating, or tracking another person against their will?
a) stalking
b) sexual assault
c) rape
d) sexual harassment
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 09
9. Prior to 1983, which of the following was NOT consistent with rape laws in Canada?
a) Anyone could be a victim of rape.
b) Rape was limited to forced heterosexual intercourse.
c) Rape could only occur outside of marriage.
d) A person's prior sexual activities could be used as evidence of consent.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 10
10. Under the current criminal code of Canada, which of the following is NOT a category of sexual assault?
a) intermediary sexual assault
b) sexual assault
c) sexual assault with a weapon, threats to a third party, or causing bodily harm
d) aggravated sexual assault
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 11
11. A number of studies examining the International Classification of Diseases' psychiatric diagnoses of individuals who have been incarcerated for sexual crimes have found high rates of __________.
a) pedophilia
b) sexual preference disorders
c) substance-use disorders
d) courtship disorders
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 12
12. Prior to 1983, which of the following acts would NOT have met the legal definition of rape?
a) a husband having non-consensual sexual intercourse with his wife
b) a man having non-consensual anal intercourse with another man
c) a man having non-consensual sexual intercourse with a woman
d) a man having non-consensual sexual intercourse with a child
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 13
13. Current Canadian law classifies rape under which specific category of offense?
a) assault
b) sexual offenses
c) rape
d) sexual assault
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 14
14. According to the Canadian Criminal Code, which of the following is the most serious offense?
a) rape
b) sexual assault
c) sexual assault with a weapon
d) aggravated sexual assault
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 15
15. On Saturday night, Alana said it was okay for Paolo to have sex with her, but on Monday, Alana claimed she did not give consent to the sex she had with Paolo on Saturday. According to Canadian law, Alana may not have given consent under which of these circumstances?
a) Alana was 12 years old and Paolo was 14 years old.
b) Alana was drunk on Saturday night.
c) Alana was 15 years old and Paolo was 17 years old.
d) Alana was 16 years old and Paolo was 19 years old
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 16
16. What is the formal legal age of consent for penile–vaginal intercourse in Canada?
a) 14
b) 15
c) 16
d) 17
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 17
17. In which of these situations would the "close-in-age" exception apply to the laws regarding legal age of consent for sexual activity?
a) when Lacey, who is 13, has consensual vaginal intercourse with Peter who is 12
b) when Hannah, who is 13, has consensual vaginal intercourse with José, who is a 15-year-old supervisor at the summer camp she attends
c) when Jada, who is 15, has consensual vaginal intercourse with Micah, who is 21
d) when Tricia, who is 18, has consensual vaginal intercourse with Kirk, who is 20
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 18
18. What is the legal age of consent for anal intercourse in Canada?
a) 15
b) 16
c) 17
d) 18
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 19
19. In order to obtain estimates based on the percentage of surveyed individuals who report having participated in or experienced a certain condition in a given period of time, researchers surveyed individuals who report having been sexually assaulted or having sexually assaulted someone at least once. What are they attempting to estimate?
a) prevalence
b) incidence
c) self-report reliability
d) validity of measure
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 20
20. In a random sample of 2000 children aged 10 to 16 years, Boney-McCoy and Finkelhor (1995) found that 7.6 per cent had been sexually victimized during the previous year. What estimate has been documented in this research?
a) incidence
b) prevalence
c) self-report reliability
d) validity of measure
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 21
21. A nationally representative survey found that sexual assault victimization rates were approximately how many times higher for females than for males.
a) three
b) five
c) seven
d) ten
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 22
22. Why do incidence estimates, which are based on official records, likely underestimate the number of sexual assaults and the percentage of the population who experience unwanted sexual contact?
a) Many sex crimes go unreported to authorities.
b) Most measures of sexual assault are not reliable.
c) Sexual assault is generally overestimated in population studies.
d) The actual number of perpetrators taken into custody is an accurate reflection of the number of sexual assaults taking place.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 23
23. What percentage of Canadian female university students reported that a male attempted to use emotional manipulation to get them to engage in sexual activity at some point in their past?
a) 30 per cent
b) 45 per cent
c) 60 per cent
d) 70 per cent
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 24
24. Incidence rates for sexual assault are likely inaccurate for which of the following reasons?
a) People underreport sexual assaults.
b) Incidents that are reported as sexual assaults but not proven to be cases of sexual assault are included in the estimate.
c) Sexual assault is not differentiated from physical assault in reports of assault filed with the Canadian government.
d) Sexual assault is over reported because it is a tactic for justifying obtaining the morning-after pill in cases where sexual activity was in fact consensual.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 25
25. Which is true about how sex traffickers view Canada?
a) Canada is an unappealing destination because of high minimum sentences for sex trafficking.
b) Canada is an appealing destination because of low minimum sentences for sex trafficking.
c) Canada is an unappealing destination because of the low maximum sentences for sex trafficking.
d) Canada is an appealing destination because there are no laws against sex trafficking for people over the age of 14.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 26
26. According to rape trauma syndrome, which of the following would be a common action of someone in the acute phase?
a) excusing the perpetrator
b) changing jobs
c) moving to a different city
d) moving past the experience emotionally
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 27
27. Which of the following women is likely in the reorganization phase following a sexual assault?
a) Stefanie, who is experiencing confusion and shock
b) Blair, who is blaming herself for the attack
c) Danica, who has decided to move to another city
d) Aisling, who is experiencing extreme anxiety
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 28
28. Approximately what percentage of sexual assault victims have persistent emotional difficulties more than five years after the assault?
a) 10 per cent
b) 25 per cent
c) 33 per cent
d) 66 per cent
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 29
29. Although research has demonstrated that the majority of victims recover from the trauma of sexual assault within five years, nearly one third of victims have substantial difficulty that persists years beyond the acute aftermath of the incident. A significant number develop an anxiety disorder that involves persistent and chronic psychological symptoms, such as flashbacks, nightmares, avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma, hyperarousal, and anxiety. What is this condition known as?
a) post-traumatic stress disorder
b) anxiety disorder
c) rape trauma syndrome
d) depression
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 30
30. Katrina was the victim of a rape incident during her first year of university. She graduated over three years ago. She still has nightmares about the incident and often lies awake at night. Which of the following does Katrina suffer from?
a) post-traumatic stress disorder
b) rape trauma syndrome, acute phase
c) rape trauma syndrome, reorganization phase
d) none of the above
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 31
31. Several of your classmates and you get into a discussion about the long-term effects of sexual assault. One of your classmates asks you about the possibility of any positive outcomes, or post-traumatic growth, that could come out of a victim's response to rape. For example, a victim may choose to spend more time with loved ones after the assault. What could you say to counter this argument?
a) These positive changes may not be significant compared to the harm caused by the assault.
b) Perceived positive changes could just be a defensive illusion.
c) The victim may see-saw back and forth between distress and positive growth.
d) any of the above
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 32
32. Your best friend has confided in you that she just found out her sister was the victim of sexual abuse from her boyfriend of a year. Your friend feels guilty that she didn't recognize the signs beforehand so that she could help her sister get out of the relationship sooner, and she blames herself. What advice can you give your friend?
a) It's important that your friend's sister can get emotional support from your friend, so they should be open about the guilt your friend is feeling.
b) It's important that your friend's sister can heal without the extra distress of her family members feeling sorry for her or guilty that they didn't act sooner, so she shouldn't talk to her sister about how she is feeling.
c) Your friend should talk to a professional.
d) Your friend is right to feel guilty, but there's nothing she can do about it now.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 33
33. The most common treatment for survivors of sexual assault seeking professional help is cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT). Which of the following is a component of CBT?
a) stress inoculation training (SIT)
b) prolonged exposure (PE)
c) cognitive processing therapy (CPT)
d) all of the above
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 34
34. Which exposure-based treatment for sexual assault involves psychotherapy to alleviate trauma-related symptoms and associated distressing memories through exposure to stimuli of traumatic events while simultaneously focusing on dual attention stimulus (e.g., hand-tapping)?
a) eye movement desensitization and processing
b) repeat exposure
c) cognitive processing
d) muscle relaxation
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 35
35. Which of the following is NOT a likely method of treatment for sexual assault victims?
a) physical therapy
b) stress inoculation training
c) cognitive processing therapy
d) prolonged exposure
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 36
36. Which of the following is often characterized by insomnia, depression, flashbacks, and nightmares?
a) post-traumatic growth
b) post-traumatic stress disorder
c) paraphilic disorder
d) cognitive-behavioural therapy
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 37
37. Which common psychotherapeutic intervention for sexual assault victims involves identifying a hierarchy of individually feared stimuli associated with assault (e.g., the dark, strangers)?
a) prolonged exposure
b) stress inoculation training
c) cognitive processing therapy
d) flooding
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 38
38. Which common psychotherapeutic intervention for sexual assault victims involves having the victim imagine themselves experiencing the assault again while they repeatedly retell the story of what happened?
a) prolonged exposure
b) stress inoculation training
c) cognitive processing therapy
d) flooding
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 39
39. Which common psychotherapeutic intervention for sexual assault victims involves having the victim use a journal to record feelings and then discuss those writings during therapy sessions?
a) prolonged exposure
b) stress inoculation training
c) cognitive processing therapy
d) flooding
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 40
40. Which of the following is both a socio-cultural and a situational factor that can lead to the occurrence of a sexual assault?
a) religion
b) location
c) alcohol
d) gender
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 41
41. Which of the following is an interpersonal contextual factor that can lead to the occurrence of a sexual assault?
a) religion
b) gender
c) personality
d) alcohol
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 42
42. You've just found out that one of your friends has been sexually assaulted when walking home alone at night on campus from one of the local bars. In tears, she tells you she blames herself for wearing such a short skirt and a crop top. What can you tell your friend?
a) Women are sexually assaulted while wearing all types of clothing, and wearing a short skirt was not the reason she was assaulted.
b) She should never wear a short skirt again.
c) While some sexual assaults may take place because of the way the victim is dressed, she can't know for sure if her short skirt was the reason she was singled out.
d) none of the above
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 43
43. You are a female undergraduate student living on campus. You've just signed up to take a course you are really looking forward to, but it's available only in the evenings, which means you won't finish until after 10 pm. Your mom keeps bringing up how concerned she is about you walking home alone at night. What can you tell her to make her feel better?
a) Most sexual assaults do not occur outdoors in public, and most are not committed by strangers.
b) A large percentage of sexual assaults and attempted sexual assaults are committed by classmates, so you won't get close to anyone else in your class.
c) You will make sure to dress unattractively in baggy clothing, so you won't get assaulted.
d) none of the above
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 44
44. Which of the following is NOT a rape myth?
a) Women seldom make false reports of sexual assault.
b) Women cause men to sexually assault them by the way they look or dress.
c) It is not sexual assault if both people are drunk.
d) Offenders can be identified based on their demographic characteristics (race, class, etc.).
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 45
45. Which of the following is NOT a rape myth?
a) You cannot tell a rapist by the way they look.
b) Sexual assault usually occurs outside and at night.
c) Sexual assault is usually perpetrated by a stranger.
d) Sexual assault is simply an impulsive act of sexual gratification.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 46
46. Which of the following IS a rape myth?
a) If a survivor of sexual assault did not fight back, they were not really assaulted.
b) A person cannot be sexually assaulted by their spouse.
c) Women often make false reports of sexual assault.
d) all of the above
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 47
47. Which form of sexual assault is most likely to remain legal in some countries?
a) spousal rape
b) trafficking
c) stranger rape
d) sexual assault with a weapon
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 48
48. Situational characteristics can play a role in sexual assault. Which of the following is NOT a place where sexual assaults are more likely to occur?
a) a dark alley
b) house parties
c) places where drugs and alcohol are present
d) places where victims are known to the perpetrator
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 49
49. Which dynamic risk factor may develop from beliefs that women are devious, an inability to understand women's facial affective cues, or a lack of empathy?
a) intimacy deficits
b) offence-supportive social influences
c) limited sexual self-regulation
d) psychopathy
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 50
50. What condition promotes sexual assault in which offenders associate with people who are supportive of their behaviour in various ways? For example, these people may demonstrate antisocial attitudes, reinforce negative beliefs about women, or commit sexual offences with the offender.
a) offence-supportive social influences
b) competitive disadvantage
c) young male syndrome
d) psychopathy
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 51
51. Which of the following people exhibits individual risk factors for sexual offending?
a) Chris, a male from a middle-income family whose father often says women are devious creatures
b) Henry, a male from a low-income background who was abused as a child and has a general lack of empathy for others
c) Tyreed, a male from a low-income background who lives with an older brother that has been accused of sexual assault more than once
d) all of the above
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 52
52. Based on a synthesis of the forensic psychological literature on individual differences, which of the following is NOT a main route for sexual offending?
a) over-protective parent syndrome
b) young male syndrome
c) competitive disadvantage
d) psychopathy
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 53
53. Galen sexually assaulted Jessica while they were at a party and Jessica reported the assault to police. Galen is 18 years old and his parents, who are both doctors, were shocked when they learned of Galen's arrest. Galen had a normal childhood, according to his parents, and got along well with his peers, including many close female friends. Which route to sexual offending best describes Galen's situation?
a) young male syndrome
b) competitive disadvantage
c) psychopathy
d) victim precipitation theory
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 54
54. Which route to sexual offending results in the offender feeling the least amount of guilt or responsibility for their action?
a) young male syndrome
b) competitive disadvantage
c) psychopathy
d) the influence of drugs or alcohol
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 55
55. Richard was born with mild cognitive impairment and lived in foster homes most of his life. At puberty, Richard developed a sexual interest in younger boys and was caught possessing child pornography when he was 12 years old. Richard is now 20 years old and recently committed a sexual assault against a 10-year-old boy he met in a park. Which of the following best explains Richard's route to offend?
a) young male syndrome
b) competitive disadvantage
c) psychopathy
d) sexual sadism
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 56
56. Eli was convicted of attempted sexual assault when he was in high school. He worked with a therapist and now holds a steady job and is married. Which of the following was the likely cause of his sexually assaultive behaviour, according to Lalumière?
a) young male syndrome
b) competitive disadvantage
c) psychopathy
d) none of the above
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 57
57. Jon committed a sexual assault. His parents died when he was a child and he grew up in a number of foster homes, some of which were abusive. Which of the following was the likely cause of his sexually assaultive behaviour, according to Lalumière?
a) young male syndrome
b) competitive disadvantage
c) psychopathy
d) none of the above
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 58
58. Carter was convicted of sexual assault. He has a wife and children, and he grew up in a stable, middle-income family. Which of the following was the likely cause of his sexually assaultive behaviour, according to Lalumière?
a) young male syndrome
b) competitive disadvantage
c) psychopathy
d) none of the above
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 59
59. Gaius was convicted of attempted sexual assault with a minor. He grew up in a single-parent home. Which of the following was the likely cause of his sexually assaultive behaviour, according to Lalumière?
a) young male syndrome
b) competitive disadvantage
c) psychopathy
d) none of the above
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 60
60. Which of the following behaviours has NOT been shown to help stop a sexual assault?
a) screaming
b) using physical force
c) biting
d) crying
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 61
61. You and some of the classmates from your human sexuality class decide to get dinner one day after class. One of your classmates starts a heated discussion in favour of victim precipitation theory. Which of the following points could you add to the conversation?
a) It's not a strong theory, especially as it is faulted for shifting blame from the perpetrator to the victim!
b) Most demographic variables are not significantly associated with sexual assault.
c) Actually, there are some correlates of revictimization, such as insecurity about relationships with men.
d) all of the above
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 62
62. You are a young woman who works late and has to walk home alone late at night in a secluded part of town. You often think about what you would do if someone attacked and tried to sexually assault you. Which of the following would be your best defense?
a) screaming, yelling, biting, scratching, or hitting the perpetrator
b) crying and pleading with the attacker
c) trying to flee or struggle
d) both A and C
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 63
63. Your college roommate comes into your room in tears. She tells you that her ex-boyfriend has just sexually assaulted her. What should you do first?
a) Ask her if she needs any medical care, and if so, help her to obtain it.
b) Encourage her to report the assault to the police immediately.
c) Tell her that it is not her fault that she was assaulted and she is in no way to blame.
d) Tell her you are there for her and will help her with whatever she needs.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 64
64. How soon following a sexual assault does medication need to be taken in order to effectively prevent HIV/AIDS?
a) within 12 hours
b) within 24 hours
c) within 48 hours
d) within 72 hours
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 65
65. What is the maximum sentence for someone convicted of aggravated sexual assault in Canada?
a) 10 years
b) 14 years
c) 25 years
d) life in prison
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 66
66. What was the median sentence given to someone convicted of sexual assault and other sexual offences in Canada in 2014-2015?
a) 255 days
b) 14 months
c) 3 years
d) 5 years
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 67
67. According to Statistics Canada, which of the following is true about the median amount of jail time given for someone who is convicted of sexual assault compared to the amount of jail time given for a typical robbery?
a) It is about the same as the median amount of jail time given for robbery.
b) It is about eight days longer than the median amount of jail time for robbery.
c) It is about 3 months shorter than the median sentence for robbery.
d) It is about two years shorter than the median sentence for robbery.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 68
68. Which of the following is true about people who are convicted of sexual assault?
a) They are at the same risk for recidivism as other offenders.
b) They are at higher risk for recidivism than other offenders
c) They are at lower risk for recidivism than other offenders.
d) They have the highest recidivism rate of all offender types.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 69
69. Men who experience sexual assault victimization are more likely to report __________.
a) poor physical health
b) infrequent emotional or social support
c) low life satisfaction
d) all of the above
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 70
70. Which of the following is true of sexual victimization of men?
a) A male victim of sexual assault is more often assaulted by a stranger.
b) A male victim of sexual assault will have experienced different effects than a female victim of sexual assault.
c) A male victim of sexual assault is more likely to be in a homosexual relationship than a female victim of sexual assault.
d) None of the above are true.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 71
71. Which of the following is associated with childhood sexual abuse?
a) depression and anxiety
b) post-traumatic stress disorder
c) interpersonal problems in adulthood
d) all of the above
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 72
72. Sashi was recently promoted at work. To celebrate her promotion, her boss took her out for dinner. While at the dinner, he stated that she could return the favour of her promotion and put his hand on her leg. What type of sexual harassment is this?
a) quid pro quo
b) hostile work environment
c) psychological
d) derogatory manipulation
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 73
73. Kaden thought he was being funny by repeatedly making advances towards a co-worker named Brittany. He would ask her out most days and pretend he was completely in love with her. What he did not realize was that all this attention made Brittany very uncomfortable. Though he may think his actions are innocuous, what type of sexual harassment is he actually engaging in?
a) hostile work environment
b) quid pro quo
c) psychological abuse
d) derogatory manipulation
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 74
74. Which of the following individuals is most at risk of being sexually harassed in the workplace?
a) Fateema, an immigrant working as a waitress and being paid under-the-table
b) Riza, a Muslim male working in a company with individuals that are predominantly Christian or Jewish
c) Golshan, a young female in a wheelchair working in a low-paying office job
d) All of the individuals above are at increased risk of being sexually harassed in the workplace.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 75
75. You've been at your job for about a year, and have asked to switch to another department within the company that you think would be a better fit for you. Then one of the managers from that department offers to buy you a coffee so that you can discuss the move. You accept, but it soon becomes clear that the manager wants a sexual favour in exchange for moving you to the new department. What should you do?
a) Talk directly to the manager about why his proposition is inappropriate and how it makes you feel.
b) Seek out the human resources department and let them handle investigating the complaint.
c) Agree to the manager's proposition; you really want to move your career forward.
d) Refuse the manager's proposition, but don't report the incident in hopes that it will not affect your chances.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 76
76. You are a female university student studying engineering, and you happen to be the only female in your tutorial for an engineering class. The teaching assistant has made some inappropriate sexual comments during one of your tutorials. What should you do?
a) Report the incident to the appropriate authorities at your university.
b) Nothing; the teaching assistant grades all your papers and you wouldn't want to risk getting a lower mark.
c) Talk to the teaching assistant; they may not realize that what they said was inappropriate.
d) Use social media to out the teaching assistant to other students that may potentially take a class with the same teaching assistant in the future.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 77
77. Which theory is based largely on feminist perspectives and suggests that gender inequality and sexism in society leads to sexual harassment?
a) socio-cultural theory
b) organizational theory
c) sex-role spillover theory
d) natural/biological theory
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 78
78. In late 2011, there were reports that Cain had sexually harassed several female employees during his tenure as CEO at the National Restaurant Association. In at least two of the cases, the women had previously settled civil suits with the association in exchange for their agreement to not discuss the allegations further. One of the women who publicly came forward reported that Cain had sexually assaulted her when she approached him for assistance in getting her job back at the association or finding a new job; when she questioned him about what he was doing, he replied, "You want a job, right?" Which theory best illustrates the conditions that promoted sexual harassment in this excerpt?
a) organizational theory
b) four-factor theory
c) natural/biological theory
d) sex-role spillover theory
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 79
79. Which theory best describes the following description of sexual harassment? Marina was recently promoted to her first managerial position at the company she has been working at for five years. She now manages at team of six. For the first few months, everything went well, but lately one of her reports has started making lewd comments to her during their biweekly meetings.
a) sex-role spillover theory
b) natural/biological theory
c) sociocultural theory
d) organizational theory
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 80
80. Which theory best describes the following description of sexual harassment? Gail was recently laid off from her job at a small company that's been having some financial difficulties. When she emails the CEO to ask for a reference, he replies with an offer to help her find a job if she will go out to dinner with him.
a) sex-role spillover theory
b) natural/biological theory
c) sociocultural theory
d) organizational theory
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 81
81. Which theory of sexual harassment would predict that Teresa, a vice president at a technology company, may be more likely to be harassed than Julia, her lower-ranking administrative assistant?
a) sociocultural theory
b) organizational theory
c) sex-role spillover theory
d) natural/biological theory
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 82
82. In cases of sexual assault, a harasser may have the belief that a woman should not be in a position of managing others despite the organizational perspective that workers should be able to advance and be in leadership positions without regard to gender. As a result of this gap between the individual belief and the organizational perspective, conflict is likely to arise in which the harasser's sex-role stereotypes are different from actual gender roles. Which theory best explains this scenario in which sexual harassment may occur?
a) sex-role spillover theory
b) four-factor theory
c) sociocultural theory
d) natural/biological theory
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 83
83. Stalking can have severe psychological, economical, and social impacts on victims. What differentiates stalking from most other types of sexual assault and is important to consider for those working with this population?
a) Stalking is chronic and may have a range of lasting impacts on the victim.
b) Stalking is less invasive than other types of assaults and its impact on victims can easily be treated.
c) Most people are unaware they are being stalked.
d) Stalking is very rare.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 84
84. Which of the following may be used to curb stalking behaviour in Canada?
a) peace bond
b) restraining order
c) protection order
d) all of the above
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 85
85. In Canada, what percent of people who are criminally harassed are harassed by someone they know?
a) 22 per cent
b) 48 per cent
c) 62 per cent
d) 70 per cent
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 86
86. What percentage of students are estimated to have experienced sexual harassment at school?
a) 5 to 10 per cent
b) 15 to 20 per cent
c) 25 to 30 per cent
d) 35 to 40 per cent
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 87
87. What is the Canadian average for self-reported stalking incidents in 2014?
a) 1 per cent
b) 6 per cent
c) 14 per cent
d) 20 per cent
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 88
88. To understand and describe possible motivations for stalking, researchers have often attempted to develop classification systems. These classification systems are typically based on which of the following?
a) characteristics of the victim
b) characteristics of the perpetrator
c) the nature of the stalking behaviours
d) all of the above
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 89
89. A ________ is a civil court order available in some provinces that provides various emergency and long-term orders to protect victims of family violence.
a) protection order
b) restraining order
c) peace bond
d) peace order
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 90
90. ________ refers to a route in which some individuals, usually young men, are willing to engage in risky, violent, and competitive behaviour in order to demonstrate their dominance and willingness to incur risks to attain goals.
a) victim precipitation theory
b) Psycopathy
c) Competitive disadvantage
d) Young male syndrome
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 01
1. Frank often pats Camila's bottom when she is using the photocopier at work. Frank thinks it's a sign of affection but Camila doesn't like it. Frank's actions could best be described as __________ __________.
Feedback: sexual harassment
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 02
2. Committing rape is a criterion that is necessary but not sufficient for the DSM-5 diagnosis of __________ __________ disorder.
Feedback: sexual sadism
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 03
3. If Gabbi and Trent have consensual sexual intercourse and Gabbi is 12 and Trent is 13, this is considered legal and consensual because of the __________-__________-__________ exception.
Feedback: close in age
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 04
4. The age of consent for __________ __________ is 18 years in Canada, with no "close-in-age" exceptions.
Feedback: anal intercourse
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 05
5. A(n) __________ estimate is based on documented cases of a certain condition, such as sexual assault, during a given period of time.
Feedback: incidence
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 06
6. A(n) __________ estimate can be generated using a survey.
Feedback: prevalence
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 07
7. According to rape trauma syndrome, the __________ phase of the response pattern lasts about one to two months.
Feedback: acute
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 08
8. Many victims of sexual assault develop __________-__________ __________ __________, which can consist of sleep problems, depression, flashbacks, and anxiety.
Feedback: post traumatic stress disorder
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 09
9. __________ __________ are widely held beliefs that serve to legitimize sexual assault.
Feedback: Rape myths
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 10
10. If one is being harassed by a non-relative, a __________ __________ may be the best legal action to take.
Feedback: peace bond
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 11
11. An acquaintance of Hailey's forced Hailey to perform oral sex on him. Hailey is a victim of __________ __________.
Feedback: sexual assault
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 12
12. Laws pertaining to the age of consent are biased against people who have __________ sex.
Feedback: anal
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 13
13. "For a sexual purpose, touching, directly or indirectly, with a part of the body or with an object, any part of the body of a person under the age of 16 years" is the definition of __________ __________ .
Feedback: sexual interference
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 14
14. In Canada, __________ women and girls are particularly vulnerable to sex trafficking.
Feedback: Indigenous
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 15
15. Burgess and Holmstrom (1974) proposed __________ __________ __________, which is a two-phase pattern of response to sexual assault.
Feedback: rape trauma syndrome
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 16
16. In the __________ __________ of the rape trauma syndrome victims attempt to restore order in their lives and re-establish a sense of control.
Feedback: reorganization phase
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 17
17. A theorized route to delinquent and/or criminal acts in which individuals engage in risky, violent, and competitive behaviour, especially during adolescence and early adulthood, to demonstrate their dominance and willingness to incur risks to attain goals is called ________ ________ ________.
Feedback: young male syndrome
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 18
18. Annie was sexually assaulted two years ago. The experience resulted in her realizing the importance of her family and friends. This is an example of __________-__________ __________.
Feedback: post-traumatic growth
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 19
19. Sexual assaults are more likely to occur inside than outside. This is an example of a __________ characteristic that leads to sexual assault.
Feedback: situational
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 20
20. The notion that certain personal characteristics can make an individual more vulnerable to sexual assault is known as __________ __________ theory.
Feedback: victim precipitation
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 01
1. Compare the legal definitions of "rape" and "sexual assault" in Canada prior to 1983 and in Canada today, and explain why the definition was changed.
Feedback: Prior to 1983, the law defined rape exclusively as forced heterosexual intercourse enacted by a man on a woman (i.e., sexual penetration of a woman's vagina by a man's penis), outside of marriage. The rape law was criticized for being limited to sexual penetration, defining only males as perpetrators and females as victims, and excluding husbands from being charged with rape. In addition, a victim's prior sexual activities could be considered as evidence of her consent, which called into question her credibility as a victim. Under this law, many cases of rape did not proceed to trial or were dismissed in the courts simply because the woman had engaged in prior consensual sex with the alleged perpetrator or had engaged in sexual intercourse with a number of other partners prior to her involvement with the alleged perpetrator.
In 1983, the Criminal Code of Canada was amended, with an expanded definition of sexual assault under the general heading of "Assault," to make it easier for victims to report sexual assaults to police. The Parliament of Canada removed rape and indecent assault as specific offences and replaced them with three levels of seriousness of sexual assault: (1) sexual assault; (2) sexual assault with a weapon, threats to a third party, or causing bodily harm; and (3) aggravated sexual assault (Criminal Code, sections 271–3). The level of seriousness of the assault was determined by the amount of force used and the degree of injury sustained by the victim. In essence, these amendments made it possible for a spouse of either sex to be charged with sexual assault. Furthermore, the primary aims of the changes were to de-emphasize the sexual nature of the offence and to improve the conditions for the victims of sexual assault, so they no longer needed to defend their reputation in court.
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 02
2. What are the main characteristics of the Criminal Code regarding sexual assault since 1983?
Feedback: Although many people today still use the term rape to refer to forced sexual intercourse, the Canadian Criminal Code exclusively uses the term sexual assault to refer to a range of non-consensual sexual experiences, including unwanted touching; oral, anal, and vaginal intercourse; and sexual violence. Consent is not obtained simply because of marital or cohabitational status or because of previous consensual relations. In addition, neither a silent or ambiguous response to sexual initiation nor tacit approval given while under the influence of alcohol or drugs (Figure 17.2) or while unconscious is a satisfactory indicator of sexual consent. Finally, the partner, with few exceptions, must be 16 years of age or older to legally consent to sexual intercourse.
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 03
3. Describe rape trauma syndrome (RTS).
Feedback: Rape trauma syndrome (RTS), which describes a two-phase response pattern consisting of an acute, or disruptive, phase and a reorganization phase. During the acute phase, which begins immediately following a sexual assault, it is common for victims to experience a range of emotional reactions such as anxiety, intense fear, anger, depression, disbelief, and vulnerability. In particular, a woman may blame herself for what happened, possibly reflecting broader sociocultural attitudes that assign blame to women for their own victimization and, by default, excuse the perpetrator. The emotional reactions in this phase often escalate and persist for one to two months but then slowly begin to decrease, although the sexual assault is never forgotten. In the reorganization phase, which can last from months to years, victims attempt to restore order in their lives and re-establish a sense of control. Many victims report that making some lifestyle changes, such as changing where they live or what they do for work, helps them to regain control and can even lead to positive growth.
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 04
4. Provide three rape myths from the text and explain why they are not true.
Feedback: Myth 1: Women cause men to sexually assault by the way they look or dress. This myth is simply not true. Studies have shown that women are sexually assaulted while wearing different types of clothes, and women of all ages and physical body types have been sexually assaulted. One study that interviewed individuals who were arrested for sexual assaults found that the thing they most often look for is a victim who seems to be vulnerable, not one who is particularly attractive or dressed in a certain way (Stevens, 1994).
Myth 2: It is not sexual assault if either person is drunk or under the influence of drugs at the time of the assault. If a person's judgment is impaired by alcohol or drugs, or if the use of drugs or alcohol has left a person unconscious, he or she cannot legally give consent. As a result, having sex with someone who is impaired or unconscious is defined as sexual assault. Conversely, being drunk or under the influence of drugs is not an acceptable defence for committing sexual assault.
Myth 3: Rapists come from a certain demographic of people: non-white, lower class, "criminal types." Individuals who commit sexual assault come from every racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, age, and social group. Similarly, victims come from every type of demographic group. It is also important to consider that sexual assaults are substantially underreported and often take place in domestic situations, where the perpetrator may not be otherwise involved with the criminal justice system.
Myth 4: Women often make false reports of sexual assault. Women rarely make false reports of having been sexually assaulted. In fact, sexual assault is a highly underreported crime. Some estimates from victimization surveys indicate that only 5 to 10 per cent of sexual assaults are reported to police. In addition, the estimated rate of false accusation of sexual assault has been shown to be similar to the rate for other crimes, at 2 to 10 per cent (Lisak, Gardinier, Nicksa, & Cote, 2010).
Myth 5: You can tell a rapist by the way he looks. Individuals who commit sexual assault are not easily identifiable based on appearance. Some may appear friendly, normal, and non-threatening. Many are young, married, and have children.
Myth 6: Sexual assault usually occurs outside and at night. This myth is only partly true. While 43 per cent of sexual assaults were found to occur between 6 p.m. and midnight and 24 per cent were found to occur between midnight and 6 a.m., these assaults were not typically occurring out in public (Greenfeld, 1997). Indeed, most assaults (60 per cent) occur in a private home, with the largest percentage (38 per cent) occurring in the victim’s own home.
Myth 7: Sexual assault usually occurs between strangers. Despite the fear that dangerous men are lurking in bushes or dark alleys waiting for their potential victims, most sexual assaults are committed by someone known to the victim. This is especially true among university students (see Figure 17.6).
Myth 8: Sexual assault is an impulsive act of sexual gratification. Sexual assault is primarily an act of violence and is used as a way to obtain power over another person. Although a person may want to have sex, he or she has the ability to not act on such desires or motivations. A person’s suggestion to the contrary should be seen as more of a threat than an indication of desire or physical necessity (e.g., a man’s statement that he will be in great physical pain without having sex is as an invalid, coercive tactic).
Myth 9: If a victim didn’t physically fight back, she or he wasn’t really sexually assaulted. Different people respond to traumatic, life-threatening events in different ways. Some people may fight their assailant with all of their strength, whereas others may respond in a non-aggressive, seemingly passive manner. Whatever a person does to survive an assault should not reflect on the nature of the crime committed against him or her.
Myth 10: A person cannot be sexually assaulted by her or his intimate partner. Within an intimate relationship, each partner must give consent each time sexual relations occur, and each may choose to say “no” for any reason. If one partner forces the other to have sex against her or his will, the act constitutes sexual assault. In addition, if a person changes her or his mind about having sex after first consenting, that person’s partner should stop. Continuing with the sexual activity despite a partner’s protests, or using verbal or physical coercion to obtain sex, is non-consensual and is legally considered to be sexual assault.
Most countries offer their citizens the legal right to say “no” to sex with anyone, including a spouse or a partner. Indeed, as noted previously in this chapter, sexual assault within a marriage has been illegal in Canada since 1983. Yet marital rape does occur even where it is illegal, and an estimated 7 to 25 per cent of wives are raped at least once during their marriage (Russell, 1990).
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 05
5. Discuss evidence that contradicts the following two rape myths:
a) "Women cause men to sexually assault by the way they look or dress."
b) "Sexual assault usually occurs outside and at night."
Feedback: Myth A dispelled: Men arrested for committing sexual assault report that they look for victims based on how easy it will be to commit the crime, not based on appearance.
Myth B dispelled: About 25 per cent of sexual assaults occur during the day and at least 60 per cent occur in private homes.
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 06
6. If someone is sexually assaulted, what are three things that you could say/do immediately to help them?
Feedback: 1. Remind them that sexual assault is definitively against the law and police should be called.
2. Remind them they are not at fault; although a victim is not responsible for the sexual assault, he or she may be able to take control over what happens after the event.
3. If any medical care is needed, this should be obtained immediately; medical practitioners can also obtain evidence from the body and clothing that may be very important for a successful criminal prosecution of the assailant.
Do not force a victim you know to take action; just provide emotional support.
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 07
7. Outline Lalumière and colleagues' three main routes to sexual offending.
Feedback: 1. Young male syndrome: Young male syndrome refers to a route in which some individuals, usually young men, are willing to engage in risky, violent, and competitive behaviour in order to demonstrate their dominance and willingness to incur risks to attain goals. The incidence of their behaviour including sexual assault and other crimes, peaks in late adolescence and early adulthood and then desists when important life events (e.g., employment, marriage) occur in adulthood.
2. Competitive disadvantage: Competitive disadvantage describes a route in which some children begin life with neurodevelopmental insults (i.e., brain damage due to acute or chronic trauma) and are raised in disadvantaged environments (e.g., single-parent, poor, chaotic, and/or abusive households).
3. Psychopathy: Psychopaths show no signs of early neurodevelopmental perturbations.
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 08
8. What effects can sexual harassment have on the environment of an organization? What can be done to address this?
Feedback: The University of Calgary conducted a meta-analysis on the consequences of workplace sexual harassment. In this study, they found that not only were victims susceptible to decreased productivity, but their co-workers also showed decreased productivity as well as increased conflict among each other. This was seen as contributing to increased absenteeism, loss of staff through resignations or firings, and overall decreased job satisfaction. Similarly, sexual harassment in schools can lead to students, not only previous victims, leaving school to avoid future harassment. Organizations can work to avoid such consequences by adopting clear anti-harassment policies and by acting quickly to resolve any complaints through a fair and thorough process. This will prevent future incidents of sexual harassment as well as stop a snowball effect of negative organizational consequences. As a co-worker or as a student colleague, you should work to avoid exacerbating a problem–offer support to anyone who reports having experienced sexual harassment, but avoid participating in idle gossip or spreading rumours related to the incident.
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 17 Question 09
9. The text provides a number of theories that seek to explain why sexual harassment occurs. Discuss one of these theories and provide an example.
Feedback: Answers may vary. Sociocultural theories, based largely on feminist perspectives, suggest that gender inequality and sexism in society leads to sexual harassment. That is, sexual harassment occurs in various forms because of society's stereotypical view that males are dominant and superior to women. In turn, sexual harassment then contributes to maintaining gender stratifications by highlighting sex-role expectations. These gender stratifications occur at individual (e.g., among employees) and organizational levels. According to this theory, men and women are socialized to expect specific ways of interaction, with men as aggressive and dominant and women as passive and accepting.
According to organizational theory, sexual harassment occurs because of a wide range of organizational issues such as power and status inequalities. Similar to the sociocultural theory, the organizational theory suggests that power differentials within an organization affect the likelihood that sexual harassment will take place. however, the difference is that the focus of power differentials is not gender specific. Sexual harassment, which can be perpetrated by males or females, is often seen as an attempt to gain power within an organization. In addition to power differentials, organizational theory encompasses other contributing factors of sexual harassment, including permissiveness of the organizational climate, gendered occupations, and organizational ethics and norms.
A relatively recent and widely reported case that illustrates some of the key tenets of the organizational theory of sexual harassment is that of successful business executive and one-time Republican front-runner for US president Herman Cain. In late 2011, there were reports that Cain had sexually harassed several female employees during his tenure as CEO at the National Restaurant Association. In at least two of the cases, the women had previously settled civil suits with the association in exchange for their agreement to not discuss the allegations further. One of the women who publicly came forward reported that Cain had sexually assaulted her when she approached him for assistance in getting her job back at the association or finding a new job; when she questioned him about what he was doing, he replied, "You want a job, right?" Based on the allegations, this presents an apparent example of quid pro quo sexual harassment, in which an individual in a position of great authority attempted to use his power over this woman to gain sexual favours.
Although the organizational theory helps to explain contextual factors of sexual harassment, it does not focus on the influence of individual differences in attitudes and beliefs. In contrast, the sex-role spillover theory attempts to integrate contextual characteristics and individual gender-based beliefs. The foundation of this theory is that men and women have pre-existing beliefs and gender-based expectations for how to behave in various settings (e.g., workplace, school), regardless of whether these beliefs and expectations are applicable to a particular setting. For example, a harasser may have the belief that a woman should not be in a position of managing others despite the organizational perspective that workers should be able to advance and be in leadership positions without regard to gender. As a result of this gap between the individual belief and the organizational perspective, conflict is likely to arise in which the harasser’s sex- role stereotypes are different from actual gender roles. Further, this would explain why some women in positions not traditionally held by women (e.g., high-ranking female military officers, female CEOs of large corporations) experience sexual harassment.
The natural/biological theory posits that sexual harassment signifies an expression of sexual attraction. According to this theory, because men have a stronger innate drive to be sexually aggressive and find a mate than do women, men who sexually harass women are simply using their power to try to maximize their chances of gaining sexual access and procreating. Thus, sexually aggressive behaviour may occur at work or in other inappropriate situations to increase these chances. Although this theory has a significant strength in acknowledging the impact of innate human instincts, there are several weaknesses. For example, sexual harassment in particular and sexual coercion in general are treated in very simplistic ways, with a lack of consideration of other individual and interpersonal factors. Also, proving the validity of this theory is difficult given that studies cannot be easily designed to test it.
The four-factor theory incorporates key components of the previously mentioned theories. According to this theory, there need to be four conditions present for sexual harassment to occur: (1) the person needs to be motivated to harass by any number of factors (e.g., power, sexual attraction), (2) the person must overcome cognitive inhibitions to not harass, (3) the person must overcome societal and cultural inhibitions to not harass (e.g., an organization’s anti-harassment policies), and (4) the person must overcome any resistance by the victim. Relative to the single-factor theories, the four- factor theory has been better supported by empirical research findings. Therefore, it seems likely that a combination of individual, sociocultural, and organizational factors lead to sexual harassment.